Raemaekers into a direct instrument

of war, a mainspring of armed force, requires understanding of certain less apparent, yet important, forces of modern conflict. This can be had only through the knowledge that wars are won through the maintenance of one nation's morale, while compassing the destruction of the enemy's spirit. Germany understood the worth of both of these principles, and acted accordingly. Raemaekers checked her plans.

That the army of Germany exemplified the perfection of the machinery of conquest was well known before July, 1914. Its manoeuvers had shown the superiority of its discipline and the completeness of its equipment. No one, however, not even those acquainted with the black record of German troops in China, with their creed of terror, designed to destroy morale, believed it possible that they had been trained to use like methods against fellowEuropeans. Civilization expected civilized warfare of Germany. When the code of decency was supplanted by brute rule, the general impression was that the course of the military did not accord with the views of the German people. We were certain that rapine and plunder, poison and torch, would be as strongly condemned in Dresden and Munich as in Boston and Philadelphia.

We thought then that we knew the Germans; we recalled them as earnest students, kindly philosophers, energetic and capable merchants, apparent devotees of the great arts, and singularly faithful members of the family circle. Their general support of the terrorists of Louvain and the murderers and mutilators of the innocent constitutes too great a transformation in character to be the result of any incidental change; it cannot be con

fever. It is the direct expression of the law of cause and effect.

The psychology of rule or ruin was due

a cruelly false system of education deliberately instituted by the Prussian authorities. Their conduct in China, Belgium, and Armenia was not wanton, but designed, cruelty. Terror had a definite place in their war program. To appreciate this, we must recall the Hohenzollern conception of state and its very practical way of asserting divine right by marshaling all its human powers and resources. In this effort, stimulated by forty years of ambition for world conquest, the Hohenzollerns used the most modern business methods and made the scientific application of organization the great development in government of our generation.

This system appraised all material and human resources within the state, and applied them with discrimination for the aggrandizement of state power. In its accounting it reckoned the ideas and ideals of a people as real forces. It determined to utilize them to shape the thoughts of the German people to its own purposes. The result was that the same Kultur that perfected the army and the industries of Germany exploited the hearts and minds of the German people.

We need not detail the procedure or the extent to which this intent was concealed beneath the guise of benevolence or the appeal to love of the fatherland. From childhood the Germans were part of an exacting system of education.

In school and gymnasium they were taught the need of vindictive war and given the gospel of hate. The German strategist, planning a world conflict, knew that great wars are won by peoples and not by armies, the determining factor be

ing the citizenry behind the lines, the high morale of an industrial people being of value far beyond that of resources, of matériel, or of fighting legions. Mental preparedness equips those staying at home to withstand the strain of war, assures political and financial support, and guarantees the continuance of supplies of all kinds. Napoleon stated that an army. travels on its stomach. Civilians, trained and willing, keep the stomach full. A people uninstructed in the cause and strain of war are as great a menace to victory as raw troops. Bernhardi and Treitschke repeat these views throughout their works, and the latter lectured on it for a generation.

Modern war being a contest of machinery, this is truer than ever, for machinery requires continual renewal and restoration. The mechanic, young and old, male and female, is an integral part of the military forces. Without this machinery, modern battle would fail for the Hun, for he fights with his "Big Berthe," his gas, and his liquid fire; he does not wage war in single conflict, nor does he generally attempt to be a man in a man-toman arbitrament. The German principle of creating morale safeguards the means to fight and to continue fighting.

An integral part of the design of the Germans is to provide for the destruction of the spirit of the enemy. Any weakening of their opponent's support by the people behind the line is to their advantage; accordingly, they endeavor to introduce among their foes political disturbance, financial stress, and economic destruction. The extreme possibilities of their program have found expression in the Russian revolution and the Italian retreat.

In their attempts upon a foe's morale, the instruments are the spoken word, the falsely printed newspaper, and the pen and brush, each designed to misinform the civilian population and misdirect popular emotion.

Early in the war the great writers and poets of the Allied nations joined in combating, with all the inspiration of the

cause of liberty, the campaigns launched in varied guise by seditionists here and abroad. In this effort literature has made a worthy contribution to the battle for civilization. It remained, however, for the art and genius of Raemaekers to rout the propagandists of the enemy by delineating the great basic truths of war as waged by the Huns. It has been his work, more than that of any other person, to delineate the righteousness of the Allied

cause.

His portraiture is a protest, an indictment, and an inspiration. He destroys the foe's misrepresentation and exposes his mendacity while constructively informing the mind and awakening the imagination. He enables us to grasp all the details of sorrow, of devotion, together with all the splendor of modern battle behind his story. He horrifies us with the brutality of uncivilized warfare, and at the same time arouses within us the determination to right the wrongs of an outraged world. His very shock is a stimulus, for in telling. us of the horror of war, Raemaekers makes us understand that to stop it forever by victory is the only thing worthy of thinking and feeling human beings. By speaking the universal language which art alone possesses, he has made the war clear to those who cannot read. Because of this genius for arousing our emotions, he is the premier recruiting agent of the armies. of civilization for and behind the battleline. He is truly a mainspring of our armed forces.

It was Germany's recognition of this fact that led Maximilian Harden to say that Raemaekers's cartoons have done more harm to the Prussian cause than any armed division of Allied troops.

To particularize as to the value of any of Raemaekers's cartoons is impossible; all are fine in spirit and execution. To us of America those which make the strongest appeal relate to Belgium, its women and its children; they stir most profoundly our very soul. There is also particular strength in his conception of America in the person of a greater, nobler, and more impressive Uncle Sam, whom he dignifies

war will test the strength of the nation must do our part to awaken the body politic here generally to feel that the war is their war and for their liberties. We must repeat, and again repeat, that to them and those who come after them in this free land victory is the one thing worth while to Americans who have America first in their hearts. If we do not do this at once and thoroughly, we shall come to a time, perhaps not far distant, when the people will object to a continuance of the war, or at least there will be such a division of public sentiment as to make its conduct difficult. The little troubles that we have had to face are mere incidents compared with the sacrifices demanded of our Allies. We must help our fellows to learn and, learning, be ready to do and do and give and give until victory is attained.

We shall soon have the returns from the battle-field. We shall read with anxiety the rolls of dead and wounded, mounting into the thousands; and then, when the burden has become heavy and the cloud of uncertainty dark, we shall face the greatest danger, and have to be prepared to meet the culmination of the campaign of sedition sown here by ignorant pacifists, pro-Germans, and their paid agents.

Unless we succeed in bringing the teachings of Raemaekers to the people, they will not know how to deal with these conditions. We may then have riot and disorder. We must be ready for situations that have not existed since the days of Lincoln; so that when the test comes the people will prove the strength and quality of their democracy in their answer to the question of America's continuance in the war. Whether the United States decides in favor of national honor and liberty or dishonor and vassalage will be largely determined by the effect of the campaign of patriotic education which is now being conducted by the National Security League and other far-sighted organiza

tions to inform the people of the reason of the war and its import to each of them.

To those who have not actually seen gatherings of the pacifists and socialists in our great cities, or who do not form their opinions of public affairs with the illumination that comes through common touch with all classes of people, it is incomprehensible that any one should not favor the war and be in entire sympathy with our Allies. The fact is (and any public man acquainted with actual conditions will admit it) that a certain proportion of our people are opposed to the war.

The issues are confused in the minds of the ignorant and the socialist, and the pro-German has created much antagonism by spreading the doctrine that the war is capitalistic, and therefore should be opposed by the working-class. They are conducting an active and continuous propaganda and seem to be supplied with sufficient funds to meet all their requirements. To combat constructively their sedition requires continuous and constant labor, demands industry and intelligence. Those most experienced feel that the best work can be done by the spoken word, and that next thereto there is no single force of greater value than the pictures of that inspired Hollander whose genius serves humanity.

An excellent aid to national security at this time would be to provide for the reproduction of Raemaekers's cartoons in such popular form as to place them in the hands of every man, woman, and child in the country. They should be part of every moving-picture program, and issued to the country press throughout the United States. The doing of this would bring to the workers in the field, the toilers in the mines, and the artisans in the shops the full story of the evil of Germany's plan, and would afford a stimulus to that awakening of the national soul which alone will preserve democracy, the hope of all lovers. of liberty throughout the world.

YNTHIA hurried between the sheeted

CYNT

counters toward the door. She had lingered so long that the other clerks had gone, and Mr. Bell himself stood, just shaking off his managerial airs, in final directions to the basement man. He un latched the door for Cynthia, who slipped past him with a grave good night. Within her gravity, though, hung streamers of delight; she was proud of Mr. Bell's black-haired suaveness, proud of it as something belonging to her, since he managed the store where she clerked; she delighted in her own importance in being thus let out of the secretive, closed shop. She glanced down the street to see whether any one had noticed her emergence. At the sight of a girl loitering before the windows a few stores ahead she shivered, a forbidden streamer fluttering out. Queenie would n't take a hint, then. Cynthia walked slowly toward her, framing bits of self-defense. She had waited as long as she could; Queenie should have been blocks ahead of her. Instead, there she was, dropping into step beside her, a sick furtiveness glinting in wide, blue eyes.

"If you 're tryin' to shake me, say so." "Don't be a silly!" exclaimed Cynthia, and the relief that chased off the furtiveness in Queenie's face banished her own faint resolve. She could n't strike at her brutally, as her mother had demanded.

"Was it Bell kept you? You 're awful' late."

"No. I-I could n't come earlier." They swung off the main street, Queenie struggling to keep step.

"If you tried to shake me now, after all I told you," her plaintive voice came over Cynthia's shoulder,- "I don' know what I'd do."

"Has anything happened?"

"I acted like I did n't see him; and then-I tried to run; and then I got home somehow."

"You did n't talk to him?"

Queenie shook her head, her eyes staring into Cynthia's in dogged appeal. "Good for you! O Queenie, good for you!" Cynthia's cheeks flushed. "Well, you said you'd help me if I did n't talk to him."

"And you said you could n't help it; and now you've proved you could." Cynthia's voice rang out in young triumph.

"I was afraid he 'd wait for me tonight." Queenie glanced at the warehouses they were passing. "He turns me all to water. You don't know."

"I knew, if you wanted to do it, you could." Cynthia nodded wisely at Queenie. She glowed with her triumph; she had projected her own strength into this girl. "I'll walk down your street with you, and then if he comes—' She ended with a note of scorn.

"I keep thinking it 's him I see."

"Don't think about him. He is n't worth it."

"He ain't worse 'n most men.”

"But if you think about other things-" "What things?" Queenie's full lips twitched. "You can pretend you ain't