went on; but my judgment was that they exercised too much, that possibly I lost half the corn I fed them. Now, if they had been used to exercise, the possibility is that they would have gained all the time, but they had not been accustomed to as much exercise as I gave them in that field. If my pigs, in passing over one field to get into this one, must pass over a dry road without any verdure or any grass, then I would consider that every day that they made that long walk, it was detrimental to them, but as there is a good growth of tender fresh grass on the field, blue grass, timothy or white clover, and the hogs eat as they go, I feel that it is no detriment to them, that the exercise is a benefit.

Now, there is another point. We hear a great deal about hogs being troubled by intestinal worms. I have slaughtered hogs before now that had intestinal worms, and their intestines were pierced full of holes by these worms. They pulled apart very easily. They are detrimental to swine if they wound the intestines, and if the worms are present there is danger of cholera. Now, if there is any way to get rid of these worms, then we have gained a point towards health. A few years back my attention was called to the fact that much can be saved in grain by feeding hogs salt and hard wood ashes; that these help them to digest the corn and build up the bone and muscular system. When I found this was the fact, and that 20 per cent. of the corn could be saved, it would be a profit to me to feed wood ashes and keep it by them I commenced to feed wood ashes, and I aim now to keep wood ashes and salt constantly where they can get it. Now, I seldom notice a hog that coughs, or worms pass from them, so that I am gaining in health in that direction.

Coming back to the matter of water for swine, you will notice this red line that passes through the lower part of the farm shows the stream. Some men would say I would like to have that close by the barn; it would suit me better; the stock could go out and get water. I prefer to have it here, as I shall show you hereafter. Now, here is a spring, another here, another here, and so on, (referring to plat of farm.) At this line here, in the fall of '95, when it was so dry, the water would stop running daring the evening, for probably two or three rods back from this fence, but down here the water was always running; over there, the water was running in a stream probably as thick as my wrist. My land is what might be called white-oak and burr-oak clay; up here is some clay with some black land; probably three feet down there is a little limestone gravel mixed with the clay, this is the bed of the stream. My hogs go out there to wallow, and they always have a clean wallow. They can go to the spring if they wish, and always have a good, fresh, clean, clear cool drink. Up here (indicating), tributary to this stream, there is a tract of land, probably two hundred and fifty acres, that takes up a part of three farms. All of these men are swine growers, and I get the water from that land through my field. Probably fifty rods back here, the water ceases to run in dry weather, except when there is a hard rain. My neighbor has lost hogs two or three times; his hogs run on the same stream as mine. One time he lost possibly every hog he had, and all that there was between us on this stream was about fifty rods of a pasture field that his hogs were not on, before it reached my field. My hogs were in my field all the time, and I never had one sick.

Another instance. This stream here may be termed a dry weather stream; this neighbor here has lost hogs once or twice. He lost nearly every hog he had: I lost none. Again, the only time I ever lost hogs, his hogs died, all fall. He never buried any of the carcasses; they laid around over the farm, and some got on my farm, and after his had been sick about three months, I lost a number of mine.

In the feeding of my swine I have to buy a great deal of feed. I don't grow enough on my farm for the hogs. I buy a good deal of mill feed, bran and middlings. Now, you very well know, that bone and muscle are to be found to a large extent in these two feeds. If I can feed them with corn and get it in the right proportion,

then I may expect my animals to be healthy, and if they are perfectly healthy, they are less liable to disease.

I want you to understand, gentleman, that in this talk I do not claim any hog is cholera proof; that I can breed a hog cholera proof, or grow one that is cholera proof. But I do believe that by attending and feeding tl.em properly, I very much reduce the risk from disease. I feed in the morning, when only feeding once a day. I throw some feed in the flat bottom trough, with sides about five inches high, and six feet long. I make the troughs that length because they are easily leveled on the ground. I put what slop there is at the house, over the feed. The hogs are shut out until I have it ready. If I haven't enough slop to wet the feed, I pump from the well that is in this lot here, and pour over the feed.

I used to carry slop in the buckets until I nearly broke my back. I would lie in the house for two or three days, could not get up or down, for the reason that I carried slop buckets that were too heavy. I believed in slopping, slopping, SLOPPING. I would put in the barrel in the lot here, say a bushel and a half of mill feed, and fill the barrel with water, let it stand over night, dip it out for the hogs and let them in. I have slopped them that way and they would drink so much it was a burden for them to get out of the lot, and I have thought in that way that I gave hogs, that weighed from fifty to sixty pounds, the thumps. One spring I didn't have a barrel convenient, so while I was finding a barrel I put the dry feed into the trough, poured a little water and slop over it and found that it took about as much water as it did feed to wet it and make a stiff feed of it. I also found that my pigs did just as well when I fed it fresh, as when it had stood for twelve hours. It saved putting the feed through the barrel, one handling; and it saved me breaking my back. Since that I have never had a slop barrel about my feed lot. Some men will tell you to case up a barrel with sawdust, and put a cover over it, that you may keep the slop warm for your hogs. I notice the hogs in the summer time like to go to the spring and get a good, cool drink, and in the winter time when the mercury is down to zero, I go to the well where the water stands about 52° and it tastes pleasant, and it is the same way with the hog. One thing is certain, if you pump water out of the well and pour over the feed directly, and the hogs drink it, they have slop of the same temperature every day. And if I put it through a barrel, the probabilities are that one day it will be nearly at the freezing point, and the next day because I think it is a little too cold, I pour in a little boiling water, and I have it too hot. So I have adopted this plan in the winter and summer, I pump directly from the well and pour it on the feed. By a thermometer test, I find that it stands 19° above freezing, and that is not an unpleasant drink for the hogs at any time of the year. Now we all know in growing hogs, especially at the present time, at the low prices of hogs, that the less labor we attach to that hog, the more profit we get on him, when he goes to market. I have been studying and trying in some way to cut down the labor bill, connected with the growing of my hogs. The slop mixed in the trough is one way. You find eastern men, writing on this subject, say that the grain put through hogs should be ground, that there is more in it. Recent tests show that there is little more in it, scarcely more than you give to the miller if you take your corn to the mill and have it ground. If this is a fact, why not use this toll, or what you give to the miller, why not keep it on your farm and save the burden of going to mill? If I can get the hog to grind the grain properly, without going to the mill, then I have gained a point in the right direction. How shall we do this? Last fall when I fed corn, say this field (indicating) for instance, I could feed the corn from the field on two sides. I fed the pumpkins from here, and from there, and here, and there (indicating). Well, when my hogs went on this clover field, the year before last, I got a poor stand on it. Last spring I resowed and got an excellent stand, cut over the field twice to destroy the rag weed. By the time I came to want to feed corn to the

hogs, this clover was about eight inches high, as fine a stand as you ever saw. By letting the hogs have a few pumpkins first, and what grass they wanted, then feeding them corn I got a better digestion of the corn. Now, the only way you can know this, is by observation. A neighbor had a few shoats that he was feeding corn, and that ran over a clover field. Their principal feed was corn. As I passed through his feed lot one day, as a matter of curiosity I noticed the droppings, and pressed my foot on them, the corn looked more like corn that had gone through an ordinary corn crusher, than through a hog after proper mastication. In making the same observation in my own field, I found that such was not the fact. I found but little corn showing in the droppings. Now, if I can get corn consumed in that way without taking it to the mill, I save the toll, and save the labor and get a better return from the corn and hogs.

Another point, gentlemen, if we would grow hogs, we must keep up our land I can remember old men speaking of a field near my place, a bottom field on the north fork of Paint, that they said for sixty successive years was in corn The hogs consumed that corn by "hogging it down." It was not perceptible to the owner, that the land decreased in fertility. But the day has gone by when it seems possible for us to hog corn. Corn land is beginning to wear out. I can remember an old neighbor of mine, fed his hogs for thirty years on the same point on the hillside, near the branch; all the feed that was fed on that point for thirty years washed away to enrich somebody else's land. Now, if we can keep all this upon the farm to enrich our own land, we have gained a point in hog feeding in that direction. Now, for instance, say I buy a great deal of mill feed and feed it in a lot at the barn or near the house. If I feed my hogs here when they leave the lot in the evening or morning, they are full. They always pass over the pasture fields to get to the water. Now, you see, if the stream of water ran by the barn, here, the possibility is that in warm weather they would never go to the lower end of the field. I have a neighbor who has a stream within a few rods of his barn. People come along and say "What a fine thing for you to have your stream right close to the barn!" He says I would give two hundred dollars if that stream were on the opposite part of my farm, because everything is washed away. In the morning after my hogs are fed, they go down over the pasture field to water, and as they go will leave their droppings on the field.

Another matter and I am done-in reference to how I feed the grain to have it clean. In this field I fed my hogs this year until November. During that time they went to the barn for shelter, if the weather was bad. I have houses six feet square that will accommodate five hogs each, weighing 250 pounds, and by moving a number of them into the pasture field and putting them on high ground, I can comfortably shelter all my hogs. This fall I fed corn along this fence. I feed here until it gets a little dirty, and then I change, and maybe feed a week along this line of fence, always having a clean place to feed, with the basket, and if it gets a little dirty, I carry it out into the clover.

Now, in reference to slopping, I would say that I have found straw thrown around the place where I slop, is better than the mud. They work but little of it into the troughs, and I turn the troughs up side down when they are done, and it keeps the snow and straw out. During the winter I can slop my pigs that way, and keep them clean, without having a feeding floor. If I had a feeding floor, I would of necessity have to move it around from one field to another.

Another thing in reference to the use of straw. I have known men to burn their straw piles to keep their hogs from lying around them. It is easy to shelter a hog by a straw pile and give him a good shelter. It is better to feed him about a straw pile than to feed him in the mud.

President Lazenby: Perhaps there are some questions you would like to ask Mr. Jamison, if there are, I think he will be glad to answer. We can devote a few moments to the discussion of this matter.

Mr. Scott: The gentleman referred to the feeding of pumpkins. I would like to ask him whether he derived a profit from the feeding of pumpkins directly, or whether it was only a benefit to digestion when fed in connection with corn?

Mr. Jamison: The way I feel about it is, that I got much more profit by feeding the pumpkins with the corn, than I would from feeding the corn alone. There is more in it to me for two or three reasons. While there is not so much in the pumpkins it seems to keep up the health and the hogs enjoy and relish pumpkins each day, and for that reason I like to have them.

Mr. Scott:

Then there is another question. We now have to compete with inspectors, and the farmers must get their crops in the best possible shape to meet the market, and I believe the feeding of pumpkins is detrimental to the quality of the pork; it has a tendency to make it soft and juicy, and not solid.

Mr. Jamison: I do not think . The hogs that I grow are always considered by the shippers the best they get in the neighborhood, always get out in good shape, plump, and well rounded up and with very little drift, to Baltimore. Sometimes they have told me that they didn't drift more than five pounds to the head in going from my place to Baltimore, and I have no trouble in getting the very top figure for them. Understand me, I would not undertake to make pork out of pumpkins alone.

Mr. Newton Rector: I would like to ask the gentleman whether he wires his hogs or not?

Mr. Jamison: That is a point I might have talked upon, but as you ask for it, I will tell you my plan. Now, in this feeding of a mixed ration, I honestly believe that if men would follow that, they would have but little trouble with their hogs' rooting. Two winters ago I kept thirty-five head on this twelve-acre lot of land, here, clover sod, that fronts the roadway on the north, and people passing that field remarked "How little those hogs root!" Last year I had forty head on another twelve-acre field, and buyers coming to look at the hogs, woul say, "Your hogs don't root at all, hardly." I will venture, that on that twelve-acre field, three years ago this winter, and the hogs running there all winter, there wasn't a half acre of that land stirred. Now, understand me, gentlemen, if I had had those hogs on blue grass pasture, or timothy sod filled with all sorts of worms, the probabilities are that they would have turned it clean. The clover sod they hardly ever root. They root up the blue grass around the fence corners or stumps, but clover they root very little. I never ring spring pigs. They go to market in November or December or earlier without a ring. This last

spring, the time my hogs passed into my permanent pasture for water, I noticed that they were beginning to root a little, probably hunting for worms; they turned up perhaps half an acre.

Another thing: I let the fall pigs-I have thirty of them that weigh from thirty to eighty pounds-have the privilege of this northwest field. I have a nice growth of wheat over it, and when I gather the corn where the corn dropped on the ground, there was a good deal of shelled coru, and within the last three weeks they have been out there to gather up that corn, and they have not rooted up a spear of wheat. And probably those fall pigs will go to market next May or June, without ever having seen a ring. But the brood sows that run over the permanent pasture, I ring, to keep them from tearing up the sod.

The President: We have an institution in which every member of of this Institute, in fact every citizen of the state, every tax payer, is interested; this is our Ohio State University; and I am very glad to be able to announce that the next paper upon the program is "Agricultural Training at the Ohio State University," by my colleague, Professor Thomas F. Hunt, dean of the agricultural college and of domestic science.

AGRICULTURAL TRAINING AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY.

BY PROF. THOS. F. HUNT.

I feel a great hesitation in discussing this subject. If anything good can be said of the agricultural training of the Ohio State University it would be much more pleasing to have it said by some one else than by those who are in a measure responsible for the conditions which exist. I am aware that my hesitation is ill conceived.

The University does not belong to the officers and instructors therein, except so far as they are citizens and taxpayers. The University belongs to the state. The University is yours. The officers and instructors of the University are your em ployees. We are, in the language of our president, your hired men, You have a right to ask for an account of our doings. When, therefore, the worthy Secretary of Agriculture insisted upon my presenting this subject at this time, I could not well refuse.

If you pay taxes you are interested in the University because your money is used to support the institution. The University now enjoys an income of about one-fourth of a million dollars annually, and while this is a tax of only about six cents per capita, yet in the aggregate this large sum may become an engine for great good or great evil. It is the interest of every citizen to know that the sum is judiciously expended, although he may feel but little interest in his own individual contribution. A man who pays taxes on a valuation of twenty-five hundred dollars contributes twentyfive cents annually to the University. But this is decidedly the lesser interest which every citizen should feel in the University. Every citizen who is interested in the youth of the state should be profoundly interested in the welfare of the University. Every parent who has a child to educate is doubly interested in the welfare of the University whether that child ever gets to the University or not, because the University is but a part of the educational system which extends to every primary school in every hamlet and district of the state.