Sudetengebirge. SUCHET, LOUIS-GABRIEL, Duke of Albufera, and marshal of France, was descended from an honorable family, and b. at Lyons, Mar. 2, 1770. He volunteered as a private into the cavalry of the Lyons national guard in 1792, and subsequently became attached to the army of Italy. His rare intelligence and brilliant valor, displayed at Lodi, Rivoli, Castiglione, Arcola, and in numerous battles of less note, laid the foundation of his military reputation, and in 1798 he became gen. of brigade. The able manner in which he, with a force not one-sixth of that of the Austrians, kept Melas in check (1800), pre venting the invasion of the s. of France, and ultimately capturing 15,000 prisoners, is one of the most brilliant military feats on record. Suchet also took a distinguished part in the campaigns against Austria (1805) and Prussia (1806), and was subsequently (April, 1809) appointed generalissimo of the French army in Aragon, where, for the first time, he appears as holding an independent command. The part of Spain committed to his charge, though inhabited by a people distinguished by their obstinacy and patriotism above all others in Spain, was completely subdued, more, however, through his just and able administration, and the strict discipline which he maintained, than by military talent. The latter quality he was only called upon to exercise against Spanish troops, which he had little difficulty in annihilating. In the first few days of 1812 he conquered Valencia, and obtained in addition to his dignity of marshal (July 8, 1811) that of duke of Albufera, and the grant of a magnificent domain. The five campaigns which he made in the peninsula are considered perfect models of the kind of service he had to perform-viz., to rivet the chains of a foreign domination on the necks of a patriotic and high-spirited people. The details have been well given by him in his Mémoires sur ses Campagnes en Espagne (Paris, 1829–34, 2 vols. with atlas). But the misfortunes of the other French armies in Spain compelled Suchet gradually to relinquish all his conquests. He was created a peer by Louis XVIII., but took service under his old master after his return from Elba, and was charged with the defense of the s. w. frontier. Deprived of his peerage at the second restoration, he did not return to court till 1819, when it was restored, and he soon rose high in royal favor. He died at the château of Saint Joseph, near Marseilles, Jan. 3, 1826. Napoleon's high opinion of Suchet's military talents is recorded by O'Meara and Las Casas, and, according to his classification, Suchet ranked second, Massena being first.-His son and successor in the dukedom of Albufera was a member of the corps legislatif, and a supporter of the Napoleonist policy under the emperor Napoleon III. SUCKER STATE. See STATES, POPULAR NAMES OF. SUCKING-FISH, a name sometimes given to the remora (q.v.), and to fishes of the family discoboli (q.v.), which have a sucker formed by the union of the ventral fins, and are capable of attaching themselves by it to stones or other substances. The best known of the British species, and the only one which is of any value as an article of food, is the lumpsucker (q.v.). SUCKLING, Sir JOHN, one of the brilliant cavalier poets of the court of Charles I., was born at Whitton, in Middlesex, and baptized Feb. 10, 1608-9. His father, also a knight, held office as a secretary of state, and comptroller of the household, but died in 1627, when the poet was in his eighteenth year. The latter inherited large estates; and having completed his education at Trinity college, Cambridge, he went abroad, and served for some time in Germany under Gustavus Adolphus. He returned about 1632, and was soon distinguished for his wit, gallantry, and lavish expenditure. To aid the king against the Scots he raised a troop of 100 horsemen, whom he clad in a rich and gaudy uniform of white and red, with plumes of red feathers in their caps. This loyal corps is said to have cost the poet about £12,000. They rode n.; but no sooner had the cavalry come within sight of the Scots' army at Dunse than they turned and fled without aiming a blow! This disgrace gave occasion to numerous lampoons, and to a clever though coarse ballad against Suckling's gay horsemen; but in reality they behaved no worse than the rest of the English army. Their loyal commander next joined in a scheme to rescue Strafford from the Tower, and this being discovered, he fled for safety to the continent. He died, while yet in the flower of his life and genius, in 1641 or 1642. Various accounts are given of the circumstances attending his death, but the most painful of these, viz., that he poisoned himself in Paris, is confirmed by family tradition. See the memoir by the Rev. Alfred Suckling (1836), prefixed to a volume of Selections from the Works of Sir John Suckling. He had probably run through his fortune, and dreaded want, as well as despaired of the success of the royal arms. The works of Suckling consist of four plays, now utterly forgotten, a prose treatise entitled An Account of Religion by Reason; a collection of Letters, written in a stiff, artificial style; and a series of miscellaneous poems, beginning with A Session of the Poets, published in 1637, which is original in style, and happily descriptive of the author's contemporaries. But the fame of Suckling rests on his songs and ballads, which are inimitable for their ease, gayety, and pure poetic diction. His ballad of The Wedding is still unsurpassed, and one simile in his description of the bride Her feet beneath her petticoat, has had the honor of being copied by Herrick and Congreve. Sudetengebirge. SUCRE. See CHUQUISACA. When SUCRÉ, ANTONIO JOSÉ DE, 1793-1830; b. Venezuela; educated at Caracas. 18 years old he entered the patriot army, and in 1822 held a command at Pichincha. In 1823 he became the chief of the Peruvian patriots, and the next year won the battle of Ayacucho, which brought about the independence of Peru. By the legislature of Bolivia he was chosen president for life in return for his efforts in rendering that republic free. In 1827 an insurrection took place in which Sucré was wounded. He then resigned, engaged in the war between Colombia and Peru, and defeated the Peruvian army under Lamar at Tarqui, 1829. He was chosen president of the first congress of the republics which met in Bogota, 1830, and on his return was assassinated, it was said, by order of Obando. SUCTO RIA, an order of insects, containing only those forming the Linnæan genus puler. See FLEA. SUDAM INA, or MILIARY ERUPTION, is one of the diseases of the skin belonging to the class vesicula, or vesicles. The former name is derived from the fact that the disorder is always accompanied with profuse sweating; while the latter has reference to the size of vesicles, which do not exceed those of a millet-seed. The vesicles are most abundant on the neck and trunk, and are sometimes, but not always, attended with itching. They almost always occur in association with febrile disorders, which, however, do not seem in any way modified by these occurrences. The only known condition that favors their production is copious and prolonged sweating. They sometimes appear in health during the summer heat, when strong exercise has induced copious sweating. Pathologically this disease is of so little importance that it is unnecessary to notice its treatment. It is, however, sometimes useful as a sign in diagnosis, especially in typhus and typhoid fevers. SUDAN. See SOODAN. SUDBURY, a municipal borough of Suffolk, 16 m. s. of Bury St. Edmunds, on the left bank of the Stour, across which a bridge connects the town with the suburb of Balingdon in Essex. The silk and bunting manufactures are the most important branches of industry. There are also brick-works, in which the white clay used is notable for its purity. Malting is carried on. Sudbury was one of the first towns into which the woolen manufacture was introduced by the Flemings. Pop. '81, 6584; '91, 7059. SUDDEN DEATH may be induced by natural or by violent causes, and the detection of the true cause is obviously of very great importance, since the acquittal or conviction of a suspected person may depend upon it. Sudden death may occur naturally from syncope (fainting or swooning), from asphyxia (literally pulsclessness), or, more correctly, apnæa (privation of breath), or from coma (insensibility). Syncope, or sudden cessation of the heart's action, may occur, as Dr. C. J. B. Williams points out in his Principles of Medicine, in two ways: (1.) By the heart losing its irritability (or becoming paralyzed), so that it ceases to contract; and (2.) by its being affected with tonic spasm, in which it remains rigidly contracted, losing its usual alternation of relaxation. Sudden death from asphyxia, or, more correctly, from apnea, occurs when, from any cause, the entrance of air into the lungs is prevented. It is not so often witnessed as a result of disease as of accident. It is sometimes caused by a spasmodic closure of the chink of the glottis (see LARYNX). Sudden death from coma is liable to occur in apoplexy and injuries of the head. In its relations to medicine and medical jurisprudence the subject of this article has been fully discusse by Herrick and Popp, Der plötzliche Tod aus inneren Ursachen (1848). SUDERMANN, HERMANN, German author, born at Matzicken, in East Prussia, Sept. 30, 1857. After attending the universities of Königsberg and Berlin, he decided to devote himself to literature, and for some years was editor of a small newspaper, the Deutsches Reichsblatt. During this first period he wrote a large number of stories which passed unnoticed, and of plays which were never produced. But the production in 1888 of his social drama Ehre, in which he identified himself with the naturalistic movement, met with a remarkable success, and brought him into the front rank of contemporary German writers. He has since published a long line of novels and short stories, Frau Sorge (1888); Der Katzensteg (1889); Im Zwielicht (1890); Iolanthes Hochzeit (1893); Es War (1894), which have all gone through numerous editions; also a tragedy, Sodom's Ende (1890); and the following plays, Heimat (1893); Die Schmetterlingsschlacht (1894); Das Glück im Winkel (1895); Morituri (1896). The success of Ehre was repeated only in Heimat, which under the title of Magda has gained widespread fame as a favorite rôle of both Eleanora Duse and Sarah Bernhardt. SUDETENGEBIRGE, the most important mountain-range of Germany, dividing Prus sian Silesia and Lausitz from Bohemia and Moravia, and connecting the Carpathians with the mountains of Franconia. It does not form a continuous chain except in the middle. where it is known under the names of Riesengebirge (q.v.) and Isergebirge; the ends, both toward the n.w. and s.e., broadening out into great rugged hilly plateaus, with brcken chains and isolated peaks. The Sudetengebirge are composed chiefly of granite, gneiss, mica-schist, and porphyry, with superimposed beds of basalt and coal, and are clothed with pines to a height of between 2,000 and 3,000 feet. They are rich in minerals, especially in the metals, iron, lead, copper, zinc, tin, cobalt, with some silver and gold. Schneekoppe (Snow-peak) in the Riesengebirge, abou: 5,090 ft high, is the cul Suez. minating point in the whole range. The name Sudetengebirge is applied in a narrower sense to the s.e. portion of the range separating Silesia from Moravia. SU DRA is the name of the fourth caste of the Hindus. See CASTE. SUE, MARIE JOSEPH EUGÈNE, a well-known French novelist, was born at Paris Dec. 10, 1804. His father, Jean-Joseph Sue, was one of the household physicians of Napoleon, and he educated his son for his own profession. At the age of twenty the young man became an army-surgeon. In this capacity he served in the French expedition to Spain, under the duke of Angoulême, in 1823. Subsequently he transferred himself to the navy; and in 1828 was present at the battle of Navarino. In 1829 his father died, leaving him a handsome fortune, on the acquisition of which he ceased to practice his profession. After coquetting a little with art he betook himself seriously to literature, and very soon, in the department of fiction, he achieved a considerable popularity. His earlier efforts were sea-stories, somewhat after the manner of Cooper, or romances in imitation of Scott; and though in both fields he displayed talent, his true power was scarcely as yet developed. Something of it may, however, be traced in his Mathilde, ou les Mémoires d'une Jeune Femme, published in 1841; but it was first decisively made manifest in the famous Mystères de Paris, which began to appear the year after in the columns of the Journal des Débats. The furor of excitement occasioned by this work and its successor -Le Juif Errant-which appeared in the Constitutionnel, not only in France but else. where, has seldom, perhaps, been exceeded; and for both the writer received large sums of money. In 1846 his Martin, l'Enfant Trouvé was issued; in 1847-8 appeared Les Sept Péchées Capitaux; and in 1852 he published Les Mystères du Peuple, his last work of any importance. Throughout Sue's latest works there runs a vein of socialism; and at the revolution of 1848 he allied himself with the extremest sect of the republicans. On April 28, 1850, he was elected deputy to the legislative assembly for the department of the Seine, and was assiduous in his duties as such till the coup d'état of Dec., 1852, by which he was driven into exile. He retired to Savoy; and at Annecy he died July 3, 1857. In the writings of Sue great power is displayed; but it is rather of the unhealthy kind, and depends for much of its effect on vicious sources of interest. His books are read once with a fever-heat of curiosity, and scarcely bear reperusal. SUE CA, a t. of Spain, in Valencia, and 23 m. s. of the city of that name, on the Jucar, about 4 m. from the Mediterranean. Brick and tile works are in operation, and there are several flour and rice mills. Pop. 11,340. SU'ET is a variety of solid fatty tissue, which accumulates in considerable quantity about the kidneys and the omentum of several domestic animals, especially the ox and sheep. Beef suet is extensively used in cookery, while purified mutton-suet under the name of Sevum Præparatum occurs in the Pharmacopoeia, and is obtained by melting and straining the internal abdominal fat. It consists of a mixture of ordinary animal fats with a great preponderance of the most solid of them, viz., stearin, which constitutes about three-fourths of the whole. The pure suet of the Pharmacopoeia is "white, soft, smooth, almost scentless; and is fusible at 103°." It is used as an ingredient in cerates, plasters, and ointments. Ordinary melted suet is frequently employed in the same manner as lard, to preserve potted meats or fish and similar articles from the action of the air. SUETO NIUS, GAIUS TRANQUILLUS, son of Suetonius Lenis, a tribune of the 13th legion under Otho, was born probably a few years after the death of Nero. He is known to us chiefly as a Roman historian and miscellaneous writer, for his merits as which he is highly praised by the younger Pliny. He was also, it is supposed, a teacher of grammar and rhetoric, and a composer of exercises in pleading; nay, from a letter of Pliny's to him, it may be gathered that he sometimes pleaded causes in person. Pliny procured him the dignity of military tribune, which, by Suetonius's desire, he got transferred to another. Though childless, Suetonius was, through the same friendly agency, presented by Trajan with the jus trium liberorum, which, in that reign, was only to be had by great interest. He was afterward secretary of the emperor Adrian, whose favor he had secured. The date of his death is unknown. All his works (among which, as we learn from Suidas, there were several on topics usually treated by grammarians) have been lost, except his Lives of the Casars, his Lives of Eminent Grammarians, and (in part only) his Lives of Eminent Rhetoricians. It is by the first of these works that he is most favorably known, replete as it is with information about the twelve Cæsars, from C. Julius to Domitian, which is to be had nowhere else, and abounding with anecdotes which, while they too often prove the profligacy of his heroes, testify to the impartiality of their chronicler. From a period long before the renaissance to the present, these "Lives" have always been favorite reading, and have found numerous editors, the best of whom is still Burmann (Amsterdam, 1736), and numerous translators into nearly every European language. The standard text is that of Roth (Leips 1886). SUE VI, first mentioned by Cæsar, in whose history (De bello Gallico) the name is employed as the collective designation of a great number of Germanic peoples. They occupied a district of indefinite extent on the eastern side of the Rhine, and may have been the same tribes as those subsequently known as Chatti, Longobardi, etc. Cæsar Suez. states that their territory comprised 100 cantons, and was densely wooded, that they had towns (oppida), but no strongholds, and that every year a part of the population left their homes to seek employment in war. The Suevi of whom Tacitus speaks (Germania, 38, etc.) seem to have dwelt n. and e. of the Suevi of Cæsar, extending as far as the Elbe and the Baltic, which Tacitus calls the "Suevic sea." The peoples united under the rule of Maroboduus, the Marcomannic chief, were Suevic, and hence the Marcomanni and Quadi, who figure in the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Aurelian, are often called Suevi. After the name had fallen into disuse as a collective designation, it re-appeared (second half of the 3d c., Amm. Marc., etc.) as the name of a people occupying the same territory as the Suevi of Cæsar, who appear, however, to have been a mixed race made up of adventurers from different parts of Germany, and who probably took the name of Suevi after possessing themselves of the country. We find them in alliance with the Burgundians, Alemanni, Alani, Vandals, etc. They are among the most nota ble of the barbaric peoples that broke up the Roman empire in the n.w. and west. Bursting through the passes of the Pyrenees (409 A.D.), they along with the Vandals, overran and wasted Spain (q.v.). Those who remained at home in Germany seem to have spread during the 5th c. e. to the Neckar and the Rauhe Alps, and s. as far as Switzerland. The medieval Swabians were their direct descendants. SU EZ, until recently, a small, ill-built, wretched-looking town, on an angle of land near the northern extremity of the gulf of Suez, 76 m. e. of Cairo, with which it is connected by railway. The pop. was officially returned in 1882 as 10,919. It is walled on all sides but that toward the sea, has an indifferent harbor, but a tolerably good quay. Suez of late has been greatly improved. The town is divided into the Arab quarter, with seven unimportant mosques, and the regularly laid-out European quarter, with the store-houses of the Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Co. The bazars are provided with clarified butter from Sinai, with fowls, grain, and vegetables from the Egyptian province of Sharkijeh, and with wood, dates, and cotton. Rain falls but seldom, sometimes not once in three years. All around stretches a burning waste of sands. Suez owes its modern prosperity to the establishment of what is known as the overland route (q.v.) to India, in consequence of which a large portion of the traffic between England (and other European countries) and the east passes through the place; and to the opening of the Suez canal in 1869. For a long time previous to the establishment of the overland route, Suez had been in a state of complete decay, although, at a yet earlier period-previous, in fact, to the discovery of the sea-route to India by the cape of Good Hope-it was a flourishing emporium of the products of east and west. A salt manufactory has been established here by the Egyptian government, and sends every year very large exportations of its product to India. The GULF OF SUEZ is the western and larger of the two branches into which the Red sea divides toward its northern extremity, and washes on the w. the coasts of Egypt, on the e. those of the Sinaitic peninsula. Extreme length, 200 m.; average breadth, about 20 miles. The shores are sometimes low, barren, and sandy wastes, sometimes bold and rocky headlands. The ISTHMUS OF SUEZ is a neck of land 72 m. in width at its narrowest part, extend ing from the Gulf of Suez on the s. to the Mediterranean on the n., and connecting the continents of Asia and Africa. It embraces within its limits (according to the commonly received opinion) the fertile Goshen (q.v.) of antiquity; but it is now a wretched uninhabitable waste, consisting of mingled sand and sandstone, interrupted here and there with salt swamps or lakes, but almost entirely destitute of fresh water. The main interest that attached to this region, in recent times, was, whether or not-since Egypt was on the great highway to India and China-it was practicable to cut a ship-canal through the isthmus. We shall here briefly indicate the main steps that were taken to have this important question solved in a satisfactory manner. It is certain that, in ancient times, a canal connecting (indirectly) the two seas did exist. At what period it was constructed is not so certain. Herodotus ascribes its projection and partial execution to Pharaoh Necho (about 600 years B.C.); Aristotle, Strabo, and Pliny less felicitously fix on the half-mythical Sesostris as its originator. The honor of its completion is assigned by some to Darius, king of Persia, by others to the Ptole. mies. It began at about a mile and a half from Suez, and was carried in a north-west erly direction, through a remarkable series of natural depressions, to Bubastis, on the Pelusiac or eastern branch of the Nile. Its entire length was 92 m. (of which upward of 60 were cut by human labor) its width from 108 to 165 ft., and its depth 15 (Pliny says 30) feet. How long it continued to be used, we cannot tell; but at length it became choked up with sand, was restored by Trajan early in the 2d c. A.D., but again became unusable from the same cause, and so remained till the conquest of Egypt by Amrou, the Arab general of the Calif Omar, who caused it to be reopened, and named it the "Canal of the Prince of the Faithful," under which designation it continued to be employed for upward of a century, but was finally blocked up by the unconquerable sands, 767 A.D. In this condition it has ever since remained. The attention of Europe was first turned to it in modern times during the invasion of Egypt by Bonaparte, who caused the isthmus to be surveyed by a body of engineers, who arrived at the opinion that the level of the Mediterranean is 30 ft. below that of the Red Sea at Sucz, an opinion which a subsequent survey proved to be erroneous. From this time, the question continued to be agitated at intervals, especially by the French, and various plans were proposed, but nothing definite was arrived at till 1847, when France, England, and Austria sent out a commission to measure accurately the levels of the two seas. The commissioners, M. Talabot, Mr. Robert Stephenson, and Signor Nigrelli, ascertained that, instead of a difference of 30 ft., the two seas have exactly the same mean level. The only noticeable difference was, that there is a tide of 6 ft. at the one end and 14 ft. at the other. Another examination leading to similar results was made in 1853. Mr. Stephenson expressed himself very strongly against the feasibility of a canal, that is to say, a canal of such dimensions as would suit the requirements of modern commerce, and planned, instead, a railway from Cairo to Suez, which was opened (1858), and which now conveys overland all the Indian and Australian mails. The French, however, were not satisfied with Mr. Stephenson's conclusions, and M. Talabot, on his return to Europe, published in the Revue des Deux Mondes a plan for connecting the two seas by way of Alexandria and Suez (or rather a point 6 m. below Suez), for a description of which we have not space. In 1854 a new experimenter appeared in the person of M. de Lesseps, a member of the French diplomatic service in Egypt, who (1856) obtained from the pasha the "concession," i.e., the exclusive privilege of forming a ship canal from Tyneh (near the ruins of ancient Pelusium) to Suez. The peculiarity of M. de Lesseps's plan lay in this, that, instead of following an oblique course, and uniting his canal with the Nile, as the ancients had done, and as all the modern engineers had thought of doing, he proposed to cut a canal right through the isthmus in a straight line to Suez. This canal was to have a minimum width at the surface of 262 ft., and at the bottom of 144 ft., with a depth of 224 ft.; and at each end there was to be a sluice-lock formed, 330 ft. long by 70 wide. By taking advantage of the tides at Suez, it was hoped that an additional depth of 3 or 4 ft. might be obtained. But the colossal feature of M. de Lesseps's plan was the artificial harbors which he proposed to execute at the two ends, Tyneh and Suez. That at the Mediterranean end was to be carried out 5 m. in order to obtain a permanent depth of water for a ship drawing 23 ft., on account of the enormous quantity of mud-sand which the Nile annually pours out (30,000,000 cubic yards, it is said), and which the prevalent wind drives eastward along the shore toward the southern coast of Palestine. The quantity of stone required to construct this harbor has been calculated variously at from 3 to 12 million cubic yards, and there are no stone quarries except at a great distance from Tyneh. The pier at Suez was to be carried out 3 m., and in other respects the difficulties, though great, were not, as on the Mediterranean coast, almost insur mountable. The English for political, perhaps, as well as for practical reasons, looked with aversion on M. de Lesseps's scheme; but in 1855, the question was again taken up in an international spirit, a new European commission was appointed, which reported that M. de Lesseps's scheme, somewhat modified, was practicable, and that a canal might profitably be constructed. The result of the report was the formation of a joint-stock company, with a subscribed capital of £8,000,000 (afterward increased), in which Said, the pasha of Egypt, took a large number of shares, and made large concessions of land; and the work was accordingly begun. The canal was to be dredged through lake Menzaleh, which runs far into the land directly toward Suez, to be connected with lake Temsah, the Bitter lake, and other marshy swamps, and so with Suez. Only a third of the way required to be excavated through the sands and rocks of the desert. As early as Dec., 1864, the Mediterranean and the Red sea had been connected. The communication, however, was not throughout by the permanent maritime canal, but simply by a fresh-water canal of no great width or depth. In April, 1865, the works, at the request of M. de Lesseps, were visited by another scientific commission, who reported more favorably of the scheme than was expected in England. They stated that the " construction of a ship-canal across the isthmus is only a question of time and money," and they added that three years would suffice for the completion of the various contracts con. nected with the undertaking. The canal was forinally opened in Nov., 1869. An account of the opening, and description of the canal in its completed state, is given under SUEZ CANAL. The hostility of the British nation to the canal faded away with its successful completion and the advantages which it afforded to British commerce. The fears expressed at the opening of the canal, that the trade of the east would be diverted from Great Britain as a center, were found by statistics to be groundless. In 1875 the British government purchased, for $20,000,000, the Khedive of Egypt's shares in the canal, which amounted to 176.602 out of 400,000. These shares gave no returns to their owner till 1894, the Khedive having alienated the dividends till that period in favor of the company. SUEZ CANAL. In the former article on this subject, the nature of the scheme was briefly described; and the progress of the works noticed down to the year 1865. In this place, some of the features will receive a little further explanation, now that the canal is finished and in operation. The canal is 100 m. long, 25 m. being through lakes. The Port Said Entrance.-Port Said or Saïd, a t. now containing 10,000 inhabitants, had no existence in 1860. It became the depot of the company, the metropolis of vast bodies of laborers and other persons employed on the works of the canal. As the Mediterranean sea is very shallow near this point, an artificial deep channel had to be made, |