Ternstromiaceæ.

Candlemas, Feb. 2; and Lammas, Aug. 1.-There is also a subdivision of the year into law-terms (q.v.), adopted and sanctioned by statute for the purpose of the sittings of the law-courts. These are Hilary, Easter, Trinity, and Michaelmas terms.-There is a third and technical meaning of the word "term," when it means an estate for years in land. TERMINI (anc. Thermo Himarenses), a seaport town on the n. coast of Sicily, 21 m. e.s.e. of Palermo, at the mouth of the river San Leonardo. It is built partly on a plateau (the summit of which is crowned by a castle-now a prison-of medieval construction), and partly on the slope and in the hollow beneath. Termini, with its noble background of towering hills, and its magnificent view of the Mediterranean, well deserves the title of La Splendidissima, bestowed on it by the emperor Frederick II. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in fishing for tunny and anchovies. Pop. '81, 22,733.

The ancient Thermo (of which Termini is an Italian corruption) was founded 408 B.C., after the destruction of the Greek city of Himæra, and whence its name Himærenses. Whether it owed its origin to the Carthaginians themselves, or to the surviving citizens of Himæra, is doubtful; but it soon passed under the authority of the former, who here defeated the Romans with heavy loss (260 B.C.) during the first Punic war. After Sicily became a Roman province, Therma was treated with peculiar consideration by its new masters, and became a flourishing place. Relics of the ancient city, as the baths (which are still used),. fragments of a theater and aqueduct, are still visible; and numerous inscriptions, statues, etc., are preserved in public and private collections.-See B. Romano's Antichità Termitane (Palermo, 1838); Battaglia, Storia di Termini (Palermo, 1896 ff.).

TERMINUS, a Roman divinity, supposed to preside over public and private boundaries. Originally he appears to have been the same as Jupiter himself, but gradually he was recognized as a separate and distinct god. Hardly any religious conception is more thoroughly characteristic of the Romans, that land-loving, law-reverencing people, than the conception of Terminus, whose worship was practiced down to a late period.

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TERMITE, or WHITE ANT, Termites, a genus of insects of the order neuroptera (q.v.), and of the family termitido or termitinæ. They live in great communities, chiefly in tropical countries, and are almost omnivorous, in the larva, and pupa, as well as in the perfect state. In their communities there are five classes-males, females, workers, neuters, and soldiers. The workers, neuters, and soldiers seem all to be imperfectly developed females. The males and perfect females have four wings, which are long and nearly equal, and which are often suddenly cast off before the termination of their life; but the greater part of the community consists of workers, which are wingless. The soldiers" are larger than the neuters, and have very large mandibles, which they are always ready to use upon any assault. The antennæ of the genus termes are long and thread-shaped, with about 20 joints; the eyes are small and prominent, and there are three ocelli; the abdomen has a pair of minute caudal appendages. Most of the white ants make their nests on the ground, but some of them among branches of trees, decayed or dry wood forming a principal article of their food. The species which make their nests on the ground make them conical, or turret-shaped, often 12 ft. and sometimes even 30 ft. high, in groups, like a little village. The soil where the white ants have labored is particularly good, and the south Africans take advantage of its excellent quality. The nest is divided internally into numerous chambers and galleries; there are generally two or three roofs within the dome-shaped interior, and the thick walls are perforated by passages leading to the nurseries and magazines of food. If a breach is made in the building, the soldiers appear, ready for defense. White ants are very useful in consuming every kind of decaying animal or vegetable matter. They even eat grass, and the snapping of multitudinous mandibles has been likened to the sound of a gentle wind among trees. They sometimes attack the wood-work of houses, and soon reduce the thickest timbers to a mere shell. Extraordinary and incredible stories are told of their attacking and devouring large animals, but it seems probable that they do so only when the animals are helpless from age or sickness. They come in vast hosts to any place where food is to be found, and are not easily driven off; multitudes pressing on, although previous multitudes have been destroyed. They gather great stores of corn into their nests, of which the natives of Africa often avail themselves. They are themselves also used as food in Africa, and are said to be delicate and pleasant. The abdomen of the pregnant female termite becomes dilated to an extraordinary degree, so as to exceed the rest of her body 1500 or 2,000 times, and she is then about 1000 times heavier than the male insect. Her fecundity is prodigious; she is supposed to lay more than 31,000,000 of eggs in a year.

The termites which live in trees construct nests of great size, like sugar-casks, of particles of gnawed wood, cemented by a kind of gluten, and so strongly attached to the branches as not to be shaken down even by violent storms. These species sometimes take up their abode in the roofs of houses, where they are very destructive to the woodwork.

T. mordax and T. atrox are among the African ground-building species. T. lucifugus is found in the s. of Europe, and has proved very destructive in the navy-yard of Rochefort, and elsewhere in the s. of France. Sulphurous gases and chlorine are forced into its galleries, without effecting its extirpation. T. flavicollis is very injurious to olive trees in Spain. T. frontalis extends as far n. in the United States as Massachu

setts, and does mischief in vineries, not only attacking dead wood, but the roots of living vines. No true species of termes is found in Britain, but some of the termitida are British insects. One of them is psocus pulsatorius, one of the insects which emit a sound like the ticking of a watch in houses. The species of the genus psocus are very small, active insects, living beneath the bark of trees, in wood, straw, among books, etc.

In books of travels, the termites are often called ants, their habits being similar, although they belong to a different order of insects. See illus., BEETLES, ETC., vol. IL, figs. 1-8.

TERN (Sterna), a genus of birds of the gull family (larida), by some made the type of a distinct family (sternida); having the bill as long as the head, or longer, nearly straight, compressed, slender, tapering; the wings long and pointed: the tail long and forked. The plumage is very full. From their forked tail, manner of flight, and small size, the terns are often called sea-swallows. They are incessantly on the wing, skimming the surface of the water, and catching small fishes and other small animals from it. The species are numerous, and are found in almost all parts of the world. Some of them are of very wide geographic distribution. Many are birds of passage. Thus, all which occur on the British coasts, and in other northern parts of the world, are mere summer visitants. The COMMON TERN (S. hirundo) is abundant on the more southern shores of Britain, but rarer in the north. It is found also on the coasts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, from the Arctic circle to the furthest s.; but there is some doubt if its range extends to America, where a very similar species, WILSON'S T. (S. Wilsoni), was long mistaken for it.

TERNANT, JEAN DE, Chevalier, 1750-1816, b. France; was with the French army in America during the revolutionary war. Baron Steuben made him one of his inspec tors in 1778. He was afterward lieut. col. and inspector of troops in the south, was captured at the surrender of Charleston in 1780. After his exchange he returned to his former position in the south. He was a col. in the French army during the French revolution, and minister to the United States, 1790-93.

TERNATE. See MOLUCCAS.

TERNAUX, GUILLAUME LOUIS, Baron, 1763-1833, b. Sedan, France. When but a boy he became manager of his father's woolen mill, and by his business sagacity rescued its finances from ruin. He was a deputy to the assembly, 1818-23 and 1827-30. The revolution of 1830 was brought about by the position taken by Ternaux and his party, and by it he lost a large fortune. He introduced improvements in manufactures and wrote several treatises on financial and industrial subjects. His nephew, HENRI TERNAUX-COMPANS, 1807-64, was noted as a collector of old books, his library of works bearing on the discovery and conquest of America being the finest in existence. He published a Bibliothèque Américaine, 1493–1700 (1836).

TERNAY, CHARLES LOUIS D'ARSAE DE, 1722-80, b. France; entered the French navy in 1738. In 1762 in command of a squadron he attacked Newfoundland, and captured St. John's, and several British vessels. He was governor of the island of Bourbon, 1772-79. The next year he commanded the French fleet bringing over to America count Rochambeau and his forces. He died at Newport soon after his arrival.

TERNI (anc. Interamna) a t. of central Italy, on the right bank of the Nera (anc. Nar), a little below its confluence with the Velino, 49 m. n.n.e. of Rome. It is encircled by a wall, with towers and five gates, is well-built, gives name to an archbishopric, and possesses a cathedral, several fine palaces and churches, a hospital, theater, and various monuments of antiquity, as the ruins of an amphitheater, temples, and baths-none of which, however, are of much importance. Terni manufactures silk and woolen fabrics. Pop. (communal), '81, 15,853. About 2 m. from the town is the famous cataract of Velino, 500 ft. high, celebrated by Byron in his Childe Harold.

Ancient Interamna, according to classic tradition, was founded only 80 years after Rome, but we have no knowledge of its history until it ceased to be an Umbrian, and became a Roman city. About the time of Marius and Sulla, it was (according to Florus) one of the florentissima Italiæ municipia, but at no period did it occupy a very prominent position. Its chief claim to notice arises from its being regarded (by some) as the birthplace of the historian Tacitus, and of his descendant, the emperor of the same

name.

TERNSTRŒMIA'CEÆ, a natural order of exogenous plants, allied to guttifera, and consisting of trees and shrubs, natives of warm and temperate countries. About 150 species are known. They are most abundant in South America; a few are found in North America; some in India, China, and other parts of the east; only one African species is known; and Europe produces none. The leaves are alternate, leathery, in many spe cies evergreen, generally undivided, sometimes dotted. The flowers are on axillary or terminal stalks, generally white, sometimes pink or red; with 5 to 7 concave, leathery, deciduous sepals, and 5 to 9 petals, which are often combined at the base; many hypogy. nous stamens, which are either free or variously combined: 2 to 7 filiform styles, more or less combined; the fruit a 2 to 7-celled capsule, either opening by valves, or leathery and indehiscent, the seeds large, few, and attached to the axis, the cotyledons very large, and often containing much oil. This order is very important as containing the tea

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shrubs. It is also interesting because of the great beauty both of the foliage and flow. ers of many of the species, of which the genus camellia affords the best-known examples. See TEA, CAMELLIA, and GORDONIA.

TERPAN ́DER, a Greek musician who flourished in the beginning of the 7th c. B.C. He was born at Antissa in the island of Lesbos; went to Sparta, and in 676 was crowned victor in the first musical contest at the feast of Apollo Carneius. He established there the first musical school in Greece. He enlarged the compass of the lyre to an octave, and was the first who regularly set poetry to music.

TERPSICHORÉ (Gr. delighting in the dance), one of the nine muses (q.v.), presided over choral song and dancing.

TERRACI'NA (anc. Tarracina), a t. of central Italy, in what was formerly the Papal States, is situated on the coast at the s.e. extremity of the Pontine Marshes, near the mouths of the Ufente and Amaseno. It is the seat of a bishop, possesses a cathedral (built on the ruins of a heathen temple), a square with a handsome fountain, and on the summit of a precipice overlooking the town, the ruins of an imposing Temple of Venus, supposed, until the excavations of 1894, to have been a palace of Theodoric, king of the Goths. The harbor, a naval station of the Romans, is now filled up. Pop. '81 (communal), 8572.

Tarracina was originally a Volscian town, and was called by the Volscians Anxur, a name which is often applied to it by the Latin poets. It fell into the hands of the Romans, 400 B.C., became the seat of a Roman colony, 329 B.C., and as long as therepublic and empire lasted was a flourishing and important city. So closely do the mountains here approach the sea that there was scarcely room for the celebrated "Appian way;" hence the importance of Tarracina as a military position. Numerous ruins of the ancient town are extant.

TERRA or TELLUS, in classical mythology, one of the oldest of divinities, the earth goddess, wife of Uranus, mother of Oceanus, the Cyclops, the Titans, the giants, Themis, Mnemosyne, etc. Her festival was on April 15, and sacrifices were offered to her in spring and autumn. She corresponds to the Greek Ge, called by Hesiod the firstborn of Chaos.

TERRA COT'TA, an Italian term signifying baked clay. It is applied chiefly, if not altogether, to manufactures of brick-earth used for ornamental purposes, especially those used architecturally. Formerly it was not uncommon in Britain, particularly about the beginning of the 18th c.; but after the reign of Queen Anne it was discontinued, and was scarcely ever used until about the year 1860. A complete revival has now taken place, and this material has been applied with admirable effect in some of the buildings lately erected, especially the South Kensington museum and many public buildings in the United States.

TERRA DEL FUEGO, or TIERRA DEL FUEGO (Land of Fire), an archipelago situated at the extreme s. of South America, and separated from the main land by Magellan's Straits, bet. 52° 28′-55° 59′ s. lat. and 63° 42'-74° 48′ long. w. from Greenwich, with a total area of about 28,400 sq. miles. It consists of one principal island, King Charles's South Land, containing 21,300 sq. miles, or about three-fourths of the whole area, the seven islands Desolation, Clarence, Dawson, Hoste, Navarin, Wollaston and State island, and numerous islets, the most southern of which ends in Cape Horn. All the islands are very irregular and cut by deep fiords, affording magnificent scenery. The eastern coasts are as a rule level, while the western coasts are rocky and mountainous, forming the southern extremity of the Cordillera system. Some of the peaks are over 6000 feet high and partly covered with perpetual snow, but there are no active volcanoes. The eastern part of King Charles's South Land contains some good pasture land, while gold has been found in paying quantities. The climate is raw and cold, and violent rain and snow storms occur, especially from June to October. The natives, whose number is estimated at about 8000, belong to two distinct races, those in the northeast of the main island, the Ona tribe, being tall, well-built men, closely resembling in speech and habits the tribes north of Magellan's strait, while the Fuegians, properly so called, and the Jahgan and Alacaluf tribes on the islands further south are small of stature, with coarse features and long, straight hair, and occupy a low rank in the scale of humanity. Their food consists mainly of fish and shellfish, seals, berries, etc. Their language possesses no expressions for numerals above three, yet it has a highly developed grammatical structure, the verb possessing three subjunctive forms, an interrogative form, and a form expressing impossibility, while substantives are declined in four numbers, singular, dual, trial, and plural. The English South-American mission has had a station in Uschuia for some years, with over three hundred native Christians, who occupy themselves with farming and cattle-raising. By a treaty concluded July 23, 1881, Chile and the Argentine Republic divided Terra del Fuego between them, the Argentine Republic receiving that portion of the main island east of 68° 34' w. long., together with State island, thereby getting about 8000 sq. miles, while Chile's share was over 20,000 sq. miles. The Chilean division has been attached to the territory of Magellanes; that of the Argentine Republic forms the government Terra del Fuego, with three departments. The seat of government, formerly at Uschuia, has been transferred to Buen Suceso.

Terre.

The island of Terra del Fuego was discovered by Fernão de Magalhães, in 1520, but, although often visited, was never systematically explored until after the political division of 1887, since which time they have been explored by Bossi, Bove, Lista, Popper, Rousson and Willem. From Sept. 5, 1882, to Sept. 1, 1883, the island Hoste was the seat of a French polar station. See Fossarieu, Ethnographie de l'Amérique Antarctique (Paris, 1884); Bove, Patagonia, Terra del Fuego, etc. (Genoa, 1883), Serrano, Derrotero de Estrecho de Magallanes, Tierra del Fuego, etc. (Santiago, 1891).

TERʼRA DI LAVORO (Campania Felix), now CASERTA, a maritime province of s. Italy, bounded on the n.w. by what was formerly the Papal states. Area, 2086 sq. m.; pop. '90, (est.) 732,810. This is the famous Campania Felix of the ancients. Pliny extols its beauty and its fine situation. Florus calls it the finest country in the world. In ancient times it was inhabited by the Ausonii, the Osci, and later by the Campani. The finest part of Campania has been separated from it, and is that fertile tract of country which surrounds the gulf of Naples; another part has been added to the province of Molise.

TERRA DI SIENNA. See BURNT SIENNA.

TERRÆ FILIUS. A Latin phrase from which comes our English expression, "son of the soil." Cicero and Persius use the expression. In one of his letters to Atticus the former says: "I cannot venture to trust a letter on matters of such importance to this son of the soil, when goodness knows who he may be." Tertullian explains its significance: The people call those persons sons of the soil whose pedigree is doubtful," as does also Minucius Felix: "We call the ignoble and unlearned, Isons of the soil.'" The transition from this last to the English meaning is an easy one.

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TERRA FIRMA, a term frequently employed to denote continental land as distinguished from islands. But it was at one time more specially applied-1st, to all the mainland of Italy which acknowledged the supremacy of Venice-viz., to the duchy of Venice, Venetian Lombardy, the march of Treviso, the duchy of Friula and Istria; 2d, to that extensive tract of South America bounded by the Pacific ocean, Peru, the silvas of the Amazon, the Atlantic ocean, and the isthmus of Panama, which mostly belonged to the Spaniards during the last century. In a still more restricted sense, the term was applied by the Spaniards to the isthmus of Panama itself. Colloquially, the phrase terra firma is applied (but erroneously) to land as distinguished from water.

TERRANOVA, a seaport town on the s. coast of Sicily, province of Caltanisetta, on the right bank of the Maroglio, 18 m. e. from Licata. Pop. '81, 17,173. The town carries on a considerable trade. Terranova is believed to occupy the site of the ancient Gela (q. v.). The town now standing was built by Frederick II. in the 12th century. In its neighborhood is the village of Mazarino, from which the famous cardinal took his name.

TERRAPIN, the popular name of many species of fresh-water tortoises, of the family emyda (see EMYS), natives of tropical and the warmer temperate countries. The neck can be wholly retracted within the shell; the head is flat, and the jaws prolonged into a beak. They feed partly on vegetable food, but also devour fish, reptiles, and other aquatic animals. They swim very well, and even on land move with much greater swiftness than land-tortoises. Their flesh is generally much esteemed. Several species are natives of North America.

TERREBONNE, a parish in s.e. Louisiana; bounded on the s. by the gulf of Mexico, on the w. by Atchafalaya bayou, drained by Black, Caillou, Chene, and Terre Bonne bayous; traversed by the Southern Pacific railroad; about 1800 sq. m.; pop. '90, 20,167. The principal productions are corn, molasses, and sugar. Parish seat, Houma.

TERREBONNE, a co. in s.w. Quebec, lying n.w. of the isle of Jesus, having the St. Lawrence river for its s. boundary; 545 sq. m.; pop. '91, 23,128. It is drained by the North river, which empties into the Ottawa. It has saw, grist, and woolen mills. Co. seat, St. Jerome.

TERRE HAUTE, city and co. seat of Vigo co., Ind., on the Wabash river, and the Chicago and Eastern Illinois, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis, the Evansville and Terre Haute, the Vandalia line, and several other railroads; 73 miles w. of Indianapolis. It is built on prairie land on a bluff 60 feet above high water, is underlaid with block and bituminous coal, is within a few miles of the great block coal mines of Clay co., and is surrounded by a fertile farming region. The city is handsomely and regularly laid out; has several public parks and squares, of which Collett (30 acres) and Deeming (80 acres) are the most attractive; and has electric lights, electric street railroads, waterworks on the Holly system, well-paved streets and good sewerage. Terre Haute contains the state normal school, the Rose polytechnic institute, Coates female college, Rose orphan home, St. Ann's orphan asylum, Union home for invalids, old ladies' home, St. Anthony's hospital (R. C.), St. Mary's institute (R. C.), and the Rose dispensary. Other noteworthy buildings and institutions are the U. S. government building, co. court-house, city hall, union railroad station, high school, and

Terrestrial.

public, law, and school libraries. There are over 30 churches, national, state, savings, and private banks, and several daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. The U. S. census of 1890 reported for Terre Haute 367 manufacturing establishments, employing $4,965,184 capital and 5205 persons, paying $2,154,001 for wages and $6,785,616 for materials, and having a combined output valued at $13,720,529. The principal manufactories are rolling mills, blast furnaces, flour and hominy mills, distilleries, breweries, nail works, railroad car shops, tool factories, paving brick, and other clay works. There are also large grain elevators. The town was founded in 1816, and was chartered as a city in 1852. Pop. '90, 30,217.

TERRELL, a co. in s. w. Georgia, drained by the Flint river and its creeks; traversed by the Central of Georgia railroad; about 320 sq. m.; pop. 0, 14,503. Co. seat, Dawson. TERRE-PLEIN, in fortification, is the flat surface of the rampart, on the front portion of which the parapet and banquette are formed, and of which the rear slopes down to the general level of the inclosure.

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. In the article MAGNETISM, it is shown that the earth itself is to be considered as a great magnet; and in the present article it is proposed to exhibit the chief results of observation on the earth's magnetism as seen in its action on artificial magnets. That action is simply directive; that is, it determines the way in which the magnet shall point, but has no tendency to translate or move it bodily. Terrestrial magnetism acts differently at different places; what are called the magnetic elements of a place are the direction of the needle in regard to the points of the horizon (variation or declination), its direction in regard to the vertical (inclination or dip), and the force that keeps it in these positions (intensity). For the first two elements, see DECLIN

ATION-NEEDLE and DIPPING-NEEDLE. The element of intensity is more difficult to determine. The relative horizontal intensity is measured by the number of oscillations . that a needle, of unit size and strength, when disturbed makes in a given time, the intensities of two places being as the squares of the oscillations. The total intensity is got by dividing the horizontal intensity by the cosine of the angle of dip. Gauss has succeeded in reducing this measurement from a relative to an absolute standard.

Magnetic Charts.-The magnetic elements have been ascertained with great care at different portions of the earth's surface. The knowledge thus obtained has been embodied in magnetic charts, in which the points at which the declination is the same are joined by lines, and similarly those where the dip and intensity are alike. The lines of equal declination are called the isogonic lines; those of equal dip, isoclinic; and those of equal intensity, isodynamic lines. As the magnetism of the earth is subject to a slow secular variation, such charts are only true for the time of observation. The chart, fig. 1, was drawn up by col. Sabine for the year 1840, and gives an approximate view of the lines of equal declination for that year. The change since 1840 has been small, so that an isogonic chart for the present time would differ but slightly from it. The chart sufficiently explains itself. Attention may, however, be given to one or two points. The declination is marked on each line. Thus, the line passing through England, for instance, is marked 25°, and that passing n. w. of the British islands, 30°. At places under those lines the needle points to a n. 25° and 30° w. of the true north. On the space intervening