endeavored, some years ago, to persuade the world that they were legitimate grandsons of Charles Edward. In point of fact, they were sons of Captain Thomas Allen, R.N., and grandsons of Admiral John Carter Allen, who died in 1800. Their story, as set forth, with some slight mystifications, in a work called Tales of the Century, or Sketches of the Romance of History between the Years 1746 and 1846, was to the effect that their father, in place of being Admiral Allen's son, was a son of prince Charles and the princess Louisa, whose birth was kept secret, from fear of the Hanoverian family, and who was intrusted to Admiral Allen, and passed off by him for his own son. The life of Charles Stuart is detailed in History of the Rebellion, 1745-46, by R. Chambers.

、

STUART, GILBERT CHARLES, American painter, was b. at Narragansett, Rhode Island, in 1755. In his boyhood, he went to Edinburgh with a Scotch painter named Alexander, with whom he studied his art; but his master dying, he worked his passage home, and began to paint portraits at Newport. In 1778 he made his way to London, where he led for two years a wild Bohemian life; but his talent was recognized by his countryman, Benjamin West, president of the Royal Academy, who took him into his family, and whose full-length portrait he painted for the National Gallery. In 1781 he opened his studio in London, and painted the portraits of his majesty George III., H.R. H. the prince of Wales, the duke of Northumberland, sir Joshua Reynolds, John Kemble, col. Barré, and many other celebrated characters. He also made a professional visit to Dublin, and in Paris painted a portrait of Louis XVI. In 1793 in the fullness of his powers and fame, he returned to America, and painted portraits of Washington, Jefferson, and many of the distinguished men of the period, and commenced a portrait of John Quincy Adams, which at his death was finished by Sully. He died at Boston, July, 1828.

STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN, 1833-64; b. Va.; graduated at the U. S. academy, West Point, 1854. He was engaged on the frontier fighting Indians, under Sumner and Joseph E. Johnston, and became noted for his daring. In 1857 he was severely wounded while fighting a party of Cheyennes. In May, 1861, President Lincoln appointed him a capt. in the U. S. cavalry, but he declined the appointment to accept from the confederates that of col. of a Virginia cavalry regiment. He commanded the confederate cavalry at the first battle of Bull Run; and in September was appointed brig. gen., and given command of all the Virginia cavalry. He made several successful raids on the union positions, and was appointed maj.gen. in the confederate army, and placed in command of a division of cavalry. On Aug. 22, 1862, he made his famous dash at the right flank of Gen. Pope's army, at Catlett's station. During a heavy storm he penetrated to Pope's headquarters, where he succeeded in capturing important papers, besides obtaining the private effects and dress uniform of Gen. Pope, and of several of his officers. He made important raids after Antietam; in the Chancellorsville campaign; and during Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania; and covered the confederate retreat after the battle of Gettysburg. He was defeated by Sheridan's cavalry in the Wilderness; and on May 12, 1864, was mortally wounded in an engagement with them near Richmond; to which city he was taken, and where he died on the evening of the same day.

STUART, MOSES, American divine and author, was born at Wilton, Conn., Mar. 26, 1780, and educated at Yale, where he remained for some time as a tutor. He began the study of law, but abandoned it for theology; was ordained as pastor of a Congregational church at New Haven in 1806; and in 1809 was appointed professor of sacred literature at the theological school at Andover, a position he filled till 1848. During this period, in addition to his professorial duties, he wrote a Grammar of the Hebrew Language, without points; Letters to the Rev. W. E. Channing; Hebrew Grammar, with points (based on Gesenius); Commentaries on the Epistle to the Hebrews, and the Epistle to the Romans; on the books of Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, Daniel, and the Apocalypse; Hebrew Chrestomathy; Essay on the Liquor Traffic; Essay on Christian Baptism; Hints on the Prophecies; Conscience and the Constitution-manifesting in all acuteness, vigor, and versatility. Moses Stuart has been called the father of biblical science in this country. While his own contributions to it are of great value, he accomplished still more by the impulse which he gave to others. Studying the Hebrew language with enthusiasm, he infused the same spirit into his classes. He died at Andover, Mass., Jan. 4, 1852. daughter Elizabeth married Rev. Austin Phelps, D.D., and was an author of considerable popularity. His grand-daughter, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, is widely known as an author.

His

STUBBS, THE RIGHT REV. WILLIAM, D.D., was born at Knaresborough, June 21, 1825; educated at the Grammar School, Ripon, and at Christ Church, Oxford, and elected to a Fellowship at Trinity College in 1848. He was ordained in 1848, was Diocesan Inspector of Schools in the diocese of Rochester till 1866, when he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford. In 1868 he was elected Curator of the Bodleian Library, and in 1872 was chosen a member of the Hebdomadal Council. In 1875 he was presented to the Rectory of Cholderton, Wilts, appointed Canon Residentiary of St. Paul's, 1879; consecrated Bishop of Chester in 1884, and Bishop of Oxford in 1889. He has published Mosheim's Institutes of Church History (1863); Chronicles and Memorials of Richard I. (1864-65); Chronicle of Roger Hovedon (1868-71); Memorial of Walter of Coventry (1872-73); Memorials of St. Dunstan (1874); Select Charters and other Illustrations of English Constitutional History, from the Earliest Period to the Reign of Edward I. (1870); and his most famous work, The Constitutional History of England, in three volumes (1874, 1875 and 1878).

Stuttgart.

STUCCO, a composition used for the finer parts of plaster-work, such as cornices, enrichments, etc. Gypsum (q. v.), or plaster of Paris, is used for this purpose. A coarser kind of stucco is also used for making floors, and for plastering the exterior of buildings. See illus., SPAIN, Vol. XIII.

STUHLWEIS ́SENBURG (Hung. Székes Fejérvar, Slav. Bielihrad or Bialigrad, Lat. Alba Regalis or Alba Regia), a royal free town of Hungary, and seat of a bishop, lies in a swampy plain in the neighborhood of the marshes of Sár-Rét, 16 m. n.e. of lake Balaton. The principal buildings are the splendid cathedral of the Virgin Mary, the church of St. John, and the bishop's palace. It has several Catholic schools, a military academy, and a theater; the principal square is adorned by a bronze statue of the Hungarian poet Vörösmarty. The inhabitants manufacture cotton cloths, flannels, leather, silk, and knives ("Štuhlweissenburg clasp-knives "), and extract soda from the swamps. Pop. '90, 27,548. Stuhlweissenburg is built on the site of the Roman Floriana, and from 1027 to 1527 was the place where the kings of Hungary were crowned and buried, 14 of whom repose here. In later times it suffered much from the ravages of war, and was for some years in the hands of the Turks.

STUMPF, KARL, psychologist, b. at Wiesentheid, Bavaria, April 21, 1848; studied at the universities of Würzburg and Göttingen, and was professor of philosophy successively at Würzburg (1873), Prague (1879), Munich (1889), and Berlin (1894). He is a member of the Prussian academy of sciences, and is the author of Ueber das Verhältnis des Platonischen Gottes zur Idee des Guten (1869); Ueber den psychologischen Ursprung der Raumverstellung (1873), Tonpsychologie (1885-90) and Psychologie und Erkenntnistheorie (1891).

STUNDISTS, Protestant sect, mostly of Russians from the Eastern church, formed in 1817 by colonists of Würtemberg, and now numbering over a million adherents. Its formulas closely resemble those of the Anabaptists; it repudiates the sacraments, and demands an equal distribution of property.

STURDY, or the GID, affects sheep, and occasionally cattle, and is caused by the presence within the brain of a hydatid, reaching sometimes the size of a hazel-nut, and floating in a watery fluid inclosed in a membranous sac. This hydatid, when given to dogs, is known to produce tape-worms, and conversely itself originates from the ova of the tape-worm ejected on the pastures by dogs, rabbits, or even by sheep themselves. In the state of ova, or in some of it, earlier minuter transitional forms, the hydatid embryo is picked up along with t grass, passes into the blood, and is thence laid down in the soft loose textures of the brain. It is most common in low damp pastures, and amongst sheep from six to twenty months old. The animal cannot properly seek its food, loses condition, staggers when moved, turns stupidly round almost in one spot, and usually toward the side on which the hydatid lies. The parasite and its sac may generally be safely removed by placing the sheep, with its feet fied, on a table or bench, searching for the softened portion of the skull, which generally overlies the hydatid, laying back a flap of skin, and introducing the trochar and canula, and when the sac is deep-seated, cautiously withdrawing it with the help of a small syringe. Protected by a leather cap and simple water-dressings, the wound speedily heals.

STURGEON, Accipenser, a Linnæan genus of cartilaginous fishes, now forming the family sturionida, and placed by Müller in the order of ganonds, distinguished by the ganoid (q.v.) scales or bony shields which form the external covering. The gills are free, as in the osseous fishes. The vertebral column is soft; and there are no evident sutures in the skull. Reproduction is by roe, as in osseous fishes. The form of sturgeons is elongated and angular; the plates are arranged in regular rows; the head is cuirassed; the snout long and conical; the mouth is on the under surface of the head, tubular, protractile, and without teeth. The upper lobe of the tail is much larger than the under. The dorsal and anal fins are opposite to one another, behind the ventrals. The airbladder is very large, and communicates with the gullet by a large hole. The species of sturgeon are numerous, and inhabit both the sea and fresh water, ascending deep muddy rivers at certain seasons, and temporarily inhabiting lakes. Numerous species are found in the northern parts of the world, although there are none in the Arctic ocean, or the rivers which flow into it, but the s. of Siberia and North America particularly abound in them. They are plentiful in the Caspian and Black seas, and in the rivers connected with them, where the sturgeon fishery is of great importance, supplying the inhabitants of large districts with their chief article of subsistence, and producing great quantities of caviare (q.v.), or preserved sturgeon roe, and of isinglass (see GELATINE), for sale. The COMMON STURGEON (A. sturio) is sometimes caught in the mouths of British rivers, most frequently in salmon-nets; and is a large fish, 6 or 8 ft. in length, with five rows of flattened plates; the muzzle long and pointed. Another species (A. latirostris), with broader muzzle, also visits the British coasts, but they are not popularly distinguished. The sturgeon is more abundant on the northern coast of Europe. It is also found in the more southern parts, and was in very high repute for the table among the Greeks and Romans. At their banquets it was introduced with particular ceremonies. In England, when caught in the Thames, within the jurisdiction of the lord mayor of London, it is a royal fish, reserved for the sovereign. Its flesh is white, delicate, and firm. It is used both fresh, generally stewed, and pickled or salted.-The

Stuttgart.

largest species of sturgeon is the BIELAGA, or Huso (A. huso) of the Black and Caspian seas, and their rivers. It attains the length of 20 or 25 ft., and has been known to weigh nearly 3,000 lbs. It enters the rivers in winter, while they are still covered with ice. Great part of the caviare of commerce is made from it, and much isinglass, which is merely the air-bladder washed, cut into strips and dried. The STERLET (A. Ruthenus) is a comparatively small species, only about 3 ft. in length, found in the same regions, and particularly esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh, and of the caviare obtained from it. There are several other European and Asiatic species; and some of the North American rivers and lakes abound at certain seasons in species of sturgeon which are peculiar to them.-Sturgeons spawn in fresh water, but the young are seldom seen there, and are supposed to descend very early to the sea.

STURGIS, SAMUEL DAVIS, b. Penn., 1822; graduate of West Point, 1846; served through the Mexican war; taken prisoner during the operations before Buena Vista; exchanged after a short confinement. He was on duty in California, New Mexico, and the w. frontier; capt., 1855. In the war of the secession he was obliged to abandon fort Smith, Arkansas (his officers having resigned to join the confederate army), taking with him his command and saving the government property. As maj. 4th cavalry, 1861, he served under Lyon, and succeeded to his command at Wilson's Creek. In 1862 he was assigned to the command of the fortifications at Washington. He was prominent at South mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and in the operations in Kentucky and Ohio, 1863-64, joining in the expedition against Gen. Forrest; col. 7th cavalry, 1869. He had been brevetted maj.-gen., 1865. In 1886 he retired from active service.

STURT, Sir CHARLES, 1806-69; b. England; entered the British army, and in 1825 was stationed in New South Wales, then holding the rank of capt. In 1828 he headed an exploring expedition which penetrated the interior of Australia and discovered the Macquarie, Castlereagh, and Darling rivers, and in 1830, the Murray river, which he descended to Lake Alexandrina. Another expedition in 1844 reached the desert in the center of the continent. For these explorations he was honored with high colonial positions and on his return to England was knighted. He published two books describing his explorations.

STURTEVANT, JULIAN MONSON, b. Conn., 1805; became professor of mathematics in Illinois college, and in 1844 was elected its president, resigning the position about 1880. He published about 1862 The Present Attitude of England toward the United States, and also wrote Economics; The Keys of Sect, and contributed to many religious periodicals. He was original and vigorous as a thinker. He d. 1886.

STUTSMAN, a co. in N. Dakota, drained by the Dakota river and Pipe-stem creek; 2304 sq.m.; pop. '90, 5266, chiefly of American birth, with colored. It is intersected by the Northern Pacific railroad. It contains the Fort Seward military reservation. The surface in the vicinity of its co. seat is much diversified, in other portions stretching into level fertile prairies for miles on either side of the railroad track. Co. seat, Jamestown.

STUTTERING. This loose and imperfect action of the organs of articulation is often inaccurately confounded with stammering though physiologically distinct from it. The distinction will be found explained and elaborated in the article STAMMERING AND DEFECTIVE SPEECH (q.v.).

STUTTGART, the royal residence and metropolis of Würtemberg, is beautifully Eituated in a widening of the Nesenbach valley, the hills forming a semicircle of eminences clothed with vineyards, orchards, and gardens. The basin in which Stuttgart nestles is 897 ft. above the sea-level, and enjoys a mild and healthy climate.

In the Altstadt, which occupies the center of the town, the streets are narrow and gloomy, but the new quarters, mostly erected during the present century, have fine, broad streets, symmetrical squares, and handsome buildings. The schloss, or palace, is a fine modern building. The royal park and gardens extend from the n.e. side of the palace for 2 m. in the direction of Canstatt, have an area of 560 acres, are adorned by fine groups of trees, and intersected by shady avenues, in which all classes may freely walk. The cathedral, built in the 15th c., was gifted by the king, in 1852, with several beautiful painted windows. Other principal buildings are the royal theater, public library, mint, museum of art, polytechnic school erected in 1860-65, the royal stables for 300 horses, etc. A fine statue of Schiller has been erected in the palace place. The extensive royal library is especially rich in MSS., Bibles in various languages, and specimens of early printing.

Stuttgart has many benevolent institutions and societies. There is direct railway communication with the leading cities of Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Pop. 95 (including garrison), 158,321. Since 1866, and especially since the Franco-Prussian war, trade has increased in a remarkable degree. The principal industries are the manufacture of machinery, musical instruments, cotton and wool fabrics, carpets, leather, paper, glass, porcelain, gold and silver articles, jewelry, perfumery, chemicals, tobacco, beer-brewing, etc. Stuttgart has a high position in the book-trade, and is the place of meeting of the booksellers' union of southern Germany. Stuttgart was the birth-place of Hegel; here, also, Schiller's youth was spent.

The

Subdeacon.

name of the city occurs for the first time in 1229. It was besieged by King Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1286-87, and appears then to have been a place of strength. Between 1634-38, nearly 9,000 people died of the plague; and during the wars of Louis XIV., Stuttgart was thrice taken; and again in 1796, 1800, and 1801.

STUYVESANT, PETER, 1602-82, b Holland; in early manhood entered the military service of the Dutch in the West Indies, and in 1634 was made director of the colony of Curaçao. In 1646 the Dutch West India company appointed him directorgeneral of their'American colonies. He soon gained the confidence of the colonists, and reconciled the Indian tribes who had been made hostile by former unjust treatment. He also succeeded in arranging with the English commissioners, in 1650, the boundaries between their respective territories. A convention of delegated colonists in 1653 de manded for the people, among other things, a confirming voice in the appointment of local officers. Stuyvesant, with characteristic boldness, ordered them to disperse forthwith, claiming that his authority was not from the people, but from God and the Dutch West India company. The people submitted, but with mingled feelings of chagrin and discontent. The protracted contentious of the Dutch and the Swedes, dwelling near the Delaware river, about governmental jurisdiction, became more critical in 1654 when the Swedish governor seized the fort built by the Dutch, where Newcastle now stands. To end this trouble, Stuyvesant with 600 men sailed up the Delaware, re-captured the fort, and established the Dutch authority over the entire territory. After ten years of undisturbed quiet, in 1664 an English vessel arrived with an armed force under col. Nicholls, who demanded a surrender of the government, on the ground that the whole territory was given by royal charter to the duke of York. Stuyvesant at first refused, but finding the people anxious to exchange rulers, he yielded to the English demand. Thus abruptly terminated the Dutch control over the New Netherlands, and both the town and the territory was thenceforth called New York. Stuyvesant reported personally to the authorities in Holland, but soon returned to New York for the remainder of his life. He cultivated an extensive farm called the Bouwerij, giving its name to one of the busy streets of the city. A pear tree in his garden, which he brought from Holland, bore fruit more than 200 years. As an interesting relic of the past and of the man so highly and so justly honored, the city authorities for many years protected this pear tree by a tall iron railing. Stuyvesant died in 1682, aged 80 years. He was buried where St. Mark's Church now stands, and the elaborately inscribed stone that covered his grave is built into the eastern wall of the church.

STYE, or STY, is the popular name for a minute boil occurring at the edge of the eyelid, and known to surgeons under the term hordeolum. It begins as a small, red, tense swelling, accompanied with considerable itching, and a feeling of stiffness. As the inflammation goes on, the lid may become so swollen as to keep the eye closed. In a few days, matter forms, a white point appears at the apex of the swelling; and when the cuticle gives way, pus and a small slough of connective tissue escape, after which there is a general remission of the symptoms, and the eyelid soon resumes its natural

state.

This common affection is chiefly confined to scrofulous and delicate children, but it is sometimes observed in persons of more advanced age. The best local treatment consists in the application of warm-water dressings with lint and oiled silk; and if any hardness remains after the discharge of the matter, dilute nitrate of mercury ointment may be applied. The stye should never be rubbed (notwithstanding the common prejudice in favor of rubbing it with a gold ring), nor, in general, is it necessary to puncture it. To prevent the recurrence of these little boils, attention should be paid to the diet, which should be abundant and nourishing, to the state of the bowels, and to the general health; and tonics may usually be prescribed with advantage. The old form of the word was stian. See Holland's Plinie, book xxviii. ch. xi.

STYLE, OLD AND NEW. See CALENDAR.

STYLITÉS. See PILLAR SAINTS.

STY LOBATE, the substructure of a temple beneath the columns. It is sometimes continuous all round the peristyle in the form of three high steps; sometimes it resem bles a continuous pedestal along each side, with flights of steps at either end.

STYPTICS (Gr. styptikos, astringent) are agents employed in surgery for the purpose of checking the flow of blood by application to the bleeding orifice or surface. See BLEEDING.

STYRAX. See STORAX.

STYR'IA (Ger. Steiermark), a duchy forming one of the German crown-lands of Austria, is bounded on the n. by upper and lower Austria, e. by Hungary and Croatia, s. and w. by Carniola, Carinthia, and Salzburg. Its area is 8,671 English sq.m., and pop. '90, 1,282,708, who are partly of German and partly of Slavic origin. Styria is a mountainous country, being traversed in the w. and center by branches of the Noric Alps, which spread out into numerous ramifications; while the southern portion between the Drave

Subconscious.

and the Save is occupied by branches of the Carnic Alps. The climate of Styria, like that of most mountainous countries, is variable, but is generally raw and cold in the northern and more mountainous portion, and mild in the south. But in spite of its physical character, agriculture is so zealously prosecuted that of the country are under cultivation, producing rye, wheat, oats, and maize. Vines are largely cultivated in various parts, and orchards are numerous. The chief wealth of the country, however, lies in its mineral products, which include, besides immense quantities of iron, lead, copper, zinc, graphite, marble, limestone, and slate, with abundance of salt and coal. The chief industries are thus necessarily in connection with the production of iron and steel, and their manufacture into articles of such excellent quality as to be in great demand in other countries. There are also manufactures of brass and lead articles, earthenware, paper, tobacco, glass, and of cotton, linen, cloth, chemicals, etc. Styria was anciently divided between Noricum and Pannonia, and has generally followed the fortunes of the two provinces of Upper and Lower Austria.

STYX (Gr. stug-, to hate, abhor), a water-fall in Greece, near the town of Nonacris, in the n. e. of Arcadia, descends perpendicularly over lofty and precipitous rocks, and forms a small torrent which falls into the Crathis. In mythology the Styx was a river of Hades, round which it flowed seven times, and over which Charon (q. v.) conveyed the shades of the departed. As a goddess Styx was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, dwelling in a grotto at the entrance of Hades.

SUABIA. See SWABIA.

SUAKIN, a seaport belonging to Turkey, on a small rocky island in the Red Sea, off the w. coast of Africa, but near the shore, in lat. 19° 7' north. It has a good harbor, and a considerable trade in gum, ivory, ostrich-feathers, coffee, etc., and it is a station for pilgrims passing to and from Mecca. Population estimated ('82) at 11,000.

SUAREZ, FRANCISCO, the most celebrated of the modern scholastic and polemical divines of the Roman Catholic church, was born at Granada in 1548. His early studies were singularly unpromising. His later career, however, was brilliant, quite in proportion to the dullness of his first beginnings; and he taught philosophy and theology with remarkable success, first at Alcala, and afterward at Salamanca, Rome, and Coimbra. Suarez may truly be described as the ablest and greatest of the modern scholastics; but in his works scholasticism appears in its best form; for although they abound in discussions uninteresting, and indeed unintelligible, to persons unacquainted with scholastic terminology, yet they may also be truly said on each subject to exhaust the whole of the learning, ancient and modern, which existed relating to that subject at the date of their publication. On the philosophy of the ancients, Suarez is especially copious and accurate; and of most of the modern German philosophy we may find the germ in the pages which he devotes to the account of the opinions of the ancients.

In the scholastic controversies on grace and free will, Suarez was strongly opposed to the Thomistic doctrine; but he also rejected the opposite system of Molina. See MOLINISM. The works of Suarez are entirely theological, or ascetic, and were printed in 23 volumes folio at Lyons, Mainz, and Venice. An edition in 28 volumes 4to was completed at Paris in 1861. His treatise De Legibus is much esteemed, and has been reprinted in England. Suarez died at Lisbon in 1617. - See Des Champs, Vie de Suarez. SUBCONSCIOUS SELF. In the article on Unconscious Cerebration, it has been noticed that ideas may occur and be worked out by the brain under certain conditions which are marked by a complete or partial unconsciousness. The most recent researches have shown that the ideas worked out by the mind below the threshold of consciousness tend eventually to constitute an unconscious memory continuum which may be given the name of Subconscious Self. There are then in the subliminal consciousness of every normal adult the elements of another personality. This secondary personality has been shown to exist in a greater or less state of development in many persons. It is supposed that only some extraordinary mental activity of the supraliminal, or ordinary waking, consciousness is able to show forth this secondary personality, when fully matured and brought to the surface (by hypnotism or other means). This subconscious self has been studied under the aspect of double or multiple personality. (See INDIVIDUALITY.) The subconscious self is from one point of view the moral character of a person, and may constitute the basis of memory. The chief feature of the subconscious, important to the science of education, is its extreme suggestibility, together with the fact that every element of the mind's material and spiritual environment has an influence upon the subconscious if not upon the conscious self and makes an impression which is supposedly never erased, and which may at any time come to the surface. The surroundings-home, school-rooms, playground, etc. — of the schoolchild may thus exert a good or bad influence upon him according as they are pleasant and artistic, or the reverse. It is highly probable that impulsive acts are prompted by some subconscious mental states. Thus it is of the greatest importance that all the impressions made not only upon the conscious but upon the subconscious self should be taken account of, for their power for good or evil influence. Thus when a person is sleeping, words spoken in his hearing, though they do not rise above the threshold of his consciousness and never exist in his conscious memory may have by the power of suggestion a great influence upon him. Music, works of art, and all the surroundings which create an "atmosphere" whether artistic or literary, have a much more potent