and measure its dimensions justly, and compare the results of our examination with the position which England occupies in respect of them. We shall then understand the ground on which it is said that England may safely despise the power of Russia, because we shall clearly perceive the tremendous efficiency of that simple principle of coercion which the relative conditions of the two countries enable us to apply to Russia.

annoyance and restraint of a workhouse." This simple proposal was adopted, and though encumbered with an apparatus of pedantic regulation which has much impaired its energy, yet under its single influence pauperism is disappearing. So it is with this bugbear of Russian power. As long as we consent to accept it as a reality, as a fact, as a substantive existence, as long as we suffer ourselves to be imposed upon by the AuHer aggressional power towards us is obviously tocrat's pompous assumption of awful, immense, nil-her defensive power against the annihilating inaccessible power,-as long as we manifest our influence of the principle which we can employ belief in its existence by all sorts of mean, indiis likewise nothing-and her impotence arises rect considerations for his arrogant caprices,—as directly from the nature of her social and eco-long as we hold our breath till we learn whether nomical condition. Russia consists of a vast M. Kisseleff goes to the Emperor's ball, and then body of serfs and a small body of territorial pro- how he looked, and then whether Count Orloff prietors or magnates, whose rents and revenues is, or is not, going to Berlin,-we create by such depend upon the exportation of raw produce in senseless folly a belief in the Russian mind that hides, tallow, hemp, etc. etc. A certain portion Russia is beyond our reach, that our armies canof these is of course consumed in Russia itself, not cope with hers, that we tremble to provoke (as is the case with cotton in the United States), her; and hence she is led on to drive us to the but the price of the whole, and its continued very combat from which she would have shrunk remunerative production, depend entirely upon with horror had we known at first, and had we the exportability of the surplus which is not shown her that we knew, the fatal secret of her wanted for Russian consumption. This surplus irremediable weakness. To that point let us now cannot be exported if we blockade the Baltic direct our energies, remembering that the giant and the Black Sea; and the condition of the before whom every armed warrior quailed was Russian magnates thereupon, in regard to their not slain by the sword or spear, but by a pebble rents and revenues-will be similar to that in from the hand of a naked youth who saw the which the English country gentlemen would find vulnerable point and employed the simple weathemselves, if they and the farmers, and the labor-pon alone suited to giving the mortal wound. ers were left to consume as much as they pleased We are not now deprecating the employment of their own beef, bread and beer, but were una- of military means under circumstances as they ble to sell any of the surplus to the rest of the are; we shall be glad if a French and English community. A rigorous blockade of the Russian army is transported to the Crimea to operate at ports, throwing one year's crop on their hands, once on the rear of the Russians, and we know and steadily continued on to the time when in that Sebastopol ought to be destroyed. But we ordinary circumstances they would be preparing can effect our end without this. If, shutting our the subsequent crop, must break the Russian cars for the present to the puffed-up conceit of social system to pieces. We need not send a busy diplomatists; telling Austria and Prussia soldier, nor shed a drop of our own blood. We that we want neither them nor their mediation, shall have to pay double price for candles and and requesting Lord Clarendon and M. Drouyn shoes for a year or so, and to incur the expense de l'Huys to lay their worn-out pens in their inkof augmenting our fleet. The Russian magnates stands; we steadily and rigorously persevere in will fight the rest of the battle for us; and if we doing that which will deprive the Russian magsimply confine ourselves to holding them tight to nates of their revenues, we shall have them withthe work, they will in the cause of rent and rev-in the year, humbly petitioning for peace on our enue, tear the Russian social system to tatters. own terms; when, in discharge of that awful duty If the present head of the house of Romanoff now evidently devolving on France and England, calls upon the magnates to sacrifice their reve-to nues to his pride, they will treat him as they treated his immediate predecessors, Alexander and Paul.

assert Eternal Providence
And justify the ways of God to man,

People delight in complexity; but every agen-we pray that they will not relax their grasp from cy in nature, when we succeed in detecting it, is the spoiler's throat, until prostrate Justice shall simple, and so it is in human affairs. Legisla- be raised again by the restoration of Finland to tion had overwhelmed the poor in this country Sweden, and of Poland to Europe. Let these with such a heap of laws that a condition of hu- two great nations, France and England, brothers manity arose like nothing that history had ever always in honor and at last in arms, redress in recorded, called "Pauperism," and was rapidly unison the great wrongs which Russian barbatending to absorb the whole working class. Leg-rism has inflicted on humanity. The most disislators, Committees of both Houses, Statesmen, tant posterity will look back upon the deed as the prima virorum," were all in despair. There the great deciding fact in the onward progress came a man at last, who simply said, "What is of civilization, and will not the less admire it bethe order of Providence? Are we not all placed cause it shall have been effected with little of the by God between the alternatives of death by star-pomp of war, with scarce any bloodshed, and by vation, or life by labor? Imitate this order; simple means.

place the applicant for relief between the alter- But lest the coercive principle which we pronatives of living by labor, or living under the pose to apply to Russia may be regarded as a

crude suggestion thrown out at hazard, let us overwhelming influence of this principle, that it dwell upon it a little in the way of illustration. was owing to his acting in diametrical opposition The principle was advocated in the Times news- to it that the fall of the enormous power of the paper in the year 1841, with reference to the war first French Emperor was solely due. Bonaparte which then appeared imminent with the United might naturally have supposed, from his own exStates. It was there shown that England, by perience of things in France and Italy, that the adopting the unusual plan of refusing to accept Germans and Russians could safely be forced to war from, or to wage it against, the southern or do without English manufactures; and, looking cotton-growing States, and at the same time at his continental system on this side alone, he blockading the nothern sea board from New saw nothing in it beyond his power, apparently, Bedford down to the Potomac, would enlist two to carry out. But he did not see, on the other powerful material interests on her side, whose side, that though men might be brought to disunited energies would either compel an immedi-pense with English goods, they could never be ate peace upon our own terms, or cause a sepa-reconciled to the loss of their own capital investration of the Union, leaving us with the alliance ed in producing those raw materials which they and friendship of the cotton-growing interest in gave in exchange for English goods-that though the south, and transferring the carrying trade of they might submit not to buy, they would fight to the Northern States to our ships. For the state desperation for the power to sell. Bonaparte was of things was this; the cotton-growers at that exceedingly able in his way; his military meatime produced two million and upwards of bales sures were simple and great, and admirably exof raw cotton, of which 300,000 were worked up ecuted when he was present; with an oriental by the New England factories, and the rest by subtlety and vast penetration into the worst and the European and chiefly by the English. The the weakest sides of human nature, he governed Growers depended on advances for the mainte- men through vices and fears. Within this range nance of their negroes and the upholding of their of ideas he appears always to have reasoned estates, and England must either have that cot- well-beyond it many a child could reason better ton, or all its immense capital invested in cotton he was at once too deep and too shallow. factories would be annihilated. England would, Political Economy he despised as a matter of therefore, have said to the Southern States, "We course-all such men do-and the insulted will neither accept war with you, nor wage it Power overthrew him. Alexander had engaged against you. We will take and pay for your that the continental system should be applied to cotton as usual; our cruisers shall nowhere make Russia. He could not keep his engagement; prize of it when bound for Europe; we will not and the invasion of Russia, intended to prevent molest or touch your cities, your soil, or your the Russians from buying, was repelled by them, ships, under any provocation; we will treat you because its effect was to prevent their selling. in all respects as if you were part of ourselves The Russian magnates resisted Napoleon because and at peace with us." they felt that his triumph would have deprived The influence of this course on the cotton-pro- them of their rents and revenues-it was rent or ducers, and all those directly and indirectly con- no rent with them-and in his retreat through nected with them, cannot be doubted. Their Germany the German heart did not throb at the interest would compel them to become our steady prospect of again purchasing English produce, allies. They would sell to us, and to us alone; but of again selling their own, and obtaining for to ship their cotton to New England would rents. He had all the material interests of both expose them to the loss, almost certain, of every shipment from our blockade of the Northern ports, and the capital invested in the New Englands factories would be paralyzed. Thus the well-understood application of the principle we advocate would have forced the United States to peace on our own terms by a twofold action. The northern capitalists would have been ruined, and the Southern States would have separated from them if the Central Government had re

mained obstinate.

We must further remark, in illustration of the

Russia and Germany against him, and he fell. Now, in the present crisis of our affairs let us rally to our side those material interests which he made his antagonists. This will insure us a speedy, a cheap, and a complete victory. First of all let us make ourselves safe on our only exposed side-that of impressment and the right of search-and then let us blockade the Baltic and the Black Sea in that manner which will swiftly reduce the Russian proprietary body to poverty, to despair, to rebellion, and to submission.

PERUVIAN BATHING.-I took a stroll along the beach, and was much amused at witnessing the singular mode adopted by the ladies for the enjoyment of a water excursion. The bathingmen are Indians, very stout and robust; who, being divested of every species of covering except a pair of drawers, take to the water, each carrying a lady upon his shoulders. The men strike out to swim, and do so without inconveniencing the ladies, who float horizontally on

the surface of the water. In this way they are carried for a mile or more, and appear to enjoy this novel mode of locomotion extremely.Bonelli's Travels in Bolivia.

Lord Brougham is expected to leave his château at Cannes at the close of this week for Paris, en route to London, to attend Parliament.

From The Examiner.
WHO IS SOLVENT?

in

Belgium was compelled to borrow a million sterling to pay off outstanding scores.

Sardinia-more is the pity-is even worse off. Her expenditure is said to reach 6,000,000l.; to Now that, to all appearance, we are on the eve meet which her revenue only 4,000,000l. For of a general war, it is not idle curiosity to inquire this, however, Sardinia has to thank Austria. how many solvent States there are, at present, The Papacy has always been insolvent; Pio the world—that is, States, the revenues of which Nono more so than most of his ghostly predecesare in excess of their expenditures? For our sors. His holiness, however, keeps his balancepart, we can only discover four countries: Eng sheet as snug as he can in his portfolio. Neverland, the United States, Brazil, and Denmark, theless he cannot conceal a deficit of half a - which really are in that safe condition for war, million sterling, or get himself out of the hands called SOLVENCY. England had, last year, a sur- of the Jews; and the rumor runs in Paris that plus of three millions and a quarter sterling: the profits of its bagnios and brothels were The United States have nearly extinguished their largely invested in his last loan. In that case, debt by means of their surpluses, and are buying Vice has more confidence than Virtue in Roman another slice of Mexico. Brazil has now annuhonesty. ally some 400,000l. a year more than it spends, and is about to lower its customs Tariff. And Denmark had a small balance in hand last year -since gone the way of all coin, however, in the defensive armaments she has been obliged to make. What the state of Prussian or Swiss

finances may be, we do not profess to know. Probably the Confederation may have some funds to spare, but that Prussia has a thaler to spend is highly improbable.

Tuscany, too, has been lately raising money; and Naples has been funding its deficits.

Russia has commenced the war by borrowing from-perhaps robbing-the church on whose behalf it has disturbed the world; and as sacrilege already has proved insufficient, the Czar is issuing, ere his first campaign is concluded, Russian assignats.

If, then, money be the sinews of war, where— in the name of all that is Californian or Austra

lian-are these countries to get money from, to carry on war? If they could not pay their way in peace, how can they ever pay their way in war? Cocker is a stubborn, perverse fellow, and to Cocker it must come at last.

Insolvency is the general rule, solvency the exception. M. Bineau, indeed, lately made a report to the Emperor of the French, that in the year 1854, France would at last have a surplus. But that, of course, was on the assumption of peace. A war expenditure will effectually dispel any The cause of these peace deficits is one and such anticipations, even if they were correctly the same everywhere-enormous military estabformed. At all events it is notorious that France lishments kept up in time of peace; and the has not, in any one year of this century, had a sous in its treasury after defraying all demands only countries where this has not been the case are states blessed with constitutional governdeficits have exceeded the frightful sum of thirty-ments in full play. These, and these only, a 'money in their six millions sterling. Already, too, we hear of general war will find with " the French Government borrowing eight millions What a lesson! Despotism, when the pinch sterling from the Credit Mobilier, and another comes, is found wanting. It has no money. two millions from the Bank of France.

thereon, and that since 1840 alone the French

purse."

From The Economist.

As to Austria, the last six years only have accumulated deficits on its devoted head amounting very nearly to the same sum. Here they are, as published by its admirers-for such is the per- THE THREE GREAT MINTS OF THE WORLD. versity or the venality of German nature, that even Austria has admiring scribes.

1847
1848

Deficit

66

1849

1850

£706,000
4,511,100
12,500,400

7,118,000
5,174,000
5,044,700

Six years of Austrian Deficit £35,044,700

1853.

ONE of the most remarkable features of the year 1853, in connection with the trade of the world, was the extraordinary extent of the operations of all the great Mints, and the quantity of money coined; and in spite of which there ap pears to have been, almost everywhere, an equal complaint of the scarcity of a circulating medium. In this country it will be recollected that during the whole of last year, notwithstanding the unprecedented activity of the Mint, great complaints were made of the want of coin, but especially of silver and copper, although the coinage of the former was at least four times greater than the average of preceding years, and of the latter three times greater. In France a similar complaint of the scarcity of coin has existed; but Belgium may be prosperous commercially, but, there it has probably arisen chiefly by the extenowing to the immense army it is obliged to keep sive change which has taken place from a silver up, its finances are not much better than those to a gold currency. In the United States a simiof its neighbors. Its revenue does not reach five lar complaint, especially in reference to silver millions sterling, and it is not two years since coin, prevailed during the entire year. We have

A deficit of 5,000,000l. annually in peace, with a revenue of barely 20,000,000l. a year! That is the best that can be said of Austrian finances. To look in addition at its paper circulation is to grow dizzy.

now before us accounts, derived from official | mind the complaints to which we have referred. sources, of the operations of the Mints of Lon- The following is a statement of the coinage at don, Paris, and the United States, all of which the Mint in London, in each of the last six years: exhibit very remarkable facts when we bear in

Silver Coinage.

£. s. d. 35,442 0 0

129,096 0 0

448
3,584 0
3,796 16 0
9,073 0 0
21,381 16 0

0 0
0

1,621,380 17 9

By this Table it will be seen that the coinage | Fourpenny pieces of 1853 amounted, in all, to £12,663,009, of which Threepenny pieces £11,951,391 was gold, £701,544 silver, and Twopenny pieces.. £9,073 copper; and which represented the fol- Penny pieces.. lowing number of pieces :

1,755,088

1,614,793

289,872

46,788

Total of silver coins

25,187,592

Thus in France there were coined, in 1853, 53,364,367 pieces, of the value of 352,528,180 francs, or, in British money, £14,101,120.

In the United States, the coinage of 1853 was: In the principal Mints of the world there were, Value, Val. Sterling, therefore, coined in 1853: —

Pieces.

Gold 7,252,576

dollars.

51,888,882

67,059

13,412

Paris.....

13,218.536