tack on the Confederate left at Fredericksburg, and at Gettysburg arrived on the field about two hours after the fighting had begun on the first day of the battle and was in chief command on the field until late in the morning (July 1st), when he was shot and instantly killed by a Confederate sharp-shooter. REYNOLDS, JOHN HAMILTON (1796-1852). An English poet, born at Shrewsbury, Shropshire. After a secondary education, he entered in a minor capacity an insurance office, and in 1814 published two books of verse, Safie, an Eastern Tale, inscribed to and qualifiedly praised by Byron, of whose manner it was a frank imitation; and The Eden of Imagination, in the style of Wordsworth and Hunt. In 1818 he obtained a post in a solicitor's office, and in the year following published a moderately skillful parody of Wordsworth's style a poem called Peter Bell (thus antedating the actual publication of Wordsworth's poem of the name). He was at one time a proprietor of the Athenæum, and about 1838 removed to the Isle of Wight, where he was clerk of the county court. His best work is to be found in The Garden of Florence, and Other Poems (1821). REYNOLDS, JOSEPH JONES (1822-99). An American soldier, born at Flemingsburg, Ky. He graduated at West Point in 1843, was brevetted second lieutenant of artillery, and from 1846 to 1855 was a member of the faculty at the Military Academy. In 1857 he resigned and became professor of mechanics and engineering at Washington University, Saint Louis, but three years later gave up this position to become a merchant at Lafayette, Ind. At the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the Federal service as colonel of the Tenth Indiana Volunteers and a month later was commissioned brigadier-general of United States Volunteers. In January, 1862, he again resigned, in August was again commissioned colonel, and in September was again promoted to brigadier-general. In November he was advanced to be major-general, and in 1863 participated in the battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. From January 6 to June 16, 1864, he commanded the defenses of New Orleans. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866, and was reappointed colonel of the Twentysixth Regular Infantry. A year later he was brevetted major-general and in 1877 retired from active service. proceeded to Rome. He stayed about three years in Italy, most diligently employing his time in visiting the various cities where the chief art collections are to be found. Upon his return to London in 1752 his works attracted great attention, eclipsing everything that had been done there since Van Dyck's time. When the Royal Academy was instituted in 1768 he was elected president; he was knighted by George III., and on Ramsay's death in 1784 succeeded him as painter to the King. He founded the Literary Club (1764) for Dr. Johnson's benefit. To him Goldsmith dedicated his Deserted Village. He died in his palatial house in Leicester Square on February 23, 1792, and after lying in state at the Royal Academy, was interred in the crypt of Saint Paul's. Sir Joshua was very prominent in the social world and lived in friendly intercourse with Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, Gibbon, Garrick, and other leading men of his period. His principal literary works consist of fifteen Discourses Before the Royal Academy (1778), treatises on the history of art of a high critical and artistic value. They are written in a precise, good style, and inculcate those maxims of art commonly known as academic. The formative influence in Reynolds's art was the great Italian masters, especially the Venetians, Correggio, the Bolognese Eclectics, and Michelangelo. He was much of an eclectic himself, and there was little that was strikingly original about his work. His composition and brush work were learned, but his drawing, especially of the limbs, was often faulty. The strong point of his paintings was their color, showing the influence of Titian; but Sir Joshua's technical experiments had a disastrous result upon their preservation. His portraits are admirable realistic representations; the men are strong in action and character, the women gentle and pure, the children innocent and natural. They form an epitome of London society of his day. He is estimated to have painted from two to three thousand portraits, most of which are in English private collections. The National Gallery, however, possesses a number of his best works, including those of Admiral Keppel, Lord Heathfield, the Hero of Gibraltar, Goldsmith, Dr. Johnson, Garrick, the members of the Dilettante Society, and three portraits of himself. The National Portrait Gallery (London) and the Royal Academy are rich in his works, as are also REYNOLDS, Sir JOSHUA (1723-92). The the London private galleries and the University most celebrated English portrait painter. He of Oxford. Especially worthy of mention are the was born at Plympton, Devonshire, July 16, 1723. portraits of Lady Cockburn and her children, His father was the Rev. Samuel Reynolds, rector the Duchess of Devonshire (Devonshire House), of Plympton, Saint Mary, and master of the Nelly O'Brien (Hertford House), and “Mrs. Sidgrammar school. He intended his son for the dons as the Tragic Muse" (Dulwich Gallery). medical profession, but Joshua, having manifested from an early age an ardent desire to be a painter, was, in 1741, placed under Hudson, the principal portrait painter of the day. After being in the studio of this artist two years he commenced on his own account as a portrait painter at Plymouth Dock, now Devonport, and met with great encouragement. In 1745 he went to London and established himself in Saint Martin's Lane; but on the death of his father in 1746 he returned to Plymouth Dock. Upon the invitation of Commodore Keppel, who was in command of the Mediterranean squadron, he sailed for Italy from Plymouth in 1749, and on his arrival in Leghorn, Although Sir Joshua preferred historical painting, his works of this character are less important. There are good examples in the Hermitage Collection, Saint Petersburg, including the "Continence of Scipio;" the best, perhaps, is "Ugolino and His Sons in the Tower." Among his few genre pictures are the "Girl with the Mousetrap" (Holland House), and the "Strawberry Girl." His beautiful and well-known "Angels' Heads" (National Gallery) are in reality portrait studies. There are also good examples of Reynolds's work in the principal American collections. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The older biographies of Rey beak + píyxos, rhynchos, snout). A fossil flying reptile of Upper Jurassic age. See PTERODACTYL. RHAMPHOSUCHUS, răm'fô-sū’kūs (NeoLat., from Gk. pápoos, rhamphos, curved beak + oovxos, souchos, crocodile). One of the largest fossil crocodiles, known by fragmentary bones found in the Pliocene deposits of the Siwalik hills of India. The animal must have attained a length over all of about 50 feet. nolds, those of Malone (1798), Northcote (1813), Farrington (1819), Beeche (1835), and Cotton (1856), have been superseded by the comprehensive Life by Tom Taylor (London, 1865), which also includes the researches of Leslie. Other good biographies are those of Chesnan (Paris, 1887), Phillips (London, 1893), and Gower (ib., 1902). REZONVILLE, re-zôn vêl'. A village of German Lorraine, 10 miles west-southwest of Metz and 2 miles southwest of Gravelotte. The battle of Gravelotte (q.v.) is sometimes called the bat- ros). A King of Egypt, the subject of a remarktle of Rezonville. RHACHITIS, rå-ki'tis. See RICKETS. RHAD'AMANTHUS (Lat., from Gk. 'Padápavloç). In Greek legend, a son of Zeus and Europa, and brother of Minos (q.v.). In Homer and the older epic, Rhadamanthus is a hero, who by special favor of the gods has been translated, with others, to Elysium or the Islands of the Blest. In later story these islands become the kingdom of Cronos and the released Titans, and Rhadamanthus, married to Alcmene, mother of Hercules, holds high rank and sits as judge. Another conception of the other world prevailed later, in which Rhadamanthus, with Minos, Eacus, and Triptolemus, because of their justice in this life, sit in judgment on the souls of the dead, and assign them their due meed of bliss or punishment RHAMPSIN'ITUS (Lat., from Gk. Pappivi able tale related by Herodotus. According to the Greek historian, Rhampsinitus possessed enormous wealth, and wishing to store it securely, caused a treasure house of stone to be built. The architect who constructed the building left a secret entrance concealed by a movable stone, and on his death bed informed his two sons of the fact. The sons repeatedly entered the treasury, and each time carried away as much of the treasure as they were able. Finally, the elder brother falls into a trap set by the King, and the younger brother, at his request, cuts off and carries away headless body is exposed, guarded by soldiers, but his head that he may not be recognized. The the younger brother, by a clever stratagem, makes them drunk and obtains possession of it. The King then attempts to capture the thief by the aid of his daughter, who is ordered to receive all who desire to visit her, promising her love to RHADAMES, răd'à-mēz. An oasis and town him who can relate the most remarkable advenin North Africa. See GADAMES. A RHÆTIA, re'shi-å, or better, RÆTIA. Roman province lying in the Alps, north of Italy and east of Helvetia, and bounded north by Germany and east by Noricum, thus embracing the Grisons and part of Tyrol. It was watered by the Rhine, Athesis (Adige), and Ænus (Inn). The natives were chiefly engaged in herding sheep and cattle. They were a hardy and warlike race, but were conquered about B.C. 15 by the Romans under Tiberius and Drusus. Later Vindelicia, to the north, was united with Rhætia. The chief town of Rhætia proper was Tridentum (Trent); and of Vindelicia, Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg). RHÆTIC BEDS. A series of strata forming the uppermost portion of the Triassic system, which is extensively developed in the Rhætian Alps. RHAMNACEÆ (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. rhamnos, from Gk. páuvos, buckthorn, Christ's-thorn), BUCKTHORN FAMILY. A natural order of about 40 genera and 500 species of dicotyledonous, often spiny trees or shrubs, natives of and wildly distributed in temperate and tropical countries. They have simple leaves; small, generally green flowers; and either fleshy fruit, not opening when ripe, or dry and separating into three parts. Some species have been used in dyeing (buckthorn), some in medicine (red root), and the fruit of some for food. (See JUJUBE.) The sweet red pulp of the thickened flower stalks of Hovenia dulcis, a native of China and Japan, is edible. In flavor they resemble the pear. The chief genera are Rhamnus, Ceanothus, Zizyphus, Hovenia, Phylica, and Gouania. RHAMNUS. A genus of shrubs and trees. See BUCKTHORN. RHAMPHORHYNCHUS, răm'fő-rin'kús (Neo-Lat., from Gk. páupos, rhamphos, curved ture experienced by himself. The thief visits the princess and tells her the story of the theft, but when she attempts to seize him he slips into her hands his dead brother's arm, which he has brought under his cloak, and makes his escape. Thereupon the King, admiring his cleverness, grants him immunity for his theft, and gives him his daughter in marriage. Rhampsinitus is to be identified with Rameses III., whose treasury at Medînet Habu is the building referred to in the story of the thief. The accounts of Herodotus are derived from the popular tales and legends which, in his time, were current in Egypt. Consult: Herodotus, ii., 121-124; Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (London, 1878); Clouston, Popular Tales and Fictions (Edinburgh, 1887); Budge, A History of Egypt (New York, 1902). RHAPSODISTS (from Gk.pa¥wdós, rhapsōdos, bard, from párтew, rhaptein, to stitch together oh, ode, song, from adew, adein, to sing). A name applied in ancient Greece to professional reciters of poetry, and especially to a class of wandering minstrels who recited the Homeric poems. So long as the Homeric lays were handed down by oral transmission, the rhapsodists were doubt that they often exercised a considerable a highly respected class, and there can be little influence upon the text of the poems. But with the commission of the poems to writing and the circulation of manuscript copies, the character of the rhapsodists gradually changed, so that in the fourth century they are represented as stupid persons, with nothing to commend them but a retentive memory. Their recitations, however, continued to be popular until a comparatively late period. The rhapsodist carried a staff, and when reciting wore a crown as a mark of his office. He did not confine himself to mere recitation, but commented upon the poet's meaning and discussed questions of interpretation. RHATANY (Brazilian, Port. ratanhia, from Quichua ratana, the native name), or RATTANY, Krameria triandra and Krameria Ixina. Half-shrubby plants of the natural order Polygalaceæ, natives of the cold sterile tablelands of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia. Their roots have been used medicinally as an astringent and tonic. When powdered and mixed with orris root or charcoal the roots are used as a tooth-powder. Rhatany root is exported chiefly from Lima, Peru. It is extensively employed in Portugal to color wines, the coloring matter in the roots being known as rhatanic acid. RHA'ZES. The Latin name of ABU BEKR MOHAMMED IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI. The most important of the medieval Mohammedan physicians. He was born about the middle of the ninth century in the Persian city of Rai. Up to his thirtieth year he devoted himself to music, and then took up the study of medicine at Bagdad. He became the head of a hospital at his native place and later at Bagdad. After his reputation was made he traveled, visiting different courts. He died either in 923 or 932. Much of Rhazes's knowledge was drawn from Greek sources, but he was more than a mere borrower and is famed as the first to describe smallpox and measles (in his book Al-jardari wal-hasba, several times translated into Latin, and into English by Greenhill, London, 1848). He is said to have written more than two hundred works; the most famous was the Kitab al-tibb al-Mansuri, a general treatise on medicine in 10 books. The Kitab al-hawi (liber continentis), a cyclopædia of medicine, was edited from his papers after his death. Both these works were translated into Latin in the fifteenth century. Consult: Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher (Göttingen, 1840); Leclerc, Histoire de la médecine arabe (Paris, 1876). RHE'A (Lat., from Gk. 'Péa). A Greek goddess representing the productiveness of nature and anciently identified with Cybele. She was the daughter of Uranus and Gæa, wife of her brother Cronus, and mother, of Zeus, Hades, Poseidon, Hera, Hestia, and Demeter. She had an ancient place of worship in Crete, where she gave birth to Zeus on Mount Ida. RHEA, or REA SILVIA. In Roman tradition, a Vestal virgin, the daughter of the Alban Numitor, and mother of Romulus and Remus, by Mars. When Amulius usurped the throne, the infants were exposed and Rhea Silvia was condemned to be buried alive for breaking the vow of chastity required of the Vestals. She was also called Ilia. VOL. XVII.-7. RHEA (Lat., from Gk. 'Péa, daughter of Uranus and Gæa). The generic and English name of a family of South American ratite birds allied to the ostrich, from which they differ in having the feet three-toed, and each toe armed with a claw; also in being more completely feathered on the head and neck; in having no tail; and in having the wings better developed and plumed, and terminated by a hooked spur. The wings are, indeed, more efficient than in any other of the Ratitæ, although unfit for flight. Rheas are known to Brazilians as 'ema' and chueke. There are two species, of which the best to Argentineans as 'nandu,' 'avestruz,' or known (Rhea Americana) is considerably smaller than the ostrich, standing about three feet high. It is uniform gray, except on the back, which has a brown tint. The male is larger and darker colored than the female. The back and rump are furnished with long feathers, much inferior to those of the ostrich in beauty as plumes, but marketable as material for dust-brooms and the like. The skins are made up into rugs, of which large numbers are fabricated in the neighborhood of Mendoza, Argentina. The rhea inhabits the great grassy plains of South America, southward of the equator, and abounds on the banks of the La Plata and its more southern tributaries. It is generally seen in small groups, usually associated with guanacos, and eating grass, seeds, berries (especially of Empetrum), worms, snails, and almost anything else it can swallow. It runs with great celerity, using its wings in aid. It is polygamous, one male securing possession of two or more females, which lay their eggs together in a mere hollow, where, when 20 or 30 are gathered, they are incubated by the cock. Excellent portraits and descriptions of the three forms may be found in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, vol. iv. (1862). Consult also: Darwin, A Naturalist's Voyage (London, 1860); Sclater and Hudson, Argentine Ornithology (ib., 1889). RHEA, or RAMIE, FIBRE. See RAMIE. RHEGIUM, rēʼjí-ŭm. The ancient name of a city of Magna Græcia, Italy, now known as Reggio di Calabria (q.v.). RHEGIUS, rēji-us (Latinized form of his family name, Rieger; the form Regius, as if from König, king, is incorrect), URBANUS (1489-1541). A Protestant Reformer. He was born at Langenargen, on Lake Constance, studied at Freiburg, and at first was professor of rhetoric and poetry at Ingolstadt; later he turned to theology, entered the priesthood of the Catholic Church, and became a doctor of theology at Basel. In 1520 his views underwent a change and while cathedral preacher at Augsburg he wrote satirical pieces against the Church and openly preached Lutheran views. In 1521 he was removed, but in 1524 was again preacher in Augsburg, and so remained till the diet held there in 1530. When the Emperor had silenced the evangelical preachers of the city, he entered the service of Ernest, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and removed to Celle, where he died. In the Eucharistic controversy he wavered, but finally decided for Lutheran views. His Latin works appeared at Nuremberg in 1561, three parts; his German in four parts, in 1562; again at Frankfort, 1577. Of these works the best known are: Formula Caute Loquendi (1535; in German, 1536; last ed. by Steinmetz, Celle, 1880); Dialogue von der trostreichen Predigt (1537), a devotional work much read even in the seventeenth cen tury; De Restitutione Regni Israelitici (1536; Ger. trans.). Consult his Life by Uhlhorn (Elberfeld, 1861); and Steitz, Die Theologie des Urbanus Regius, speziell sein Verhältnis zu Luther und zu Zwingli, 1521-23 (Gotha, 1898). RHEIDT, rīt. A town of Prussia. RHEYDT. See RHEIMS, or REIMS, rēmz, Fr. pron. răns. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Marne, France, situated on the Vesle, 107 miles by rail east-northeast of Paris (Map: France, L 2). The vine-clad Montagne de Rheims and adjacent hills rise on the south and west, and detached forts at various points surround the city. The medieval ramparts have been replaced by tree-lined boulevards, but some of the ancient gateways have been preserved, of which the most noteworthy is the Porte de Paris. The town is well built, the material used being limestone, of the district, which, with the prevalence of the older style of domestic architecture, gives the place a picturesque appearance. There are many quaint old houses. The most striking public building is the thirteenth-century cathedral, which, although it still lacks the towers of the original design, is one of the finest extant specimens of Gothic architecture. It is 453 feet long. The elaborate west façade has 500 statues and a splendid rose window, and is flanked by two towers. Scarcely less beautiful is the north portal, with its sculptures. The cathedral is famous as the church in which the French kings were crowned. The eleventh-century Romanesque Abbey Church of Saint Remy is of nearly equal size. Other interesting buildings are the hospital occupying the ancient Abbey of Saint Remy, the fifteenth-century archiepiscopal palace with a museum of sculpture, and a handsome hôtel-deville, begun in 1627, containing the public museum and library of over 80,000 volumes. The Porta Martis, a Roman relic, is a fine triple triumphal arch of the fourth century in a fair state of preservation. The chief modern educational institutions are the lyceum and a preparatory school of medicine and pharmacy. Rheims is one of the principal entrepôts for the wines of Champagne. It is a great centre of woolen manufactures. Rheims is built on the site of Durocortorum, or Civitas Remorum, the capital of the Remi. On the Montagne de Rheims, south of the city, are a number of Gallo-Roman remains. Under the Frank rule Rheims was a place of much importance, and it acquired a religious interest from its having been the scene of the baptism of Clovis and his chief officers by the Bishop, Saint Remy, in 496. In the eighth century it became the seat of an archbishopric, and from 1179, in which year Philip Augustus was solemnly crowned there, it was the place for the coronation of the kings of France down to the time of Charles X. The town suffered severely during the campaign of 1814, and on September 4, 1870, was occupied by the Germans. Population, in 1901, 108,385. Consult: Marlot, Histoire de Reims (Rheims, 1843-45); Justinus, Reims, la ville des sacres (Paris, 1860); Gosset, Cathédrale de Reims (ib., 1894). RHEINBABEN, rinʼbä-ben, GEORG, Baron von (1855-). A Prussian statesman, born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He studied law and political science at Heidelberg and Berlin, became referendary at the district court at Erfurt, in 1877, government assessor in Schleswig, in 1882, was appointed to an assistant position in the Ministry of Finance in 1885, and promoted rapidly to higher offices until, in 1896, he became president of the Government board at Düsseldorf. Made Prussian Minister of State and Secretary of the Interior in 1899, he succeeded Miguel as Minister of Finance in 1901. RHEINBERGER, rin'běrk-er, JOSEPH (18391901). A German organist and composer, born in Vaduz, Liechtenstein. He received the greater part of his musical education at the Royal School of Music, Munich, where he subsequently taught the organ, counterpoint, and composition. He was organist of Saint Michael, conductor of the Oratorio Society, repetitor at the Court Opera, and Court kapellmeister, one of the greatand he was regarded as of his time. est theory and organ teachers His music is essentially German in character, but somewhat too heavy to be popular. His organ sonatas and other compositions for that instrument are especial favorites in America. His compositions include: Christophorus, oratorio; Toggenburg and Waldmorgen, cantatas; König for chorus Erich, ballad with pianoforte; Wittekind, and Das Thal des Espingo, chorus; the Wallenstein and Florentine symphonies; overtures, pianoforte, chamber, organ, and orchestral music; and the operas Die sieben Raben (1896) and Türmers Töchterlein. RHEINE, ri'ne. A town in the Province of Westphalia, Prussia, on the Ems, at the head of navigation, 24 miles by rail north-northwest of Münster (Map: Germany, B 2). It is known principally for its manufactures of cotton, jute, linen, tobacco, and machinery. Population, in 1900, 10,371. RHEINFELS, rin'fèls. The largest and one of the most beautiful of the ruined castles on the Rhine. It was built in 1245 by the Count of Katzenelnbogen, one of the petty barons of the Rhine. In modern times it was a strong Hessian fortress. In 1794 the French gained possession of it and blew it up in 1797. It is now the property of the Emperor of Germany. RHEINGOLD, rin'golt, Das. The first division of Richard Wagner's music drama Der Ring des Nibelungen. It was first given in Munich, September 22, 1869. See RING OF THE NIBE LUNGEN. RHEINHOLD, rinʼhôlt, HUGO (1853-). A German sculptor, born at Oberlahnstein, HesseNassau. For several years he pursued a mercantile career in San Francisco and in Hamburg, before devoting himself to art in Berlin, under Max Kruse, and at the Academy under Herter, with signal success, as proved by his marble group, "By the Wayside," in the National Gallery, Berlin, and the large group in bronze, "Dynamite in the Service of Civilization," at the Nobelhof, Hamburg. RHENANUS, râ-nä'nus, BEATUS (14851547). A German classical scholar, whose real name was Bild von Rheinau. He was born at Schlettstadt, Alsace, and after studying at the University of Paris, spent most of his life in his native city. He was an intimate friend of Erasmus. His works, which show great critical acumen, include edi tions of Plini Epistolæ (1514); Tacitus (1519); Tertullian (1521); and Livius (with Gelenius, 1535), the editio princeps of Villojus Paterculus (1522); and an historical work, Rerum Germanicarum Libri Tres (1531), which was considered the finest piece of historical research of his day. He was the first to question the authenticity of the Dialogus of Tacitus. Consult: Horawitz, Beatus Rhenanus (Vienna, 1872); Des Beatus Rhenanus litterarische Thätigkeit (ib., 1872); Die Bibliothek und Korrespondenz des Beatus Rhenanus (ib., 1874); and Knod, Aus der Bibliothek des Beatus Rhenanus (Leipzig, 1889). RHENISH ARCHITECTURE. MANESQUE ART, section Germany. RHENISH CONFEDERATION. FEDERATION OF THE RHINE. See Ro current of water in which they are placed. Negative rheotropic curvatures are often merely gross mechanical effects of the force of the stream. But positive curvatives (i.e. toward the source) are undoubtedly due to a specific reaction on the part of the organ. Positive rheotropism of roots, is exhibited well by seedlings of the radish, maize, and Vicia sativa. To demonstrate this phenomenon seedlings with roots about 2 centimeters long need only to be affixed to the sides of an inclined wooden trough in which a current of water is flowing. In spite of the tendency of gravity and the force of the moving water to cause roots so immersed to grow downward, they will, after a few hours, bend up stream. RHE'SUS (Lat., from Gk. 'Pñσos). (1) A Bithynian river god, son of Oceanus and Tethys. (2) A Thracian ally of the Trojans, of whom the oracle declared that if his white horses should drink the waters of the Xanthus or feed not be taken. As soon as Rhesus in his journey on the grass of the plain of Troy, the city would and slain in his camp by Odysseus and Diomedes, reached the Trojan territory, he was surprised and his horses were carried off. RHESUS (from Lat. Rhesus, Gk. 'Piσos, name of a river in the Troad, another in Bithynia, a King of Thrace, etc.). A small brown monkey (Macacus rhesus), common all over India. It is known as the Bengal monkey, or 'bandar' of the Hindus. It moves about in large bands, ascending to the height of 8500 feet in the Himalayas, and is often protected and fed in the neighborhood of temples, by the Hindu priests, although not universally regarded as sacred. This monkey is one of those most familiar in menageries, where it may be recognized by the straightness of about one-half the length of the head and body, its moderately long hair, by the tapering tail, and by the nakedness of the buttocks, for some distance around the callosities. This is the mon key commonly carried about by Hindu jugglers, who teach it amusing tricks; and many stories are told of its superior intelligence. Compare MACAQUE. RHETORIC (Lat. rhetorica, from Gk.pηтopiкh, rhetorike, rhetorical art, fem. sg. of pηTopikós, rhetorikos, relating to an orator, from phτwp, rhetōr, orator; connected with pɛiv, erein, to say, and ultimately with Eng. word). Taken broadly and philosophically, the science and art of communication in language, includSee CON- ing all the processes and technical means by which, through language, the members of a community react one upon another. The general tendency of modern textbooks has been to broaden the scope of rhetoric to include everything pertaining to the art of composition, and even to annex adjoining territories, such as poetics, and stylistic and literary criticism. But although rhetoricians are still far from agreement, the goal of recent thought is fairly well expressed in the definition here given. RHENISH PRUSSIA. A province of Prussia. See RHINE PROVINCE. RHENSE. A village of Prussia in the circle of Coblenz, on the Rhine, noted historically as the meeting-place of a diet, which, in July, 1338, during the struggle between the Emperors and the Papacy, took a firm stand for the former by declaring that whoever had received a majority of electoral votes was ipso facto German King and Holy Roman Emperor without further Papal confirmation. RHEOTROPISM (from Gk. 'priv, rhein, to flow Tроnh, trope, turn). The imperfectly understood sensitiveness which enables plant organs, especially roots, to bend their tips either toward or away from the source of a Regarded from the scientific point of view, rhetoric properly belongs to that branch of knowledge which is concerned with the relations of men in society. The place and rationale of the science may be indicated as follows. In every community a great variety of activities go on simultaneously. One important group of |