sailors were compelled to subsist on long voyages. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century sea scurvy has become comparatively rare. The shorter voyages of modern times, owing to the introduction of steam, and the compulsory carrying of fresh meat, vegetables, and lemon or lime juice, have made the disease almost unknown at sea, although it is still found on land among garrisons and in prisons, in starving, isolated communities, and among improperly fed infants.

Scurvy generally comes on slowly, with loss of color, weakness and apathy, and pains in the back and limbs. In a week or more small hemorrhages (petechia) occur under the skin in various parts of the body. The spots are small, red or reddish brown, some of them resembling bruises. Later there may be seen large extravasations of blood into the eyelids, and tense brawny swellings will be found at the bend of the elbows or knees, in front of the tibia, and under the angle of the jaw, due to the effusion of blood or serum into or between the soft tissues and the

bones. The gums become swollen, spongy, ulcerated, and bleed at the slightest touch. The teeth may loosen or even fall out. It is a curious fact that in toothless infants and elderly persons the gums are but little affected. When the disease has lasted for some time the patient has a sallow, bloated look, is short of breath, subject to fainting spells, and quite unable to exert himself mentally or physically. Nose-bleed and swelling of the feet often occur. An affection of the vision known as hemeralopia may be an early symptom. This consists of entire blindness in the dusk or darkness, without interference with the sight during the day. Death takes place after several weeks from exhaustion or hemorrhage unless suitable treatment is instituted.

Children from six months to two years old are sometimes attacked with scorbutus (infantile scurvy or Barlow's disease), the essential lesion of which is a subperiosteal hemorrhage, which causes thickening and tenderness along the shafts of the bones. It occurs as a result of exclusive feeding with condensed milk, the various prepared infant's foods, or sterilized milk. The disease is often associated with rickets, and is characterized by an earthy pallor, spongy and bleeding gums, after dentition, and the swelling

of the limbs referred to above.

Treatment depends on the use of an abundance of fresh vegetable food, such as onions, mashed potatoes, cabbage, lettuce, and spinach, with fresh meat, and the administration of lime, lemon, or orange juice in doses of three or four ounces daily. In infants the orange juice and the restoration of a diet suitable to the age will be sufficient. When the mouth is sore and mastication is impossible, milk, beef tea, broth, and eggs may be given. For the prevention of scurvy in time of war, or on shipboard or in places where fresh food is scarce, canned vegetables will take the place of fresh to a great extent. In addition to these, an ounce of lemon juice daily, or the addition of the malates, citrates, tartrates, and lactates of potassium to the food or drink will be found efficient preventives. The law requires merchant ships to serve lime juice to each man daily after ten days at sea. This is mixed with a small percentage of brandy, whisky, or other liquor.

SCURVY-GRASS (Cochlearia). A genus of small annual, biennial, or rarely perennial plants of the natural order Cruciferæ with an acrid biting taste, due to the pungent volatile oil characteristic of horse-radish. Common scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis), which is sometimes a foot high, is a very variable, widely distributed plant in rocky and muddy places, on high mountains, in Arctic regions, and on seashores throughout the world. It was formerly valued by sailors as a preventive of or remedy for scurvy.

SCUTAGE, or ESCUAGE (Lat. scutum, shield). A pecuniary tax sometimes levied by the Crown, in feudal times, as a substitute for the personal service of the vassal.

A

SCUTARI, skoo'tà-rê (Turk. Ishkodra). town of Albania, the capital of the Turkish Vilayet of Scutari, situated at the southern end of the Lake of Scutari, 12.miles from the Adriatic (Map: Balkan Peninsula, B 3). It is a fortified town dominated by. a citadel. It has some manufactories, a bazaar, and yards for building coasting vessels. There is an export trade in skins, woolens, sumach, and grain. Scutari, the in B. C. 168. At the close of the Middle Ages it ancient Scodra, fell into the hands of the Romans

was in the hands of the Venetians. In 1477 it

withstood an eight months' siege by the Sultan Mohammed II., but two years later was ceded to the Porte. Population, about 36,000.

SCUTARI (Turk. Usküdar). A town of Asia Minor, on the eastern shore of the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, of which it is a suburb (Map: Turkey in Asia, C 2). It contains several mosques, bazaars, baths, colleges, and schools. There are manufactures of silks, cotton fabrics, and leather. Scutari is the rendezvous and starting point of caravans trading with the interior of Asia. It has long been famed for its extensive cemeteries, adorned with magnificent cypresses, the chosen resting-place of many of the Turks of Constantinople. The town acquired notoriety during the Russian War (1853-56), when the enormous barracks built by Sultan Mahmud were occupied by the English troops, and formed the scene of Lady Nightingale's labors. Scutari occupies the site of the ancient Chrysopolis. About two miles to the south lies the village of Kadiköi, the ancient Chalcedon. Population, estimated at 80,000.

SCYLAX, si'laks (Lat., from Gk. Exúλağ, Skylax). A Greek geographer of the sixth century B.C. Herodotus (4, 44) says that he was sent by Darius Hystaspis, probably about B.C. 508, to explore the lower course of the Indus, and then sailed west through the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, completing the voyage in thirty months. The Periplus now extant and bearing the name of Seylax (edited by Fabricius, 1883) is almost certainly of the fourth century B.C.

SCYLLA (sil'lå ) AND CHARYBDIS, kå-rīb’dis (Lat., from Gk. Zkúλλa, Skylla, and Xápußdis, Charybdis). Two sea monsters described in the Odyssey (xii. 73 ff.), personifications of the dangers of navigation near rocks and eddies. Scylla is described as dwelling in a cave in a precipitous cliff, a monster with twelve feet, and six long necks, each bearing a head with three rows of teeth. With these she devours any prey that comes within reach, and snatches six men from

the ship of Odysseus. Opposite her, a bowshot's distance, is a low rock, where under a wild figtree Charybdis sucks in and belches forth the water three times daily, and nothing that comes near can escape. This dangerous passage, where it was impossible to avoid both dangers, was early localized by Greek travelers at the Straits of Messina. In Homer Scylla's mother is called Cratais, but later legend told many stories about her, which in general relate that she was a beautiful maiden, beloved by a god (as Glaucus or Poseidon) and transformed by a jealous rival, Circe or Amphitrite. The Greeks of the Saronic Gulf told how Scylla, daughter of Nisus, King of Megara, won by her love or a bribe, betrayed her father to Minos of Crete. Minos, however, disgusted by her unnatural treachery, dragged her at his rudder until she was transformed into the monster or the sea-bird Ciris, which is always pursued by the sea-eagle into which Nisus had been changed.

SCYLLIS, sil'lis (Lat., from Gk. Zkúλis, Skyllis). An early Greek sculptor whose name is associated with that of Diponus. See DIPŒENUS AND SCYLLIS.

SCYPHOZOA, si'fo-zō'à (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. σkúpos, skyphos, cup + sov, zōon, animal). A class of Colenterata (q.v.) characterized by the scyphistoma or polyp-like early stage. See MEDUSA.

SCYROS, si'ros. An island in the Ægean Sea, the largest of the northern Sporades, 25 miles northeast of Cape Kumi, Euboea (Map: Greece, F 3). Length, 19 miles; area, 77 square miles. Skyros is mountainous and uncultivated in the south, but the northern part has fertile plains which produce excellent wheat. The principal industries are vine growing and the raising of sheep and goats. The only town on the island is Skyros, built on a high peak on the eastern coast, the broad summit of which is occupied by the ruins of a castle, and was the site of the lofty Seyros' of Homer. The island is connected with the Homeric legends of Theseus and Achilles. Population, in 1896, 3512.

SCYTHIA, sith'i-ȧ (Lat., from Gk. Σκυθία, Skythia). According to the ancient Greeks, a vast, undefined region, lying north and east of the Black and Caspian seas, and inhabited by a large number of barbarous nomadic tribes; though in a more restricted sense the Scythians are identified with the Scoloti, who inhabited the plains of Southeastern Europe. These tribes have been thought to be of Mongolian origin, but the prevalent modern opinion is that they belonged to the Indo-European family. They are frequently mentioned by Herodotus (see especially book iv.) and other Greek writers, and are described as herdsmen without settled abodes, living like Gypsies in tent-covered wagons, cruel in war and filthy in their habits. In the seventh century B.C. they invaded Media and were driven off by Cyaxares only after a ten years' struggle. Darius invaded their country about B.C. 508, but retreated after heavy losses from attacks and from the hardships of the trackless country. The Scythians of Europe were finally overcome and exterminated or assimilated by the Sarmatians, who afterwards occupied their country. In the farther East, however, the Scythian tribes maintained themselves, and invaded Parthia and In

dia, where their leaders adopted Buddhism and established dynasties that lasted for centuries. To the Romans, Scythia meant the little-known wastes of Northern Asia, from the river Volga to India and China. Consult: Neumann, Die Hellenen im Skythenlande (Berlin, 1855); Reichardt, Landeskunde von Skythien (Halle, 1889); Krause, Tuisko-Land (Glogau, 1891); Latyshtchev, Scythica et Caucasica (Saint Petersburg, 1893).

SCYTHOP'OLIS (Lat., from Gk. Exvebπoxis, Skythopolis). The classical name of a town of Palestine, the biblical Beth-shean or Beth-shan, the modern Beisan, about 15 miles south of Jordan. Although assigned to the tribe of Manasseh (Josh. xvii. 11, 16), the original Canaanites kept possession of it (Jud. i. 27), and it is not until the days of Solomon that we find it in the hands of the Hebrews (I. Kings iv. 12). When Saul and his sons fell in the battle of Gilboa, the Philistines fastened their bodies to the wall of Beth-shean, whence the men of Jabesh-Gilead afterwards removed them (I. Sam. xxxi. 10-13; II. Sam. xxi. 12). Beth-shean was called time it was tributary to the Ptolemies. It beScythopolis in the third century B.C., at which longed to the Decapolis. It was the seat of a Christian bishopric in the fourth century. There are extensive ruins in the neighborhood of the

the Sea of Galilee and 3 miles west of the

modern town.

SEA. See OCEAN.

The com

SEA-ANEMONE. The name applied to polyps or zoophytes (Actinozoa) which do not secrete a coral-stock, and resemble flowers, especially those of the mesembryanthemum. They are also called actinians. They are practically stationary, though they can slowly move over the surface of the rock to which they are attached. They are in general as broad as high, and more or less vase-like, the mouth being surrounded by one or more circles of tentacles. They may attain a diameter of several inches, though few are ever more than three inches across. mon actinian of our coast (Actinobola marginata) is to be found between tide-marks on rocks under seaweed, in tidal pools, but grows most luxuriantly on the piles of wharves and bridges. In the tentacles are lodged the lassocells, or nematocysts (q.v.), by which it obtains its prey. When a passing shrimp or small fish comes in contact with certain tentacles, the barbed thread is thrown out from the lasso-cell; these paralyze the victim, and the other tentacles assist in dragging it into the distensible mouth, where it is partly digested, the process being completed in the second or lower division of the digestive canal. At the base of certain tentacles are the eye-specks. The process of taking food is almost purely reflex.

Nearly all actinians multiply by budding, as well as by eggs. The new individuals arise at the base of the body, sometimes as many as twenty young ones growing out from the base, and finally becoming free. Adult sea-anemones in rare cases subdivide longitudinally. (See SCHIZOGONY.) The young grow up without any

metamorphosis. In most actinians the digestive sac forms a blind pouch, but in Cerianthus, which lives in deep water, buried in the mud or fine sand, where it secretes a leathery tube, the stomach or intestine opens out at the end of the body. The young of the European Cerianthus, as also of Edwardsia, unlike those of other actinians, lives at the surface, being free-swimming. Consult: Gosse, The Aquarium (London, 1854); British Sea-Anemones and Corals (ib., 1858); E. C. and A. Agassiz, Seaside Studies in Natural History (Boston, 1871); Arnold, The Sea Beach at Low Tide (New York, 1900). SEA-BASS. A large family (Serranidae) of marine, perch-like fishes, abounding in all warm seas and in some fresh waters. They remain as a rule in comparatively deep water, except when they approach the shore for spawning in the early summer; are carnivorous, feeding near the bottom; are powerful swimmers and leapers; are

often very handsomely colored and marked; and are excellent food. Some have commercial im

portance (see FISHERIES), while others are prominent among game fishes. About 60 genera and 400 species are recognized in the family as now delineated. (For classification, see Jordan and Eigenmann, Bulletin viii., United States Fish Commission, Washington, 1888; and Boulenger, Catalogue of Teleostean Fishes in the British Museum, vol. i., London, 1895). A typical species and the one best known under this name in the United States is the black sea-bass (Centropristes striatus), illustrated in the Colored Plate of FOOD-FISHES, with the article FISH AS FOOD. It is about 18 inches long and three pounds in weight, and is dusky brown or black, more or less mottled, and with pale longitudinal streaks. It is numerous along the Atlantic coast from Cape Ann to Florida, and is one of the most highly esteemed fishes for the table. Local names for it are 'blackfish,' 'black Harry,' 'hannahill,' and 'tallywag.' This species is of special interest to fish-culturists as the one with which Mather, in 1874, first succeeded in producing artificial fertilization, and demonstrated the practicability

of modern methods.

Other prominent marine Serranidæ in America are the jew-fishes, nigger-fishes, groupers, hinds, guasas, scamps, squirrel-fishes, and yellowtails. The typical genus Serranus is represented in Europe and in Eastern waters by familiar and useful species frequently called sea-perches, of which a very handsome Eastern one (Serranus marginalis) is well known on Japanese and Philippine coasts. See Colored Plate of FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINES. Consult general works on ichthyology (see FISH); and for American forms especially the writings of Goode, Bean, and Jordan.

SEA-BREAM. A British name for several fishes of the family Sparidæ (q.v.), especially a common and useful species (Pagellus centrodontes) of the European coast. The name is sometimes given to the American 'sailor's choice' (Lagadon rhomboides). See BREAM.

SEA BRIGHT. A borough in Monmouth County, N. J., 27 miles south of New York City; on the Central Railroad of New Jersey (Map: New Jersey, E 3). It is chiefly important as a residential place and as a summer resort. It dates from 1860. Population, in 1900, 1,198.

SEA BURY, SAMUEL (1729-96). The first bishop of the Episcopal Church in America. He was born at Groton, Conn., graduated at Yale in 1748, and later studied medicine and theology at Edinburgh. He was ordained deacon and priest at the end of 1753, and returned to America five months later, engaging in pastoral work first at New Brunswick, N. J., then at Jamaica, L. I. (1757-66), and at Westchester, N. Y. (176675). He was obliged to resign his parish owing to his loyalist or Tory sentiments, which he advocated in able pamphlets, suffering imprisonment and practical exile for his convictions. In March, 1783, he was elected bishop by the fourteen Episcopal clergymen then resident in Connecticut, and went to London to seek consecration from the English prelates. But various their action; and, after waiting more than a difficulties, chiefly political, stood in the way of year, he made the same request of the bishops hampered by any connection with the State, were of the Episcopal Church in Scotland. They, unwilling to act, and Seabury was accordingly con

secrated on November 14, 1784, by the Bishops of Aberdeen and Moray and Ross, and the Coadjutor Bishop of Aberdeen. He returned to Amerformally recognized as in charge not only of ica the following summer, and was more or less Connecticut, but of all New England. The validity of his consecration was, however, denied by some in the Middle and Southern States; and the question was not finally set at rest until the General Convention of 1789 formally declared in favor of it by a unanimous vote. He died at New London, Conn. Consult Beardsley, Life and Correspondence of Samuel Seabury (Boston, 1881), and the authorities referred to under EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

SEABURY, SAMUEL (1801-72). A Protestant Episcopal clergyman, grandson of Bishop Samuel Seabury. He was born at New London, Conn.; was ordained priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1828; was editor of The Churchman, 1831-49; rector in New York City, 1838-68; and professor of biblical learning in the General Theological Seminary, 1862-72. He published: The Continuity of the Church of England in the Sixteenth Century (1853); Supremacy and Obligation of Conscience (1860); American Slavery Justified (1861); The Theory and Use of the Church Calendar (1872); Discourses on the Holy Spirit (edited by his son, with memoir) (1874).

(

SEA-BUTTERFLY. A pteropod mollusk (Clione papilionacea), a beautiful and rather large flesh-pink form, common in the Arctic seas, where it forms the food of the baleen whale, and is called by the whalers 'brit.' It has been observed on the Labrador coast rising and sinking in the water among the cakes of floe-ice, and is said to have been detected as far south as New York. It is an inch long, the body fleshy, not protected by a shell, the 'wings' being rather small.

SEA-CLAM. A large bivalve of the northeastern Atlantic coast (Mactra solidissima); it inhabits rather deep water, but is often cast ashore in large quantities, and is useful as bait. SEACOAST ARTILLERY. See COAST ARTILLERY; ORDNANCE.

SEA-COW. A huge, herbivorous, aquatic mammal of the order Sirenia (q.v.). The rame