The history of Scotland since the Union cannot be separated from that of Great Britain (q.v.). The most important change that has come over the country is its transformation from an agricultural to an industrial community. A disastrous change in the land tenure and population of the Highlands occurred as a result of the gallant participation of the clans in the Jacobite rebellion of 1745-46. The Highland language and customs were suppressed by law, and the tribal ownership of land was abolished. As a result the lords converted the common lands into sheep walks and deer parks, compelling the tribesmen to migrate, unless they wished to remain as tenants at will, under wretched conditions. These evils were only in part remedied by the Crofters

Act of 1880.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Geikie, Geological Survey of Scotland (London, 1861-65); Leslie, The Early Races of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1866); id., The Gaelic Topography of Scotland (ib., 1869); Johnston, Historical Geography of the Clans of Scotland (London, 1872); Lauder, Scottish Rivers (ib., 1874); Mackintosh, History of Civilization in Scotland (ib., 1878-83); Anderson, Scotland in Early Christian Times (Edinburgh, 1881); id., Scotland in Pagan Times (ib., 1883. 86); Rogers, Social Life in Scotland (London, 1884-86); Geikie, Scenery of Scotland Viewed in Connection with Its Physical Geography (2d ed., ib., 1887); Argyll, Scotland as It Was and as It Is (Edinburgh, 1889); Kerr, Scottish Banking (London, 1897); Munro, Prehistoric Scotland and Its Place in European Civilization (Edinburgh, 1899); Rhys, Celtic Britain (London, 1884); Lansdale, Scotland Historic and Romantic (Philadelphia, 1902); Graham, Social Life in Scotland in the Eighteenth Century (2d ed., London, 1900). SOURCES: Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, ed. Skene (Edinburgh, 1867); Documents Illustrative of the History of Scotland, 1286 to 1306, ed. Stephenson (Edinburgh, 1870); Documents and Records Illustrating the History of Scotland, ed. Palgrave (Record Commission, 1837); Rotuli Scotic, 1291-1615 (Record Commission, 1814-19); Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, Preserved in the Public Record Office, 1108-1509, ed. Bayne (Edinburgh, 1881-88); Publications of the Scottish Historical Society (12 vols., Edinburgh, 1887-99); Publications of the Banatyne Club (23 vols., Edinburgh, 1829-67); Publications of the Maitland Club (21 vols., Edinburgh, 1830-54). For the ancient laws and customs of

the burghs, consult the Publications of the Scottish Burgs Record Society (12 vols., Edinburgh, 1868-81). For parliamentary development, Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, 1124-1707 (Record Commission, Edinburgh, 1814-24). For the early period, consult: Skene, Celtic Scotland (Edinburgh, 1876-80); Robertson, Scotland Under Her Early Kings (ib., 1862); Inness, Sketches of Early Scottish History (ib., 1861). For the later period, Tytler, History of Scotland from Alexander III. to the Union (ib., 1866); and the general works, among the best of which is Burton, History of Scotland (new ed., ib., 1899). The best popular history embodying the results of modern research is that of Lang (New York, 1900). Consult also that of Brown (Cambridge, 1899).

SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF. See PRESBYTERIAN

ISM.

SCOTLAND YARD. A building at the southeastern corner of Charing Cross, London, England, long famous as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Force. It derives its name from a palace assigned from the time of Edgar to Henry II. as the residence of the Scottish kings whenever they should desire to visit London. New Scotland Yard, the police headquarters since 1890, is on the Thames Embankment.

SCOTS GREYS. The oldest dragoon regiment in the British Army. It was raised in Scotland in 1683 and is mounted entirely on gray chargers. Throughout its history it has been one of the most distinguished regiments in the British service. The uniform differs from the other British dragoon regiments, in that bearskin busbies (q.v.) are worn instead of the dragoon helmet. Its present title is the Second Dragoons, Royal Scots Greys regiment of cavalry.

SCOTT, AUSTIN (1849-). An American educator, born in Maumee, Ohio. He graduated at Yale in 1869, spent a year in graduate study at the University of Michigan, and in 1871-73 1873 to 1875 he was instructor in German at the studied history at Berlin and Leipzig. From University of Michigan; became in 1876 an associate in history in the newly established Johns rected the seminary of American history. DurHopkins University, where he organized and diing this period he also assisted George Bancroft in collecting and arranging the material for his History of the Constitution of the United States. In 1883 he became professor of history and economics at Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., and in 1890 succeeded Merrill E. Gates in the presidency of the institution.

He

soldier, born in Cumberland County, Va. SCOTT, CHARLES (1733-1813). An American served as a non-commissioned officer under Braddock in 1755, was captain of the first company in the Revolutionary War raised south of the James, became a colonel in August, 1776, distinguished himself at Trenton, and in April, 1777, was made a brigadier-general. In 1780 he was taken prisoner at Charleston, and was not exchanged until the close of the war. Removing to Kentucky in 1785, he served as brigadier-general under General Saint Clair in 1791, and in 1794 was one of Wayne's officers at the battle of Fallen Timbers. He was Governor of Kentucky from 1808 to 1812.

SCOTT, CLEMENT (1841-1904). An English journalist and author, born in London, October 6, 1841, and educated at Marlborough School. He entered the War Office as clerk in 1860, and retired on a pension in 1877. He then joined the editorial staff of the Daily Telegraph, to which paper he had contributed dramatic criticisms since 1872. He subsequently became editor of a critical weekly called The Free Lance. He is the author of Lays of a Londoner (1882); Lays and Lyrics (1888); Round About the Islands (1886); Poppy Land Papers (1886); Pictures of the World (1894); Among the Apple Orchards (1895); and Sisters by the Sea (1897), all delightful sketches. He is author, or part author, of the following plays: Diplomacy; The Vicarage; Off the Line; The Cape Mail; Peril; The Crimson Cross; Odette; Tears, Idle Tears; and Sister

Mary. His work in fiction is represented by Stories of Valour and Adventure (1893), and Madonna Mia, and Other Stories (1898). His dramatic criticisms include From "The Bells" to “King Arthur” (1896); The Drama of Yesterday and To-Day (1899); Ellen Terry (1900).

SCOTT, DAVID (1806-49). An English historical and portrait painter, etcher, engraver, and author, born at Edinburgh. He exhibited his first picture, the "Hopes of Early Genius Dispelled by Death," at the Scottish Academy in 1828. In 1832 he visited Italy, making a short stay in Paris, where he was much impressed by the works of David, and from there going to Rome, he returned to Edinburgh in 1834. Although an artist of undoubted merit, he failed to win the appreciation of the public. His feverish and eager haste to portray his ideas hampered him in his use of color, and one must look to his work as a draughtsman to find the true interpre. tation of his genius. Among his designs are his Monograms of Man (1831), a set of six remarkable etchings somewhat resembling those of Max Klinger, and drawn in delicate outline on copper, and his designs for Coleridge's Ancient Mariner, begun in the same year, published in London (1837), a series characterized by vivid imagination and great power. Most of his paintings are in private collections in Scotland. The National Gallery of Edinburgh possesses the "Vintager" and "Ariel and Caliban." Other paintings include: “Achilles Addressing the Manes of Patroclus," Sunderland Art Gallery; "Vasco da Gama," Trinity House, Leith; the "Descent from the Cross," Smith Institute, Stirling; and portraits of Dr. John Brown and of Emerson (Public Library, Concord, Mass.).

Scott's last works were the 40 illustrations to Pilgrim's Progress, and a series of 18 beautiful designs to Nichol's Architecture of the Heavens, both issued after his death. Consult W. B. Scott, Memoir of David Scott (Edinburgh, 1850).

SCOTT, DUNCAN CAMPBELL (1862-). A Canadian poet, born in Ottawa, Ontario. He was educated at Stanstead Wesleyan College. Having entered the Canadian civil service as a third-class clerk in 1879, he rose rapidly to the position of chief clerk and accountant (1893). His published verse comprises The Magic House (1893) and Labor and the Angel (1898). The Village of Viger (1896) is a collection of ten short stories of Canadian country life. See CANADIAN LITERATURE.

many of the old English cathedrals, including Westminster Abbey and Ely Cathedral, and in building churches. Prominent among his secular edifices are the Albert Memorial, and the ministerial buildings of the War, Foreign, Home, and Colonial offices. He became a member of the Royal Academy in 1861, and was made professor of architecture, his collection of lectures being published under the title Mediaval Architecture (2 vols., London, 1879). He won the gold medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1859, was president of that body (1873-76), and was knighted in 1872. He died in South Kensington, March 27, 1878, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Consult his Recollections (London, 1879).

SCOTT, HUGH LENOX (1853-). An American soldier, born at Danville, Ky. He graduated at West Point in 1876, and entered the cavalry. He saw service in Indian campaigns and was assigned to Western posts. In 1892 he enlisted an Indian troop in the Seventh Cavalry, and commanded it until all Indian troops were mustered out of service in 1897. In the war with Spain he was an adjutant-general in the First Army Corps, holding that office until February, 1899. He then served for fourteen months as adjutant general of the Department of Havana, after which he became successively assistant adjutant-general, and adjutant-general of the Department of Cuba. Besides reports on the Plains Indians, he wrote a monograph on the sign language of the Plains Indians, published in the Proceedings of the Folk Lore Congress of the World's Fair at Chicago in

1893.

SCOTT, EDWARD JOHN LONG (1840-). English scholar and author, born in Bridgewater, Somerset. He graduated at Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1862, in 1863 entered the manuscript department of the British Museum, and in 1888 was appointed keeper of the manuscripts and Egerton librarian. His publications include: Introduction to Reprint Eikon Basilike (1880); a translation in verse of the Eclogues of Vergil (1884); Private Diary of Shakespeare's Cousin, Thomas Greene, Town-Clerk of Stratford-onAvon (1883); William Harvey's Original Lectures on the Circulation of the Blood (1886).

SCOTT, Sir GEORGE GILBERT (1811-78). An English architect. He was born at Gawcott, Buckinghamshire, and in 1827 was articled to a London architect. Converted by the writings of Pugin, he became a leading spirit of the Gothic revival, and was employed in restoring

SCOTT, JOHN MORIN (1730-84). An American patriot, soldier, and legislator, born in New York. He graduated at Yale in 1746, became prominent as a lawyer in New York, and was conspicuous as an early opponent of the British Ministry, being one of the organizers of the Sons of Liberty. In 1775 he became a member of the New York General Committee, served in the Provincial Congress in 1775-76, and, as brigadiergeneral, took part in the battle of Long Island. In 1777 he resigned his commission, and subse

SCOTT, THOMAS (1705-75). An English hymn-writer, son of an Independent minister of Hitchin, in Hertfordshire. He began preaching when a young man and afterwards held various appointments in Norfolk and Suffolk. Best known of his hymns are "Happy the Meek" and "Hasten, Sinner, to be Wise." Consult his Lyric Poems, Devotional and Moral (1773). He also turned into English verse The Table of Cebes (1754) and The Book of Job (1771). His sister, ELIZABETH SCOTT (1708?-76), likewise wrote many hymns, several of which are still used. To her belongs "All hail, Incarnate God."

SCOTT, THOMAS (1747-1821). An English Bible commentator. He was born at Braytoft, Lincolnshire, and spent the early years of his life as a grazier. In 1773 he was ordained priest and became curate in Buckinghamshire; he succeeded John Newton, curate of Olney, in 1781; was chaplain to the Lock hospital in 1785; and rector of Aston Sandford in 1803. Among his publications are: The Force of Truth (1779); The Articles of the Synod of Dort, translated (1818); and his commentary on the Bible (1788-92), which had immense circulation and influence in its day. His collected works appeared in 10 volumes (1823-25), and his Letters and Papers (1824), edited by his son, who also wrote his Life (1822), including in it a valuable autobiographical fragment.

SCOTT, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1824-81). An American railroad manager, born at Loudon, Pa. Entering the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1851, he was rapidly promoted, and in 1859 became vice-president. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln Assistant Secretary of War, in which capacity he rendered invaluable services by reorganizing the entire sys tem of transportation. Returning to the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad, he inaugurated the policy of securing control of Western railway lines for operation in connection with the Penn sylvania system. He was president at different times of various railroad lines, and from 1874 until a short time before his death was president of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

SCOTT, Sir WALTER (1771-1832). A famous British novelist and poet. He was born in Edinburgh, August 15, 1771, of an old border family, the Scotts of Harden, an offshoot from the House of Buccleuch. Although he grew to be healthy, as a child Scott was sickly; but he grew to be very tall, with bright eyes, a sturdy chest, and powerful arms, and he was thought good-looking. His childhood was passed for the most part at Sandy Knowe, the farm of his grandfather, in Roxburghshire. His early familiarity with the ballads and legends then floating over all that part of the country probably did more than any other influence to determine the sphere of his future literary activity. Between 1778 and 1783 he attended the high school of Edinburgh, where, despite occasional flashes of talent, he shone considerably more as a bold, high-spirited boy, with an odd turn for story-telling, than as a student. In 1783 he began attending the University of Edinburgh, where he continued about two years, it would seem, not greatly to his advantage. Afterwards, at the height of his fame, he was wont to speak with deep regret of his neglect of early opportunities. But, though leaving college scantily furnished with the knowledge formally

taught there, he had been hiving up, in his own way, stores of valuable though unassorted information. From his earliest childhood onward he was an insatiable reader; and of what he either read or observed he seems to have forgotten almost nothing. He was a fairly good Latinist; of Greek he knew nothing, but he acquired a serviceable knowledge of French, Italian, Spanish, and German.

In music he showed no talent. In 1786 he was articled apprentice to his father; in 1788 he began to study for the bar, to which he was called in 1792. In his profession he had fair success, and in 1797 he married Charlotte Margaret Carpenter, the daughter of a French refugee, named Jean Charpentier. Toward the end of 1799, through the interest of his friends Lord Melville and the Duke of Buccleuch, he was made sheriff depute of Selkirkshire, an appointment which brought him £300 a year, with not very much to do for it. Meantime, in a tentative and intermittent way, his leisure had been occupied with literature, which more and more distinctly announced itself as the main business of his life. Excepting a disputation on being called to the bar, his first publication, a translation of Bürger's ballads Lenore and The Wild Huntsman, was issued in 1796. In 1799 appeared his translation of Goethe's drama of Götz von Berlichingen; and at this time he was writing for Monk Lewis the fine ballads, Glenfinlas, the Eve of Saint John, and the Grey Brother. In 1802 Scott published the first two volumes of his Border Minstrelsy, which were followed in 1803 by a third and final one. This work, the fruit of those 'raids'-as he called them-over the border counties, in which he had been wont to spend his vacations, won for him at once prominence among the literary men of the time. In 1804 he issued an edition of the old poem Sir Tristram, admirably edited and elucidated by valuable dissertations. Meantime, The Lay of the Last Minstrel had been in progress, and on its publication in 1805 Scott found himself the most popular poet of the day. During the next ten years, besides a mass of miscellaneous work, the most important items of which were elaborate editions of Dryden (1808) and of Swift (1814), including in each case a memoir, he gave to the world the poems Marmion (1808); The Lady of the Lake (1810); The Vision of Don Roderick (1811); Rokeby (1813); The Bridal of Triermain (1813); and The Lord of the Isles (1815). The enthusiasm with which the earlier of these works were received somewhat abated as the series proceeded. The charm of novelty was no longer felt. and the poetry had deteriorated. Moreover, in the bold outburst of Byron, with his deeper vein of sentiment and concentrated energy of passion, a formidable rival had appeared. All this Scott distinctly noted, and after what he felt as the comparative failure of The Lord of the Isles in 1815, he published, with the trivial exception of the anonymous Harold the Dauntless (1817), no more poetry. But already in Waverley, or 'Tis Sixty Years Since, which appeared without his name in 1814, he had achieved the first of a new series of triumphs. Guy Mannering (1815), The Antiquary (1816), Old Mortality, The Black Dwarf (1817, really 1816), Rob Roy (1818), and The Heart of Midlothian (1818) rapidly followed. The remainder of the famous group known as the Waverley novels form the most