English Ambassador. Scioppius fled from Spain to Ingolstadt, where he issued his Legatus Latro against the Ambassador. Among his numerous works the most important are: Poemata Varia (1593); De Arte Critica (1597); Smybola Critica in Apuleii Opera (1605); De Rhetoricarum Exercitationum Generibus (1628); Grammatica Philosophica, sive Institutiones Grammatica Latina (1628); Rudimenta Grammatica Philosophica (1629); De Studiorum Ratione (1636); and editions of Varro's De Lingua Latina (1605) and the Epistles of Symmachus (1608).

SCIOTO, si-ŏt'ô. A river of Ohio. It rises in Auglaize County, flows south through a fertile and populous valley in the centre of the State past the city of Columbus, and joins the Ohio River at Portsmouth after a course of 200 miles (Map: Ohio, E 7). It is navigable 130 miles at high water, and its course is followed for 90 miles by the Ohio and Erie Canal.

SCIPIO, sip'ê-ō. The name of a distinguished Roman patrician family of the Cornelia gens. PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO, surnamed AFRICANUS MAJOR, one of the most accomplished warriors of ancient Rome, was born B.C. 237, not in 234, as Livy says. He is first mentioned as taking part in the battle of the Ticinus (B.C. 218), where he saved his father's life. Two years later he fought at Cannæ as a military tribune, but was one of the few Roman officers who escaped from that disastrous field. In B.C. 212 he was elected ædile, though not legally qualified by age, and in the following year proconsul, with command of the Roman forces in Spain. His appearance there restored fortune to the Roman arms. By a bold and sudden march he captured Nova Carthago, the stronghold of the Carthaginians, and obtained an immense booty. At Bæcula, in the valley of the Guadalquivir, he defeated Hasdrubal with heavy loss, but could not prevent him from crossing the Pyrenees and marching to the assistance of Hannibal. In B.C. 207 he won a more decisive victory over the other Hasdrubal, son of Gisco, and Mago, at an unknown place called Silpa, or Elinga, in Andalusia-the effect of which was to place the whole of Spain in the hands of the Romans. Soon after he returned to Rome, where he was elected consul (B.c. 205), though he had not yet filled the office of prætor; and in the following year he sailed from Lilybæum, in Sicily, at the head of a large army, for the invasion of Africa. His successes compelled the Carthaginian Senate to recall Hannibal from Italy. This was the very thing that Scipio desired and had labored to achieve. The great struggle between Rome and Carthage was terminated by the battle fought at Naragra, on the Bagradas, near Zama, October 19, B.C. 202, in which the Carthaginian troops were routed with immense slaughter. Hannibal advised his countrymen to abandon what had now become a hopeless and ruinous contest, and peace was concluded in the following year, when Scipio_returned to Rome and enjoyed a triumph. The surname of Africanus was conferred on him, and so extravagant was the popular gratitude that it was proposed to make him consul and dictator for life, honors which Scipio was either wise enough or magnanimous enough to refuse. When his brother Lucius, in 190, obtained command of the army destined to invade the territories of

Antiochus, King of Syria, Scipio served under him as legate. Lucius was victorious in the war, and on his return to Rome (B.C. 189) assumed (in imitation of his brother) the surname of Asiaticus. But the clouds were now gathering heavily round the Scipios. In B.C. 187 Cato Major and others induced two tribunes to prosecute Lucius for allowing himself to be bribed by Antiochus in the late war. He was declared guilty by the Senate, his property was confiscated, and he himself would have been thrown into prison had not his brother forcibly rescued him from the hands of the officers of justice. In B.C. 185 Scipio himself was accused by the tribune, M. Nævius; but instead of refuting the charges (which were probably brought against him groundless), he delivered, on the first day of his trial, a eulogy on his own achievements, and opened the second day by reminding the citizens and therefore not a time for angry squabbling, but that it was the anniversary of the battle of Zama, for religious services. He then summoned the people to follow him to the Capitol to give thanks to the immortal gods and to pray that Rome might never want citizens like himself. His audience were electrified, and the thing was done before opposition became possible. To resume the trial was out of the question; but Scipio felt that popular enthusiasm was not to be depended on and that his day was over. He retired to his country-seat at Liternum, in Campania, where he died, B.C. 183 or 185. Scipio is commonly regarded as the greatest Roman general before Julius Cæsar.

PURLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO EMILANUS, surnamed AFRICANUS MINOR, born about B.C. 185, was a younger son of Lucius Æmilius Paulus, who conquered Macedon, but was adopted by his kinsman, Publius Scipio, son of Scipio Africanus Major, who had married the daughter of that Lucius Æmilius Paulus who fell at Cannæ. Scipio accompanied his father on his expedition against Macedon, and fought at the decisive battle of Pydna, B.C. 168. In B.c. 151 he went to Spain as military tribune, in the train of the Consul Lucius Lucullus, and distinguished himself alike by his valor and his virtue. Two years later began the Third Punic War, which mainly consisted in the siege of Carthage. Scipio still held the subordinate position of military tribune; but the incapacity of the consuls, Manius Manilius and Lucius Calpurnius Piso, and the brilliant manner in which he rectified their blunders, fixed all eyes upon him. The favorite both of the Roman army and the Roman people, Scipio was at length, in B.C. 147, when only a candidate for the ædileship, elected consul by an extraordinary decree of the Comitia, and invested with supreme command. After a protracted defense Carthage was finally taken by storm in the spring of B.C. 146; and by the orders of the Senate it was leveled to the ground. Scipio, though probably the most accomplished Roman gentleman of his age, was rigorous in his observance of the antique Roman virtues; and when holding the office of censor in B.C. 142 he strove to follow in the footsteps of Cato. But his efforts to repress the increasing luxury and immorality of the capital were frustrated by the opposition of his colleague, Lucius Mummius, the rough conqueror of Corinth. In B.C. 139 Scipio was accused of the crimen majestatis by the tribune Tiberius Claudius Asellus, but was acquitted, and soon after was

sent to Egypt and Asia on a special embassy. Meanwhile, however, affairs had gone badly in Spain. Viriathus, the Lusitanian patriot, had again and again inflicted the most disgraceful defeats on the Roman armies, and his example had roused the hopes of the Celtiberian tribes, who also rushed to war against the common foe. The contest continued with varying success; but the interest centred in the city of Numantia, whose inhabitants displayed amazing courage in the struggle with Rome. For long it seemed as if the Numantines were invincible, one consul after another finding their subjugation too hard a task; but at length, in B.C. 134, Scipio, reëlected consul, was sent over to Spain, and after a siege of eight months forced the citizens, who were dying of hunger, to surrender, and utterly destroyed their homes. He then returned to Rome, where he took a prominent part in political affairs, appearing as the leader of the aristocratic party, in consequence of which his popularity with the democratic party greatly declined. Although a brother-in-law of Tiberius Gracchus, whose sister, Sempronia, he had married, he disclaimed any sympathy with his political aims, and when he heard of the murder of his kinsman, quoted his favorite Homer: "So perish all who do the like again." His attempts (B.c. 129) to rescind that portion of the agrarian law of Tiberius Gracchus relating to the lands of the allies excited furious indignation. When he went home from the Senate he had to be accompanied by a guard. Next morning he was found dead in his bed, the prevailing suspicion being that he was murdered either by or at the instigation of Papirius Carbo, his most rancorous political enemy. Scipio was neither a rigid aristocrat nor a flatterer of the people. Inferior in splendor of genius to his adoptive grandfather, he surpassed him in purity of character, in simplicity of patriotism, and in liberality of culture.

QUINTUS CECILIUS METELLUS PIUS, a son of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, but adopted by Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Pius; sometimes called Publius Scipio Nasica and sometimes Quintus Metellus Scipio. He is first mentioned in history in B.C. 63, when he divulged to Cicero the conspiracy of Catiline. He was elected tribune in 60, when he was accused of bribery by the disappointed candidate, and defended by Cicero. In 53 he offered himself for the consulship, but the rivalry between the candidates and their factions led to such violence and bloodshed that no election was held. Then followed the murder of Clodius (q.v.), and during the ensuing anarchy Pompeius was made consul without a colleague. Soon after he married Scipio's daughter, Cornelia, and made Scipio his fellow-consul. Thenceforth all of Scipio's efforts were directed toward the ag grandizement of Pompeius and the overthrow of Cæsar's power. At the expiration of his term of office he went as proconsul to Syria, where his rule was complained of as oppressive. He served with Pompeius in Greece, and after the battle of Pharsalia fled to Africa, where the remnants of the Pompeian forces had the support of King Juba (q.v.). Scipio held the chief command, but was defeated by Cæsar in the battle of Thapsus (B.C. 46) and committed suicide.

SCIPIOS, TOMB OF THE. The famous tomb on the Appian Way in Rome, which once contained the sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus (con

sul B.C. 298), now in the Vatican, and those of later Scipios. It was discovered in 1780, when it was rifled and defaced.

SCIRE FACIAS, si'rê fā'shi-as (Lat., that you make known). A writ commanding the defendant to appear in court and show cause, if possible why some matter of record should not be enforced, vacated, or modified. The hearing or trial under this writ is usually called a scire facias proceeding. Scire facias is employed for many purposes, and in general is merely supplemental to or a continuation of former proceedings, as to revive or continue the lien of a judgment; but in some cases it is practically an original action. A writ of scire facias must be founded upon some public record, either judicial or otherwise. The defendant may demur, plead, or answer, or make a motion to quash the writ. Substantially the same defenses are allowed as in an ordinary action (q.v.), except that where the scire facias proceedings are merely a continuation of a former action the defendant cannot introduce any defense which would have been available in the latter. A judgment may be entered upon the determination of the proceeding, and from this an appeal will lie. Scire facias proceedings were practically rendered unnecessary and obsolete in England by the Judicature Acts (q.v.), although not expressly abolished. In many of the United States other actions or proceedings have been substituted by practice acts and codes, and proceedings by the writ of scire facias abolished. Consult Foster's Scire Facias (Philadelphia, 1851) and the authorities referred to under WRIT.

SCIRPUS (Lat., rush, bulrush). A genus of about 200 species of plants of the natural order Cyperaceae, sometimes called club-rush, some of them very small in comparison with the bulrush (Scirpus lacustris). Deer's hair (Scirpus cœspitosus) is only 2 or 3 inches high. The rootstocks or tubers of certain species are eaten by the natives of Southern India. Several of the larger growing species are used for making mats, others check the drifting of sand upon beaches. See BULRUSH.

SCIRRHUS. See TUMOR.

A

SCISSORBILL. A bird, the skimmer (q.v.). SCISSORS and SHEARS. See CUTLERY. SCISSOR-TAILED FLYCATCHER. beautiful flycatcher (Milvulus forficatus) of the Southwestern United States, remarkable for its long outer dark-tipped tail feathers, which in flight open and shut like a pair of scissors. The body is about 31⁄2 inches long; the tail about 91% inches. The general color is light bluish gray, the back and wing-linings reddish, the lower parts white, washed along the flanks with salmon-pink. Females are paler than males. The nest is composed of sticks, lined with feathers and soft materials; and the eggs are salmon-brown with darker, curiously scratched markings. A tropical relative of this exquisite and active bird is the fork-tailed flycatcher (Milvulus tyrannus), whose tail-feathers are black. See Plates of FLYCATCHERS and EGGS OF SONG BIRDS.

SCLA'TER, PHILIP LUTLEY (1829-). An English zoologist. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, was admitted a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, and in 1859 became secretary of the Zoological Society of London, and in 1860 editor

of The Ibis, a quarterly journal of ornithology. His writings include about twelve hundred memoirs on zoological topics, and several extended works, such as the Monograph of the Jacmars and Puff-Birds (1882).

SCLERO'SIS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. okλhpwols, sklērōsis, induration, from σkλnpós, skleros, hard). A hardening, resulting from degenerative changes in which normal tissues are replaced by connective tissue, as in a scar; an induration. The hardening of the middle coat of an artery is termed arterio-sclerosis (q.v.). Replacing of the normal tissue of the liver by contractile connective tissue is termed cirrhosis of the liver (q.v.). Degeneration and destruction of the tissue of the spinal cord, or of the brain, is termed sclerosis, which in these cases is a fibroid and neuroglia induration.

SCLEROS TOMA (Neo-Lat., from Gk. OKλnpós, skleros, hard + orbua, stoma, mouth). A well-known genus of roundworms. One species (Sclerostoma syngamus) is of special interest, as being the cause of the disease in poultry known as the gapes (q.v.). Another important species is Sclerostoma duodenale. This worm, which usually measures about one-third of an inch in length, is especially characterized by an asymmetrical disposition of four horny, conical, oval papillæ, of unequal size, forming the so-called teeth. This worm is tolerably common throughout Northern Italy. It also occurs in India, Brazil, the Antilles, Switzerland, and Belgium, and is the cause of the disease called miner's anæmia. It is remarkably abundant in Egypt, where, it is said, about one-fourth of the population are constantly suffering from a severe anæmic chlorosis, occasioned solely by the presence of this parasite. SCLEROTICA. See EYE.

SCLOPIS DI SALERANO, sklo'pis de sä'làräʼno, FEDERIGO, Count (1798-1878). An Italian jurist and statesman. He was born in Turin and was educated at the University of Turin. He entered the service of the Sardinian Government in the Department of the Interior, rose to be a member of the Supreme Court, and in March, 1848, became Minister of Justice in the Balbo Cabinet, going out of office, however, in July. In 1849 he became a member of the Senate, over which he presided from 1861 to 1864. In the latter year he was admitted to the Academy of Turin. He was nominated by the King of Italy to the Geneva tribunal for the arbitration of the Alabama Claims (q.v.) and was president of the court. He was the author of Storia dell' antica legislazione del Piemonte (1833); Storia della legislazione italiana (1840-57); Sull' autorità giudiziaria (1842); Le relazioni politiche tra la dinastia di Savoia ed il governo britannico dal 1240 al 1815 (1853).

SCO'GAN, HENRY (c.1361-1407). The reputed author of a collection of jests compiled in the sixteenth century. He is said to have been a fool at the Court of Henry IV. Though the collection was made as early as 1565, the earliest extant edition bears the date 1626. The title runs The First and Best Parts of Scoggins Jests. Full of Witty Mirth and Pleasant Shifts, done by him in France and other places: being a Preservative against Melancholy. Gathered by Andrew Boord, Doctor of Physicke. Andrew Boorde (q.v.), the reputed collector, was a famous sixteenth-century.

wit, who satirized the fantastic dress of the time by a woodcut of a naked Englishman standing with a pair of shears in one hand and a piece of cloth over the other arm, uncertain what style to wear. He probably had nothing to do with the compilation of the so-called Scogan jests, which was made by some unknown hand from various sources for the bookseller. Similar collections bear the name of John Skelton (q.v.) and of Joseph Miller (q.v.). Consult Old English Jest Books, ed. by Hazlitt (vol. ii., London, 1864); and see JEST.

SCOLECIDA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. σkúλn, skōlēæ, worm). A name, now obsolete, of a group of Annuloida or Vermes, comprising the Entozoa of Cuvier and also the free Turbellaria.

SCOL'LARD, CLINTON (1860-). An American poet and educator. He was born at Clinton, Oneida County, New York. He graduated from Hamilton College in 1881, and pursued graduate study at Harvard University and in Cambridge, England. He was assistant professor of rhetoric at Hamilton College from 1888 to 1893, and from then till 1896 of English literature. He published several volumes of poems, both light and serious. They are: Pictures in Song (1884); With Reed and Lyre (1886); Old and New World Lyrics (1888); Giovio and Giulia, a Metrical Romance (1892); Songs of Sunrise Lands (1892); The Hills of Song (1895); Skenandoa (1896); A Boy's Book of Rhyme (1896). He has also produced two volumes of prose: Under Summer Skies (1892) and On Sunny Shores (1893).

SCOMBRIDE (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. scomber, from Gk. σкbußpos, skombros, mackerel). A large and important family of spiny-rayed fishes, including mackerels, tunnies, and bonitoes. Some species grow to a very large size-1,500 pounds. They are migratory, traveling in schools, often in great numbers. The family contains about 60 species, most of which are excellent food-fishes, and some have a great economic value. See MACKEREL; FISHERIES.

SCONE, skoon. A parish in Perthshire, Scotland, on the Tay, 2 miles from Perth (Map: Scotland, E 3). Population, in 1901, 2,362. It is first mentioned in the beginning of the tenth century as the royal city, when a council was held there in the reign of King Constantine II. A monastery was built at Scone about the same period, and there was located the famous stone on which the kings of the Scots were inaugurated, and which was carried by Edward I. of England to Westminster Abbey. An abbey was founded by Alexander I. in 1115, in which the sovereigns continued to be inaugurated and crowned. The last coronation celebrated at Scone was that of Charles II. on January 1, 1651. The viscounts of Stormont had a residence here known as the Palace of Scone. The present palace, belonging to the Earl of Mansfield, was erected on the same site after 1800.

SCO PAS (Lat., from Gk. Zкówas, Skopas). A famous Greek sculptor, born at Paros and active during the first half of the fourth century B.C. He is called the architect of the new Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea, which replaced a temple burned in B.C. 395-94, and he was one of the sculptors of the Mausoleum (q.v.) completed about B.C. 350. Until recently the works of Scopas were known only through literary ref

erences. The discovery in 1879 of the fragments of the pediment sculptures at Tegea has afforded a basis for the analysis of the style of Scopas, and rendered it possible to recognize copies of his work in such figures as the Meleager of the Vatican (much better represented in a statue in the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University and a head in the Villa Medici), and the seated Mars formerly in the Villa Ludovisi. To him also seems to belong a type of Hercules, of which perhaps the best example is the bust from Genzano in the British Museum. To these may be added a fine female head from the south slope of the Acropolis, and a torso of Esculapius from the Piræus, both in the National Museum at Athens. All these works are characterized by the broad and rather short face, in marked contrast to the long oval of the Hermes of Praxiteles, the deep-set eye, and especially by the intensity of expression. To produce this effect the work is concentrated on certain features such as eyes and mouth, while in the works of Praxiteles the whole surface is carefully finished. Consult especially Graef in Römische Mittheilungen, iv. (Rome, 1889); also Urlichs, Skopas' Leben und Werke (Greifswald, 1863); Weil, in Baumeister's Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums (Munich, 1889); Treu, Athenische Mittheilungen, vi. (Athens, 1881); Furtwängler, Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture, trans. by E. Sellers (London, 1895).

SCORE (AS. scor, score, twenty, from AS., OHG. sceran, Ger. scheren, Eng. shear; connected with Gk. Kelpei, keirein, to cut, Lat. curtus, short). In music, the arrangement of the various voices or instruments, employed in a composition, in such a manner that all tones which are to be sounded together are written vertically. Before the seventeenth century compositions were not generally printed in scores, but in part-books, each book containing only one part or voice of a composition. (See PART-BOOK.) In the case of organ music, however, an imperative need was felt at an early time to write all those tones which were to be struck together one above the other; hence the organ-tablature. (See TABLA TURE.) Hucbald (q.v.), who lived in the tenth century, wrote his works in scores. There seems to be little doubt that from the earliest times composers wrote their works originally in score. There are two noteworthy examples of early scores: one a printed score of madrigals composed by Cipriano de Rore, and printed in 1577 by Gardano in Venice; the other an original manuscript where all four voices are written on one staff, the notes of the different voices being distinguished by different colors and forms.

As to orchestral scores, it is probable that all music written for a combination of orchestral instruments was published only in score form. Some of the earliest specimens of such scores are those of de Beaujoyeaulx's Ballet comique de la Royne (Paris, 1582), Peri's Eurydice (Florence, 1600), Cavaliere's Anima e corpo (Rome, 1600), and Monteverde's Orfeo (Venice, 1609). (See ORCHESTRA.) The guiding principle at first was to place the highest instruments at the top and the lowest at the bottom of the page. But as the wood and brass instruments were gradually perfected and became parts of the orchestra, this principle could no longer be strictly followed. Hence, a new plan was adopted. Instruments of

the same group or family were kept together. If voices were employed with the orchestra, they were kept together, but for some time great confusion prevailed as to their position relative to the instruments. Bach generally wrote the instrumental parts above the voices and the organ parts below the voices. Handel followed the same principle very closely, but placed the 'celli and basses below the voices. Both masters wrote the brass instruments above the wood-wind.

The score-reader must keep in his mind a different grouping of instruments for every score; but even without this, score-reading presents enough difficulties. Beethoven, therefore, established a certain fixed order in which he arranged his scores, so that the same instruments are always written in the same place. He adopted what was then known as the German system, i.e., the woodwind highest, next the brass, then instruments of percussion, and the strings lowest. The Italian system differed by placing violins and violas highest, then the wood and brass, the 'celli and basses lowest, a system not to be commended, because it separates the strings, which constitute the foundation of the orchestra. Although later masters, especially Berlioz, Liszt, and Wagner, have introduced a great number of new instruments, they adhere in general to Beethoven's grouping.

As the military band has no strings, the scores written for such a combination of instruments

naturally differ from full orchestral scores. But the principle of grouping remains the same.

For the convenience of musicians, and also to enable amateurs to study the great orchestral compositions by playing them in a reduced form upon the piano, all the full scores are arranged for this instrument. Such a reduced score of a purely instrumental composition is called pianoforte score, of a vocal work with orchestra a vocal score. In the latter the voices appear as in the full score, but the orchestra is reduced to the two staves of the piano. Such arrangements require much skill and experience.

There is also the compressed score, used for Vocal composition, in which the four voices are compressed into two staves (soprano and alto on the treble, tenor and bass on the bass staff). A supplementary score is used when the number of voices or instruments is so large that there is not room enough for all staves on one page. Then some group is printed separately and added at the end of the full score.

SCORE-READING AND PLAYING FROM SCORE. One of the principal requirements of a good orchestral conductor is the ability to read an orchestral score and to reproduce it at sight upon the piano. (See CONDUCTOR.) This ability can be obtained only through constant practice. The first requirement toward this result is thorough familiarity with the C clefs. (See CLEF.) The beginning should be made with a cappella choruses for four mixed voices, where the tenor part (written in the treble clef) is to be transposed an octave lower. Then easy string quartets should be played (requiring the use of the alto clef in the violas). The next step would be to works of chamber-music written for one transposing instrument, like the clarinet or horn. After a certain degree of skill has been attained in playing such scores the student is ready for works scored for a small orchestra. It is com