twelfth century; they were much more recently numerous throughout Scandinavia. The habits of the American species are outlined under CARIBOU. Those of the plains and islands of subarctic Europe and Asia wander about the tundras and desolate treeless mountains, making periodical migrations from one feeding-ground to another. In early summer the Spitzbergen herds betake themselves to the grassy valleys of the interior, whence they return in the autumn to the coast to feed upon seaweed. The coming of the winter ice cuts off this resource, compelling them to go into the mountains, where they subsist upon the rock-lichens, which they uncover by shoveling away several feet of snow with their flat horns, or pawing it aside with their feet. The alternate thawing and freezing of spring, by forming a hard crust on the snow, interferes sadly with their welfare, and great numbers sometimes starve at this season. In Siberia, as in North America, migrations in scattered herds regularly take place from the barren coast plains southward to the less inclement region along the borders of the forest area, where food may be obtained. Not much is known of the breeding habits of the wild reindeer except that the fawns are born in the spring.

The reindeer has long been domesticated among the Laplanders and the tribes along the coast of Siberia, and used for drawing sledges and as a riding and burden animal, besides furnishing skins for tents, clothing and harness, flesh and milk for food, and horns and hoofs for various utilities. It has remarkable endurance, strength, and speed in drawing sledges, and without this animal much of Lapland and Siberia could not be permanently inhabited. These qualities led the Government of the United States to endeavor to naturalize reindeer among the Eskimos of the north coast of Alaska, who were in danger of starving through the loss of food and uneconomical habits, following the pursuit of excessive whaling and walrus-hunting by white men off that coast. The experiment was conducted under the direction of the Commissioner of Education and the personal care of the Rev. Sheldon Jackson. Agents procured a small herd of Siberian reindeer which, with Lapp attendants, were landed in Northern Alaska in 1889. The training of Alaskan attendants and drivers was begun, and more herds were annually imported. Up to 1898 550 deer had been brought from Siberia, and the stock with its increase amounted to about 5000 in 1903. Several stations were established where the deer were bred, and where Eskimos were trained in their care and use. The history of the attempt is contained in Jackson's Annual Reports to the Department of the Interior, from 1890 onward.

The wild reindeer is much larger than the domesticated races. It is as large as the stag, but heavier and more clumsy in appearance. It has a dark coat in summer and a lighter one in winter, with a growth of long whitish hair under the neck, while the region about the short goat-like tail and the outlines of the hoofs are nearly white. It constitutes a genus (Rangifer), differing from that of ordinary deer in the important particular that both sexes have horns, although those of the bucks are larger. These antlers are peculiar in their long, slender, unequally branching beams, and especially in the fact that the brow-tines are greatly produced and palmated, and one is usually aborted to allow the other to

push forward into a formidable weapon, overhanging the face.

During Pleistocene time the reindeer was more widely distributed over Europe than it is at the present day, for its fossil remains have been found as far as the Alps and the Pyrenees.

Consult: Lydekker, Deer of All Lands (London, 1898); id., Royal Natural History, vol. ii. (London, 1896); Nordenskiöld, Voyage of the Vega (New York, 1881); Boyd Dawkins, Cave Life (London, 1875); and the works of travelers and explorers in the Arctic regions and the countries where reindeer are used. For the American forms, consult: Stone and Cram, American Animals (New York, 1902); Roosevelt, The Deer Family (ib., 1902); Preble, "Biological Investigation of the Hudson Bay Region," in North American Fauna No. 22 (Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1902); and books cited under DEER.

REINDEER MOSS (Cladonia rangiferina). A lichen of great importance to inhabitants of the northernmost regions of the Northern Hemisphere, where it covers great areas and furnishes the chief winter food of the reindeer. It is found in almost all parts of the world, but is most abungions, often occupying the ground in pine and dant and luxuriant in arctic and sub-arctic respruce forests. When such forests are destroyed by fire it soon reappears. It is a variable plant, but always consists of a much-branched, erect, cylindrical, tubular thallus, with small perforations in the axils, and attains a height of two inches or more. Its importance was first brought into notice by Linneus in his Flora Lapponica. It is sometimes used for human food. Its taste is pleasant, although attended with a slight pungency or acridity. It is generally boiled in reindeer milk. Its nutritious qualities depend chiefly on a form of starch, lichenin, which it contains.

REINECKE, ri'něk-e, KARL (1824-). A German pianist, born at Altona. He studied with his father, Johann Peter Rudolph Reinecke,

a

musical composer and director. He was Court pianist to Christian VIII. at Copenhagen from 1846 to 1848. He became teacher at the Cologne Conservatory in 1851, and occupied at later times the positions of musical director at Barmen, academic musical director and conductor of the Singakademie at Breslau, conductor of the Gewandhaus Concerts at Leipzig, and teacher at the Conservatory. His compositions are both refined and classic throughout, but possess here and there a marked touch of the romantic. Among his works are: Serenade, Aus der Jugendzeit, Neues Notenbuch für kleine Leute; Nocturne; studies, sonatas, quartets, quintets, and trios. The five-act grand opera König Manfred was produced in 1867; the operetta Ein Abenteuer Händels, in 1874; two three-act comic operas, Auf hohen Befehl and Der Gouverneur von Tours, in 1886 and 1891 respectively. He also wrote the funeral march for Emperor William I. He became widely known as an excellent conductor, and as a pianist for his interpretations of Mozart.

REINECKE FUCHS. See REYNARD THE FOX. REINHART, rin'härt, CHARLES STANLEY (1844-96). An American genre painter and illusHe was born in Pittsburg, Pa. From

trator.

1868 to 1870 he studied at the Atelier Suisse, Paris, and at the Royal Academy, Munich, under Streyhüber and Otto. Upon his return to the United States he illustrated for various foreign and American magazines, and frequently exhibited works in oil, water-colors, and black-andwhite at the National Academy. From 1881 to 1891 he resided in Paris, exhibiting regularly at the Salon, afterwards becoming a member of the Society of American Artists, New York. Reinhart excelled in black-and-white, his oils and water-colors being mostly marine views, painted in sombre but delicate colors. In oil are: the "Old Life Boat" (1880); "Mussel Fisherwomen" (1886); "Washed Ashore" (1887), which won the gold medal (Philadelphia, 1888); and the "Rising Tide" (1888), purchased by the Government at the Paris Exposition, 1889. His water-colors include "Gathering Wood" (1877), "At the Ferry" (1878), and the "Spanish Barber" (1884). Among his chief series in blackand-white are the "Reichstag Sketches," "A Little Swiss Sojourn," and "Americans Abroad." Reinhart died in New York City, August 30, 1896.

REINHART, CHRISTIAN (1761-1847). A German landscape painter and etcher, born at Hof, Bavaria. First instructed by Eser in Leipzig, he studied at the Dresden Academy under Klengel, but chiefly after the Dutch masters, and in 1789 went to Rome, where he settled permanently and under the influence of Carstens and Koch became a conspicuous exponent of the historic landscape. His best work is represented by the "Eight Historic Landscapes” (1825), in the Palazzo Massimi, Rome, and "Four Views from Villa Malta," in tempera, painted for King Louis I. of Bavaria. The New Pinakothek in Munich contains "Four Views Near Rome" (two dated 1836, 1846), the Leipzig Museum a "Wood on Seashore in a Storm" (1824) and "Landscape with Psyche" (1829), the Städel Institute, Frankfort, a landscape with "Cain and Abel," and the Cologne Museum a "View from Tivoli." To a collection of seventy-two etchings of prospects in Italy, published conjointly with Dies and Mechau under the title Malerisch radirte Prospecte aus Italien (1792-98) Reinhart contributed twenty-four plates, the best of the series. Besides these he etched many other Italian landscapes, and thirty-eight animal studies, in all 170 plates. Consult: Baisch, Reinhart und seine Kreise (Leipzig, 1882); and Andresen, Die Deutschen Maler-Radirer, i. (ib., 1866).

REINHART VON GRÜNINGEN, fôn gruning-en. See GRÜNINGER, JOHANN.

REINHOLD, rin'hôlt, CHRISTIAN ERNST (17931855). A German philosopher, son of Karl Leonhard Reinhold, born at Jena. He at first lectured on philosophy at the University of Kiel, and afterwards was appointed professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Jena. His philosophical system resembles Kant's. He published: Geschichte der Philosophie nach den Hauptmomenten ihrer Entwickelung (4th ed. 1584); Theorie des menschlichen Erkenntnisvermögens und Metaphysik (1832-34); Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Philosophie 3d ed. 1849), a work of much value; and System der Metaphysik (3d ed. 1854). Consult Apelt, Ernst Reinhold und die Kantsche Philosophie (Leipzig, 1840).

REINHOLD, KARL LEONHARD (1758-1823). A German philosopher, born in Vienna. In 1772 he entered the Jesuit College of Saint Anna, but upon the suppression of this Order in 1774 he joined the Barnabites, and was for some years an inmate of their College of Saint Michael. His religious zeal in the meantime had cooled considerably, and in 1783 he left the Order and went to Leipzig, where he devoted himself to philosophy. Afterwards he settled in Weimar. His contributions to the Deutscher Merkur attracted much attention, and in 1787 his Briefe über Kantsche Philosophie appeared in this periodical. His clear and eloquent exposition of Kant's doctrines, which at that time were being combated, resulted in his being appointed to a professorship of philosophy in Jena. In 1789 he published his chief work, Versuch einer neuen Theorie des menschlichen Vorstellungsvermögens, in which he attempts to broaden the teachings of Kant. He then for a time identified himself with Fichte's doctrines and even tried afterwards in his Paradoxien der neuesten Philosophie to find a middle way between Fichte and Jacobi in order to satisfy his religious sentiments, but when Bardili's logic appeared he deserted both and joined the latter's rational idealism. The reason for this change he gives us in his treatise Wahrheit (1820).

REINICK, rinik, ROBERT (1805-52). A German painter, etcher, and poet, born and educated in Danzig. He studied painting under Begas in Berlin and at the Düsseldorf Academy, and settled at Dresden in 1844. Several pleasing pictures, either historical or romantic in subject, had come from his brush after 1830-for example, "Rachel and Jacob at the Well" (Stettin Museum), "Well Near Olevano," and several others (Danzig Museum)-but his most interesting productions are those in which his pictorial and poetic talents are blended, such as "Drei Umrisse nach Holzschnitten von Dürer mit erläuterndem Text und Gesängen" (1830). With Kugler he published the Liederbuch für deutsche Künstler (1833), with woodcuts by Gubitz, and then the Lieder eines Malers mit Randzeichnungen seiner Freunde (1838), with thirty-one etchings by himself and other Düsseldorf artists. He supplied the poetical text to Rethel's "Dance of Death," and was associated with Ludwig Richter in editing Hebel's Allemannische Gedichte (1851), of which he gave a High-German version. A sixth edition of his collected Lieder, with a biography by Auerbach, was published in Berlin in 1873. His natural ability as a juvenile poet is well exemplified by the Lieder und Fabeln für die Jugend (2d ed. 1849), the Illustriertes ABC-Buch für kleine und grosse Kinder (4th ed. 1876), and the fairytale Die Wurzelprinzessin (1848). The poetical works for young people appeared collected under the title Märchen-, Lieder- und Geschichtenbuch (11th ed., Leipzig, 1895).

REINICKE, ri'nik-e, PAUL RENÉ (1860–). A German painter and draftsman, born at StrenzNaundorf, near Halle. He studied at Weimar under Struys, at Düsseldorf under Gebhardt, and at Munich under Piglhein, whom he accompanied to Palestine. Settled afterwards in Munich, he found the true field for his talent in drawing sketches for the Fliegende Blätter, in which his masterly delineations from the social life of the upper classes in its various aspects soon became an eagerly looked-for specialty. A selection of

his drawings was published in Munich (1890) under the title "Spiegelbilder aus dem Leben." His "Waiting Room of the First Class in the Munich Railway Station" is in the National Gallery, Berlin. He was awarded a gold medal in 1882.

REINKENS, rin'kens, JOSEPH HUBERT (182196). The first Old Catholic bishop. He was born at Burtscheid, near Aix-la-Chapelle; studied theology at Bonn; was ordained priest of the Roman Catholic Church; and in 1853 was appointed professor of Church history at Breslau. In 1870 he united with Döllinger in the Old Catholic movement, was suspended by the Bishop of Breslau, and the students were forbidden to attend his lectures. In 1873 he was consecrated Bishop at Rotterdam by the Jansenist Bishop of Deventer. He soon took the oath of allegiance to the Government, and was recognized by Prussia as a Catholic bishop, with his residence at Bonn, and remained there in this capacity till his death. His publications include: Hilarius von Poitiers (1864); Martin von Tours (1866); Revolution und Kirche (1876); Melchior von Diepenbrock (1881); Lessing über Toleranz (1883). See OLD CATHOLICS.

REINMAR VON HAGENAU, rinʼmär fön hä'ge-nou (?-c.1210). A German poet, one of the first of the minnesingers, usually called Reinmar the Old. From Hagenau he went to Vienna and there taught Walther von der Vogelweide, with whom he may have made the Crusade of 1190. His poetry, artificial, sad, and 'pale-hued,' won him the title of the 'Nightingale of Hagenau' from Gottfried von Strassburg, a panegyric from his pupil Walther, and from Uhland high praise for its sentiment and diction. It is published in Lachmann and Haupt's Des Minnesangs Frühling. Consult: Schmidt, Reinmar von Hagenau (Strassburg, 1874); and Burdach, Reinmar der Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide (Leipzig, 1880).

REINSCH, rinsh, PAUL SAMUEL (1869-). An American historical writer. He was born in Milwaukee, Wis., of German-American parents. He graduated at the University of Wisconsin in 1892, at the law school of the same institution in 1894, and after being admitted to the bar practiced for some time in Milwaukee. Returning to the State University in 1895, he became an instructor and extension lecturer in history, pursuing graduate studies at the same time, and taking the degree of Ph.D. in history in 1898. In 1899 he was appointed assistant professor of political science, and in 1901 professor of political science. His publications include The Common Law in the Early American Colonies (1899), World Politics at the End of the Nineteenth Century (1900), and Colonial Government (1901). REINTHALER, rīn'tä-ler, KARL MARTIN (1822-96). A German composer, born at Erfurt. He studied music under A. B. Marx, and, later, in both Paris and Rome. In 1853 he was ap pointed teacher at the Cologne Conservatory, and in 1858 became municipal music director and cathedral organist at Bremen, where he also conducted the cathedral choir, the Singakademie, and the concert society. He retired in 1893. His best known works are the oratorio Jephtha, the Bismarck-Hymne, the choral works In der Wüste, and Das Mädchen von Kolah, and the operas

Edda (1875) and Kätchen von Heilbronn, which gained a prize at Frankfort in 1881.

physicist, born at Gelnhausen. REIS, ris, PHILIPP (1834-74). A German In 1858 he became a teacher in the Garnier Institute, near Homburg, and there, after two or three years of research, in 1860 he produced the first telephone. It transmitted musical tone, but not the intelligible utterances of the voice. Reis gained no benefit from his invention. In 1885 a monument was erected to him in his native town. Consult Thomson's English version of the biographical sketch by Schenk (London, 1883).

REISEBILDER, ri'ze-bil'der (Ger., pictures of travel). A work by Heinrich Heine in four volumes (1826-31), in which poetic descriptions of nature and powerful delineations of character are mingled with scoffs at the institutions of the age, political, religious, and social. The wit and irreverence of these attacks, which respected nothing, together with the real beauties of the work, won for it an immediate success and brought the author into popular favor. Some of the poems interspersed through the work were published later with others under the title of Buch der Lieder.

REIS EFFENDI, rá'ís ĕf-fĕn'di (Turk., presiding official). A title formerly given to an officer of State in the Ottoman Empire. He was the Chancellor of the Empire, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. His duties in the first-mentioned capacity was to confer with the Grand Vizier regarding the orders and instructions to be sent to the different provinces and regarding the proper decision on any subject affecting the Empire, whether internal or external; and in the latter capacity he had the sole and exclusive charge of the relations of the Porte with foreign courts.

REISKE, ri'ske, JOHANN JAKOB (1716-74). A celebrated German philologist and Oriental scholar. He was born at Zörbig, Prussian Saxony, and was educated at the University of Leipzig, where he devoted much attention to the study of the Semitic languages, especially Arabic. In 1758, after living in abject indigence, he obtained the rectorship of the Nikolai Gymnasium, in Leipzig, and he retained the post till his death. From 1758 he devoted his attention chiefly to Greek literature, in which he became a recognized authority. His works, which are very numerous and are remarkable for their learning, include his Animadversiones in Græcos Auctores (1757-66), and editions of Theocritus (1765-66); of the Greek orators (1770-75); of Maximus Tyrius (1774-75); of Dionysius of Halicarnassus (177477); of Plutarch, with notes and translations (12 vols., 1774-82); Dio Chrysostom (1784-98); and Libanius (1791-94). Reiske was also the first to call attention to the historical and æsthetic

value of Arabic literature. His chief work in

this field was his Latin translation of the An

nales Moslemici of Abulfeda (1754; frequently spondence with Moses Mendelssohn and Lessing, reëdited). Some of these works, and his correwere published after his death, by his wife, Ernestine Christine Reiske (1735-98). Consult: Morus, Vita Reiskii (Leipzig, 1777); Reiske, Selbstbiographie (Leipzig. 1793); and Haupt's Opuscula (Leipzig, 1875-76).

REISS, ris, WILHELM (1838–). A German traveler and naturalist, born at Mannheim. He

traveled in the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands in 1858-60, in Greece in 1866, and with Stübel in 1868-76 explored South America. In particular he visited Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, and he and Stübel were the first to ascend Mount Cotopaxi. The scientific results of this journey were of much value. Reiss was president of the Berlin Gesellschaft für Erdkunde in 1885-87, and of the Anthropological Society in 1888. In addition to contributions to the publications of the Gesellschaft für Erdkunde and various scientific journals, he wrote: Das Totenfeld von Ancon in Peru (1880-86); Geologische Studien in der Republik Columbia (1892-99); and Das

Hochgebirge der Republik Ecuador (1892-1902). REISSIGER, ris'sig-er, KARL GOTTLIEB (17981859). A German musician, born at Wittenberg. He studied under Schicht at the Thomasschule at Leipzig, and dramatic composition under Winter at Munich. He taught at the Berlin Royal Institute, and in 1826 went to The Hague, where he organized a conservatory which is still prosperous. This same year he succeeded Marschner as musical director of the German Opera at Dresden, and later was appointed Kapellmeister, as Weber's successor. He wrote: Didone abbandonata (1823); Die Felsenmühle von Etalières (1829), the overture of which is still played at concerts; Turandot (1835); Adèle de Foix (1841); masses, psalms, symphonies, overtures, sonatas for violin and 'cello, and the ora

torio David. Weber's Last Thought, a waltz, is his most popular piece.

REISSMANN, rīsʼmån, AUGUST (1825-1903). A German writer on music, born at Frankenstein, Silesia. He studied at Breslau under Mosewius, Baumgart, Richter, Lüstner, and Kahl. From 1866 to 1874 he lectured on the history of music at the Stern Conservatory in Berlin, from 1880 at Leipzig, and later at Wiesbaden. Das deutsche Lied in seiner historischen Entwickelung (1861) is his best and most original work. His other historical works, mostly clever collections or extracts from original studies made by others, include: Von Bach bis Wagner (1861); Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik (1863-65); Illustrierte Geschichte der deutschen Musik (2d ed. 1892); and the biographies of various composers. He also composed an oratorio, Wittekind, two operas, symphonies, chamber music, and songs.

REITBOK (from Dutch rietbok, reedbuck, from riet, reed bok, buck). One of the small antelopes, called by English sportsmen in Africa 'reedbucks.' See REEDBUCK.

REJ, ra'y', MIKOLAJ (1505-69). A Polish poet and prose writer, born in the Ukraine. He was more than sixty years of age before he produced his principal poem, Zwierciadlo ("The Mirror," 1567, reprinted in 1829). Nine years previously his Wizerunek wlasny zywota czlowieka poczciwego ("Picture of an Honorable Man," 1558, reprinted at Warsaw, 1881-88) had appeared, and besides metrical Polish translations of the Psalms (1533), Postylla Polska (Gospel Commentaries, 1556), and a catechism, he published Zywot Józefa (1545), Zwierzyniec (1562), and Figliki (1568). A stout Calvinist, he wrote much in defense of his chosen creed and was one of the first to use Polish as a literary language. His prose shows the language in its

purity, before the introduction of foreign words and forms.

RÉJANE, rå'zhän', MADAME (1857-). The stage name of Gabrielle Réju, a French actress, born in Paris. She made her début at the Vaudeville in 1875, and soon gained a reputation for her witty impersonations. In 1892 she married M. Porel, then her manager. In 1893 she created her best-known rôle of Madame Sans Gêne, written for her by Sardou. She appeared with it in London in 1894, and in the United States in 1895. Afterwards she appeared in La douloureuse and Zaza.

by James and Horace Smith, published anonyREJECTED ADDRESSES. Burlesque poems mously in 1812. Ostensibly unsuccessful efforts in the competition for the opening of the new Drury Lane Theatre at that time, they were amusing parodies on the poems of Wordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, Byron, Scott and others.

REJOINDER (OF., F. rejoindre, to rejoin, from Lat. re-, back again, anew + jungere, to join). In common-law pleading, the answer of a defendant to a plaintiff's replication to his (defendant's) plea. See PLEADING.

REJUVENATION, or REJUVENESCENCE. It is supposed by Maupas and others that the process of conjugation in the Infusoria (q.v.) results in increased vigor and vitality, and is thus advantageous to those organisms in which the most primitive form of reproduction is by simple self

division.

Indeed it has been observed that conjugation results in increased activity in multiplication by fission. So also sexual reproduction is a rejuvenizing process, and tends to prevent both the individual and the species from deteriorating or running out. It may be said to correspond in its effects to cross-fertilization, which is the antidote to too close in-breeding and tends to enhance the vitality of the species and prevent degeneration. In botany, a transformation of one cell into another, i.e. into a primordial cell, which afterwards secretes a new cell-wall, and forms the starting point of the life of a new individual. Examples occur in numerous algæ (Edogonium), and also in certain diatoms. See GROWTH.

RELAPSE, THE; OR VIRTUE IN DANGER. A comedy by Sir John Vanbrugh, produced in 1697. It was written as a sequel to Cibber's Love's Last Shift, and was very popular throughout the eighteenth century. It was imitated by Lee in A Man of Quality (1776), and recast by Sheridan as A Trip to Scarborough (1777). Voltaire used it as the basis of Le Comte de Boursoufle (1734). Later versions were made by Hollingshead in Man of Quality (1870) and Buchanan in Miss Tomboy (1890).

RELAPSING FEVER (from Lat. relapsus, p.p. of relabi, to fall back, from re-, back again, anew+labi, to slip), FAMINE FEVER, or FEBRIS RECURRENS. A specific infectious and contagious disease, generally occurring in epidemics, and due to a micro-organism, the spirochata Obermeieri. This organism is a spirillum, about of an inch in length, and undergoing constant movements of a rotary or lashing character. The disease occurs in times of famine and flourishes under conditions of overcrowding, dirt, and poverty. Individuals in constant contact with the disease, as physicians, nurses, and clergymen, are often

attacked. The peculiar nature of the malady was pointed out by Henderson in 1842 and by Sir W. Jenner, 1849 to 1851. Their views have since been confirmed by the discovery of the specific micro-organism by Obermeier.

The period of incubation of relapsing fever averages from 4 to 10 days. The fever begins suddenly with a chill or rigor, accompanied by frontal headache, and pains in the back and limbs. The temperature may be 103° or 104° F., and mounts on the succeeding days to 105° or even 108°. The general condition remains much the same for about a week, except that the symptoms increase in severity. Little sleep is obtained, but the mind remains clear until near the end of the paroxysm, when delirium supervenes. When all the symptoms are at the height, crisis suddenly occurs in 5 to 7 days, with profuse perspiration and a rapid abatement of suffering. Convalescence now sets in and is permanent in many cases. In others the patient feels comparatively well, but very weak until about fourteen days from the initial attack or seven days after the crisis, when he is again seized with chills and fever, and the whole series of phenomena is repeated. This relapse is usually shorter than the first paroxysm, and permanent recovery follows it in the majority of cases.

The spirilla are always present in the blood during the paroxysms and increase in number as the fever progresses. They disappear at the crisis and remain absent until near the advent of the relapse. During this period they may be found in the spleen and bone marrow (as proved by experiments on monkeys), where they probably break down and leave spores which germinate and thus produce the organisms which determine the relapse.

No treatment has succeeded in shortening the paroxysms or preventing the recurrence of a relapse; and although certain drugs, such as quinine, carbolic acid, and iodine, arrest the movements of the spirillum outside the body, they have no influence when given as remedies. Treatment must be symptomatic. Sponging with tepid water or packing in wet sheets will give temporary relief when the fever is very high, and headache may be relieved by cold applications. During the severe perspiration of the crisis the patient must be kept as dry as possible, and the tendency to collapse must be met by additional coverings, hot bottles, and diffusible stimulants. For the severe pains opium or morphine is given. Cooling drinks and gentle saline laxatives increase the comfort of the patient. During convalescence, fresh air, good food, and tonic medicines are indicated. The disease is rare in this country, no epidemics having appeared since 1869, when it prevailed extensively in New York and Philadelphia. It is common in India, where favorable conditions for its development seem always to be present.

RELATIONS (Lat. relatio, relation, reference, report, restoration, from re-, back again, anew+latus, p.p. assigned to ferre, to bear, carry). In law, technically, such kindred of a person as may be entitled to share in his personal estate under the statute of distributions in force in the jurisdiction in which the meaning of the word is called in question. The word, therefore, is employed in a wider sense in some jurisdictions than in others, and the classes of persons

another

RELATIVITY (from Lat. relativus, having reference or relation), Law of. In its most general form, the law, as given by Stumpf, is that the relation of sensations to one is essential to their very existence; so that black, e.g. can be sensed only in opposition to white, or at least only in distinction from a grayer or blacker black; a tone or noise only as alternating with other tones or noises, or with complete silence, and so on-while every sensation will disappear under the operation of uniform and continuous stimulation. Simple as this statement looks, it is capable of many interpretations, none of which can be regarded as unexceptionable.

The grain of truth which Stumpf finds in the doctrine is that the presence of sensation in the adult consciousness is almost without exception connected with certain judgments of its relation to other ideas. And these judgments (apprehensions, apperceptions), if they cannot alter the content of sensation, can at least render it confusable with other contents not now sensed. Wundt, on the other hand, has consistently maintained that our mental life is governed by a law of relativity, such that every phase of present experience is conditioned not only by other phases of the same experience, but also by the whole past history of consciousness. The laws of mind at large are of two classes: laws of relativity and laws of development. Under the heading of relativity we have (1) the law of psychical resultants, which affirms that every mental complex shows properties which, once given, can be understood from the attributes of its elements, but which cannot be regarded as a mere sum of those attributes. (2) The law of relations asserts that every dissection of a conscious whole into its constituent terms is an act of relating analysis. Finally, (3) the law of psychical contrasts maintains that mental processes of opposed direction mutually reinforce one another. The laws of mental development are (1) the law of mental growth, the application of the law of resultants; (2) the law of heterogony of ends, based upon the laws of resultants and of relations; and (3) the law of development by opposites, which applies the law of contrasts. Consult: Stumpf, Tonpsychologie (Leipzig, 1883); Riehl, Der philosophische Kriticismus, vol. ii. (ib., 1879-87); Preyer, Elemente der reinen Empfindungslehre (1877); Wundt, Outlines of Psygische Psychologie (4th ed., ib., 1893); Höffchology (trans. Leipzig, 1897); id., Physioloding, Outlines of Psychology; Spencer, Principles of Psychology (London, 1881); Bain, The Senses and the Intellect (ib., 1868).

RELEASE. In the most general sense, any act, event, or instrument by which a legal right is discharged. In this sense of the term a right of action based upon a personal tort may be re