in 1692. On August 18, 1846, it was occupied, without opposition, by United States troops under General S. W. Kearny. In 1851 it was chartered as a city and became the capital of the newly organized Territory of New Mexico. A trade with Missouri, opened in 1804 and facilitated in 1825 by the improvement of the 'Santa Fe Trail,' became very important subsequent to 1840. Consult: Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico (San Francisco, 1884), and a chapter by Hodge in Powell's Historic Towns of the Western States (New York, 1901).

SANTA FÉ DE BOGOTÁ, dâ bo'go-tä'. The capital of Colombia. See BOGOTÁ.

SAN'TALS, or SON'THALS. A people of Dravidian stock in Western Bengal, Northern Orissa, and Bhagalpur. They are of low stature, and dolichocephalic, with dark skins, and wavy hair. Some of the Santals are good agriculturists; others, in the more remote parts of the country, are still practically in the hunting stage. Except the few who have been converted to Hinduism or to Christianity, the Santals are 'nature-worshipers' with a sun cult and a belief in evil spirits. Their native system of government is village patriarchism. Like the Dravidian Tamils, the Santals have furnished many temporary or permanent emigrants from Hindustan, who have settled in Farther India. The Santals are generally monogamous, although polygamy and polyandry are not at all unknown among them. A grammar of the Santal language has been published (Benares, 1873) by Skrefsrud, and a collection of "Traditions and Institutions of the Santhals," written down from the dictation in Santali of Kolean Haram, an old Santal, appeared at Benagoria in 1887. Consult: Man, Sonthalia and the Sonthals (London, 1867); Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal (Calcutta, 1872).

SANTA MARGHERITA LIGURE, mär'gå-rē′tà lẻ-gʊʊ′râ. A seaport and bathing resort in the Province of Genoa, Italy, 15 miles eastsoutheast of Genoa (Map: Italy, D 3). Coral fisheries are carried on and there are manufactures of olive oil and rope. Population (commune), in 1901, 7169.

SANTA MARÍA, må-ré'à. A town of Northern Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the Province of Iloco Sur, situated two miles from the coast and 11 miles southeast of Vigan, on the highroad and projected railroad from Manila to Laoag (Map: Philippine Islands, E 2). Population, estimated, in 1899, 10,030.

SANTA MARÍA, DOMINGO (1820-90). A South American politician, born in Santiago de Chile. He was obliged to leave Chile because of his share in the events of 1850-51 and was again exiled in 1858. Upon his return to Chile he held the positions of Minister of Finance (1863-64), envoy to Peru, judge of the Supreme Court (1868), and president of the Court of Appeals (1874). He was a member of President Pinto's Cabinet, with the portfolios of Foreign Affairs, the Interior, and War, and was President of the Republic in 1881-86, when he again became president of the Court of Appeals. Many of the present railroads were built during his administration, the Araucanian Indians were brought into subjection, and the disputes with

Peru arranged on a more secure peace basis. His works include Biografía de José Miguel Infante (1853) and Memoria historica sobre la abdicación del director Don Bernardo O'Higgins (1858). SANTA MARIA CAPUA VETERE, kä'Province of Caserta, 15 miles north of Naples, A city of South Italy, in the pood và tả-ra. located on the site of ancient Capua, of whose stones it was partly rebuilt (Map: Italy, J 6). It is an active, thriving, attractive place, with a population of 22,146 (commune) in 1901. Its large, reconstructed cathedral, dating from 1766,

has five naves and 52 columns. The Roman ruins

attract many sight-seers. Ancient Capua, in Campania, was second only to Rome among the cities Under of Italy in wealth and population.

the name of Volturnum it was the chief of the twelve cities said to have been founded by the Etruscans in this part of Italy. In B.C. 343 it formed an alliance with Rome for protection against the Samnite tribes of the mountains. After the battle of Canna, B.C. 216, the popular party opened the gates to Hannibal, whose army rapidly degenerated here under the new corrupting surroundings. The Romans obtained possession of the city in B.C. 211. In the fifth century A.D. Capua was devastated by the Vandals under Genseric. It recovered its prosperity again to some extent, but was totally destroyed by the Saracens in 840. Among the antiquities one of the most remarkable is the amphitheatre constructed of travertin, of which well-preserved arches, corridors, and seats for spectators still remain.

SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, děl fê-õ′rå. The Duomo or cathedral of Florence (q.v.).

A

SANTA MARÍA DE PANDI, pän'dê. town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the Province of Bulacán, situated near the Manila-Dagupan Railroad, nine miles east of Malolos (Map: Luzon, E 7). It was a handsome and well-built town, but, as it was used as a military centre by the insurgents, it was burned by the American. troops and now consists chiefly of nipa huts. Population, estimated, in 1899, 10,508.

SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE, måd-jō'rå. One of the oldest churches in Rome, reputed to have been built about 352 by Pope Liberius and reërected in the fifth century. Old marble columns and mosaics of this date are preserved in the nave, also fine fifteenth-century mosaics of the Coronation of the Virgin. Over the altar in the Borghese Chapel is an old picture of the Virgin ascribed to Saint Luke. This is one of the five patriarchal churches' and derives its name of Saint Mary Major from its importance among the eighty churches in Rome dedicated to the Virgin.

SANTA MARTA, märʼtå. The capital of the Department of Magdalena, Colombia, on the Caribbean coast, 45 miles east of the mouth of the Magdalena River (Map: Colombia, C 1). It has a cathedral, and is a port much frequented by vessels plying among the Antilles. Population, about 6000. Santa Marta was founded in 1525. It was long an important centre of exploration and conquest and was repeatedly sacked and several times entirely destroyed by pirates Near the town is the hacienda and Indians. where Simon Bolivar died in 1830.

SANTA MAURA, mou'rå, or LEUCADIA (Mod. Gk. Levkas). One of the Ionian Islands, belonging to Greece, off the west coast of Acar

nania, from which it is separated by a passage about a mile wide (Map: Greece, B 3). Area, 109 square miles. It is traversed from north to south by a range of hills which end at the southern extremity in high white cliffs. The inhabitants, who numbered 31,769 in 1896, are engaged chiefly in fishing and the manufacture of salt. Chief town, Amaxichi (q.v.).

SANTANA, sản-tina, PEDRO (1801-64). A President of Santo Domingo, born at Hineha. In 1844, when Juan Pablo Duarte rebelled against Haitian rule, Santana inflicted upon the Haitians a crushing defeat at Azua that practically decided the war. Soon afterwards he was proclaimed supreme chief of the Dominican Republic, and upon the organization of a regular government he was elected its first President. In 1848 he was succeeded by Jimenes. At the time of the Haitian invasion under Soulouque (See FAUSTIN I.), in 1849, Santana with a force of scarcely 400 routed Soulouque's force of 4000. He then defeated Jimenes and for a time ruled as dictator. In 1853 he was again elected chief magistrate. During this administration he repelled another invasion of the Haitians. In 1856 he was deprived of power and succeeded by Baez. In 1858, however, Baez was driven into exile and Santana again became President. In March, 1861, practically on his own authority, he ceded Santo Domingo to Spain. He was appointed Captain-General, but soon resigned. In August, 1863, when an illiterate peasant organized the rebellion which finally swept the Spaniards from the island, Santana went to the city of Santo Domingo and offered his services in vain to the Spanish authorities. His death occurred only a few months before Spain acknowledged the regained independence of Santo Domingo.

SANTANDER, sän'tân-dâr'. The capital of the Province of Santander in Old Castile, and one of the principal seaports of Northern Spain. It is charmingly situated on the north shore of a land-locked inlet of the Bay of Biscay (Map: Spain, D 1). There are few buildings of interest except the old Gothic cathedral dating from the thirteenth century. The town has a provincial high school, a normal and a nautical school, and a theological seminary. On the beach of Sardinero are hotels and bathing establishments. The fisheries are important, and there are salting and pickling establishments, sugar and oil refineries, iron foundries, and manufactures of

glass, candles, soap, perfumes, sulphuric acid and

other chemicals, and cotton goods. The harbor is spacious and deep and provided with ship yards and extensive wharves, accessible for the largest ships and recently improved and enlarged. The chief exports are iron ore, of which 406,996 tons were exported in 1898, preserved food, flour, paper, wine, and manufactured articles. Population, in 1887, 42,125; in 1900, 54,346.

SANTANDER. A department of Colombia, South America, bounded by Venezuela on the north (Map: Columbia, C 2). Area, 16, 409 square miles. It is traversed by the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes, and the greater part of its surface is mountainous. In the plains along the Magdalena are cultivated sugar, cacao, coffee, tobacco, and cotton. Gold, silver, and other minerals are mined to some extent. The population was estimated in 1896 at 560,000. Capital, Bucaramanga (q.v.).

SANTANDER, FRANCISCO DE PAULA (17921840). A South American statesman, born at Rosario de Cúcuta, New Granada. Immediately upon the proclamation of independence in 1810 Santander joined the patriots and fought under Nariño and Bolivar, and was on Bolivar's staff in 1817-18. He was promoted to the rank of general of divison at the battle of Bozaca in 1819 and was appointed by Bolivar Vice-President of the State of Cundinamarca, and in 1821 was elected Vice-President of Colombia. He was reelected in 1827, and during Bolivar's repeated absences ruled the country with wisdom and decision. Afterwards he opposed Bolivar and was condemned to death for supposed complicity in a conspiracy to murder him. Santander's sentence was changed to exile, and he remained abroad until his election to the Presidency of His administration was New Granada in 1832. beneficial, and after his term ended in 1836 he was twice elected to Congress. He wrote Apuntamiento para las memorias de Colombia y Nueva Granada (1837).

SANT' ANGELO, CASTLE OF. See HADRIAN, TOMB OF.

SANTAREM, sän'tå-rån. A river-port of Portugal, capital of the District of Santarem, on the right bank of the Tagus, 40 miles northeast of Lisbon (Map: Portugal, A 3). It carries on

an active trade in wine and olive oil with Lisbon. Population, in 1900, 8704. Santarem was formerly an important fortified place. SANTAREM.

A town of the State of Pará, Brazil, 440 miles west of the city of that name, on the right bank of the Tapajós, near its confluence with the Amazon (Map: Brazil, G 4). It controls the rubber trade of the Tapajós. The rich agricultural and pastoral region also produces cacao. Near Santarem is an agricultural colony composed of emigrants from the Southern United States. Population, in 1889, about 4500.

roux', JOSÉ DA (1737-84). A South American SANTA RITTA DURÃO, Sän'tå rit'ta doopoet, born near Marianna, Minas Geraes, Brazil. He studied in the Jesuit College at Rio de Janeiro and at the University of Coimbra, and entered the Order of Saint Augustine at Leira. Afterwards he lived in Rome and about 1778 returned to Coimbra as professor of theology, and prior of his Order. His most important work is the epic Caramurú (1781), a description of the

discovery and colonization of Bahia by Diego

Alvares.

SANTA ROSA, sän'tå rō'så. A town of the department of the same name, Guatemala, 30 miles southeast of the capital. It is an extensive live-stock centre and the district produces sugar, coffee, and grains. Its climate is far from salubrious, since undrained areas are near. Population, about 6300.

SANTA ROSA. The capital of the Department of Copán, Honduras, 150 miles northwest of Tegucigalpa (Map: Central America, C 3). It has a college. Gold, silver, and copper mines are near; tobacco, coffee, sugar, and grain are produced in abundance. Population, about 6700.

SANTA ROSA. The county-seat of Sonoma County, Cal., 52 miles north of San Francisco, on the Southern Pacific and the California Northwestern railroads (Map: California, B 2). It is the seat of the Pacific Methodist College (Meth

odist Episcopal, South), opened in 1861, and of the Ursuline Academy of the Sacred Heart. Among other features are the public library, city hall, and court house. The adjacent country is noted for its extensive fruit-growing and nursery interests. The city is engaged largely in winemaking and fruit-canning and in the manufacture of leather, woolen goods, flour, lumber products, etc. Large basalt quarries are worked in the vicinity. Canned goods, fruit, wine, hops, grain, hay, cattle, flour, wool, and leather constitute the principal shipments. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen every two years, and a unicameral council. Population, in 1890, 5220; in 1900, 6673.

SANTA ROSA DE LOS OSOS, dâ lôs ō'sôs. A town of the Department of Antioquia, Colom. bia, near the Cauca, 170 miles northwest of Bogotá. It is in the vicinity of rich gold deposits, but antiquated methods are employed in working them. Its high altitude (8560 feet) gives it a genial and healthful climate. Population, in 1892, 10,059.

SANTA ROSALÍA, rõ’så-lē'à. A town of the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, 80 miles southeast of the State capital, on the Mexican Central Railway (Map: Mexico, F 4). It is celebrated for its hot sulphur baths. Population, about

8000.

SANTA TECLA, těkʼlå, or NUEVA SAN SALVADOR. A town of the Republic of Salvador, eight miles southwest of the capital, San Salvador, in a picturesque valley at the foot of the volcano of the same name (Map: Central America, C 4). The town is well built, with broad, straight streets and notable public edifices such as the hospital, municipal building, and the Concepción and Carmen churches. Its plaza de armas is the most beautiful in the Republic. Santa Tecla was founded in 1854 after the destruction of San Salvador by an earthquake. The attempt to make this the capital was not successful. Its population in 1890 was 13,715.

SANTAYANA, sän'tå-yä'nå, GEORGE (1863 -). An American poet, educator, and philosopher, of Spanish parentage, born in Madrid. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1886, where he became instructor and assistant professor in philosophy. His first volume of verse, entitled Sonnets and Other Poems, appeared in 1894, and was remarkable for the depth of thought and

finished quality of the verse. In 1896 he published The Sense of Beauty, an inquiry into the physical and psychological causes for the æsthetic sense in man; in 1898 appeared Lucifer, a Theological Tragedy; in 1900 a volume of essays entitled Interpretations of Poetry and Religion; and in 1901 The Hermit's Christmas and Other Poems.

SANTEE. The chief river of South Carolina. It is formed near the centre of the State by the junction of the Congaree and Wateree or Catawba, both of which rise in the Blue Ridge in North Carolina (Map: South Carolina, D 3). The combined stream flows southeast and enters the Atlantic Ocean by two arms south of Winyah Bay. It is 150 miles long to the junction, and 450 miles to the source of the Catawba. Steamers can navigate to Columbia on the Congaree and to Camden on the Wateree.

SANTERAMO IN COLLE, sän'tâ-räʼmô ên köllà. A town in the Province of Bari, Italy,

23 miles southwest of Bari (Map: Italy, L 7). It markets cereals, wine, fruit, and cattle. Population (commune), in 1901, 13,662.

SANTERRE, sürtěr, ANTOINE JOSEPH (1752-1809). A French revolutionist, born in Paris. In 1789 he was the owner of a

large brewery in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. At the outbreak of the Revolution he commanded a battalion in the National Guard; took part in the storming of the Bastille, and became a fierce Jacobin. He stirred up the émeute of the Champ de Mars in 1791 and led in the events of June 20 and August 10, 1792. As commander of the National Guard he was present at the trial and execution of Louis XVI., whose last words he ordered the drums to drown. Made general of division in 1793, he led an army against the Vendéans, but was beaten. He was arrested and imprisoned till the fall of Robespierre. After the institution of the Directory he lost all prominence.

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SANTI, sän'tê, GIOVANNI (c.1435-94). Italian painter and poet, father of Raphael. He was born in Colbordolo, in the Duchy of Urbino, was a petty merchant for a time, then studied under Piero della Francesca, and seems to have been an assistant of Melozzo da Forli. He painted several altar-pieces, two now in the Berlin Museum; a Madonna, in the Church of San Francesco, in Urbino; one at Santa Croce in Fano; one in the National Gallery at London; and another in the gallery at Urbino; an Annunciation at the Brera in Milan; and a Jerome in the Lateran. His poetry includes an epic in the honor of the Duke of Urbino and a long discourse on painting. Consult Schmarsow, Giovanni Santi (Berlin, 1887), in which quotations and summaries of his poems are given and a very sympathetic criticism of his simple style, chill coloring, and graceful treatment of the figure.

SANTIAGO, sän'tê-ä'go (SÃO THIAGO). The largest and most important of the Cape Verde Islands (q.v.).

SANTIAGO. A central province of Chile, bounded on the east by Argentina, on the west by the Pacific, on the south by the provinces of O'Higgins and Colchagua, and on the north by Valparaiso and Aconcagua (Map: Chile, C 10). Area, 5223 square miles. It is traversed in the east and west by mountain ranges inclosing a central valley. It is but scantily watered and agriculture is possible only by irrigation. Mineral deposits and springs occur in several parts of the province, and large quantities of salt are obtained from the lagoons on the coast. Population, in 1895, 415,636. Capital, Santiago.

SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE. The capital of Chile and of the Province of Santiago, situated on a small tributary of the Maipo in the central valley between the coast range and the Andes, 68 miles southeast of Valparaiso (Map: Chile, C 10). The location is extremely romantic, being surrounded by mountains on all sides. On the east tower the snow-clad Andes, some of whose loftiest summits, including Aconcagua, are in plain sight. Several hills rise within the city, such as the steep red porphyry crag of Santa Lucía, about 200 feet high, on which the first settlers withstood a six years' siege by the fierce Araucanian Indians. It is now laid

out as a public park; there are several large parks within and around the city, in which irrigation maintains a luxuriant vegetation, although the rainfall is very scanty and the surrounding plains are naturally arid. The houses are generally built in the old Spanish style, one or two stories high, with a central patio, and often with extensive gardens.

Santiago is the most populous city on the entire western slope of America, with the exception of San Francisco. An extensive system of street railroads traverses the city in all directions. During the last two or three decades numerous large buildings, several stories high and of solid stone construction, with artistic façades, have been built, including many sumptuous private residences. The streets are exceptionally well paved, clean, and broad. The Alameda or Avenida de las Delicias, which divides the city into two halves, is one of the finest boulevards of South America. It is more than 300 feet wide, lined with several rows of poplars, and ornamented with fountains and statues, many of the latter being the spoils of the Peruvian war. The prominent buildings are the large mint, the Exposition Palace, the Hall of Congress, a magnificent opera house, the cathedral, and the university building. The university, the head of the educational system of the country, founded in 1743, and has faculties of law, philosophy, medicine, and science, with over 1000 students. Other educational institutions are the Pedagogical Institute; the National Library, containing in 1897 101,000 volumes; the National Museum, one of the foremost in South America; normal, military, trade, and agricultural schools; an astronomical observatory; and a botanical garden. The industries are unimportant, but there is some trade, chiefly in the hands of foreigners. Santiago is connected by railroad with Valparaiso, Concepción, and Buenos Ayres. Population, in 1885, 189,392; in 1900, 269,886. Santiago was founded in 1541 by Pedro de Valdivia. SANTIAGO, BATTLE OF. See SPANISHAMERICAN WAR.

was

SANTIAGO, RIO GRANDE DE, or RIO SANTIAGO. The largest river in Mexico. It rises in a small lake at the foot of the volcano of Toluca, near Mexico City, and flows under the name of Rio Lerma first northwest, then west through the States of Mexico and Guanajuato, emptying into Lake Chapala (q.v.), on the boundary between Michoacán and Jalisco. Issuing from the north end of the lake as the Rio Santiago, it flows northwest through Jalisco and the Territory of Tepic, and empties into the Pacific Ocean near San Blas. Its total length is about 550 miles. In its upper course it has a very swift current, and below Lake Chapala it breaks through the Sierra Madre in deep and rocky gorges, where it is obstructed by reefs and falls. In its extreme lower course it is very shallow, so that no part of it is permanently navigable.

SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA, då kom pô-stālá, or COMPOSTELLA. A celebrated town of Galicia, Northwestern Spain, in the Province of La Coruña, situated among the mountains 28 miles south of Corunna (Map: Spain, A 1). Tradition ascribes its origin to the finding in the ninth century of the remains of the Apostle Saint James (Santiago), the patron saint of Spain. According to the legend the spot was

pointed out to Bishop Theodomir by a star, whence the place was called 'Campus Stellæ' (field of the star), later corrupted to Compostela. A church was built over the grave, which became the goal of vast numbers of pilgrims. The church was destroyed by the Moors in 997, and in 1082 the present cathedral was begun. It is a vast cruciform granite structure, and the best example of the early Romanesque architecture in Spain. The façade, which dates from 1738, is very elaborately decorated in baroque style. The crypt contains the shrines of the Apostle and his two disciples. The city, which is the see of a metropolitan archbishop, contains several other churches and a large number of convents and other ecclesiastical buildings, some of which, such as the convents of San Francisco and San Martin, are of great size. The large Hospital Real, opposite the cathedral, was built in 1501 by Ferdinand and Isabella for the reception of pilgrims, who are still numerous. There are a university, founded in 1504, and several academies. Population, in 1900, 24,917.

SANTIAGO DE CUBA, då kōoʻвȧ. The

largest province of Cuba, occupying the eastern end of the island, bounded on the northwest by the Province of Puerto Príncipe and surrounded on the other sides by the sea (Map: Cuba, J 6). and most mountainous part of Cuba. The mounThis is the highest Area, 12,468 square miles. tains are divided by the valley of the Canto, the largest river of Cuba, which traverses the province from east to west. Along the south coast runs the well-defined range of the Sierra Maestra, rising in the Pico de Turquino to a height of 8320 feet. In the east the range merges with the northern mountains in a wilderness of hills, ridges, and precipices. There are numerous ferricultural products of the island, and the mineral tile valleys in the province, yielding all the ag wealth is extensive, consisting especially of copper, and including also iron, mercury, and marble. The chief industries are mining, sugar and tobacco manufacture, cattle-raising, and the exploitation of the forests, which yield fine cabinet woods. Population, in 1899, 327,715. The capital is Santiago de Cuba.

SANTIAGO DE CUBA. The capital of the province of the same name in Cuba, and the second city of the Republic in size and importance. It lies at the northeastern end of the Bay of Santiago, on the southeastern coast of the island, 470 miles in a straight line southeast of Havana (Map: Cuba, K 6). The bay is a harbor of the first class, very deep and capacious, and completely land-locked. It is 5 miles long, with an average breadth of 1% miles, and has an extremely narrow entrance, in one place only 220 yards wide. The entrance is protected by the fortresses of Morro and Socaba, which crown the rocky cliffs, but are more picturesque than formidable. Within the entrance are the Bateria de la Estrella and several minor defenses. The bay and the city are inclosed by mountains which cut off the sea breezes and render the location hot and unhealthful. The mean temperature in summer is 88° and in winter 82°. The city is built on a sloping amphitheatre of hills, with generally crooked and hilly streets and onestoried houses. Previous to the American occupation the streets were badly paved and unclean, while yellow fever was prevalent, but

these conditions are now very greatly improved. Water is brought to the city by an aqueduct, but the supply is irregular. The best street is the broad and level Calle de Christina, running along the water front. The Plaza de Armas, which has four parterres planted with trees, is surrounded by some of the best buildings in the city, including the Government palace and the cathedral. The latter is one of the oldest and largest churches in the island. The Government palace, theatre, market, military hospital, and the Hospital de Caridad are modern buildings, the last mentioned being one of the best in the city. The industries are largely dependent on the rich mining districts in the neighborhood. Copper and manganese are mined, but the iron mines are the most extensive, employing 4000 hands, and producing monthly nearly 50,000 tons of ore for export to the United States. In the city are iron foundries and machine shops, and also a number of tobacco factories. The commerce is very extensive both with foreign countries and with the remainder of Cuba. The domestic trade, which until then was carried on chiefly by coasting steamers, was afforded additional facilities by the completion in 1902 of the Cuban main trunk railroad traversing the whole length of the island from Havana to Santiago. The exports are tobacco, coffee, sugar, iron ore and manganese, and cabinet woods. Population, in 1899, 43,090.

Santiago was founded in 1514 by Diego Velasquez. It was soon after made the capital of Cuba, which it remained for about a century. In common with other towns on the Spanish Main, it suffered many vicissitudes from pirates and hostile fleets. In the Spanish-American War of 1898 it became the chief objective point of the American attack on account of the fact that

the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera had taken refuge in the harbor. The city was invested by the American army under General Shafter and by a blockading squadron under Sampson. The heights of El Caney and San Juan, in front of the town, were stormed on July 1st; the fighting continued on the 2d; on July 3d the Spanish fleet, attempting to escape, was destroyed outside the harbor entrance; and on July 14th the commanding general, Toral, capitulated, the formal surrender taking place on July 17th. See SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

SANTIAGO DE CUBA, SOCIETY OF THE ARMY OF. An hereditary military association, organized in Santiago de Cuba on July 1, 1898, and completed at Camp Wickoff, Montauk Point, Long Island, on September 15, 1898, by the adop

tion of a constitution and the election of officers. It has for its object to preserve the memory of the events of the campaign which resulted in the capture of Santiago on July 17, 1898. It admits to membership all those officers and soldiers of the United States army who constituted the expeditionary force to Santiago de Cuba, and who worthily participated in the campaign between the dates of June 14 and July 17, 1898. The insignia consists of a badge pendant from a ribbon. The badge is in the form of a Maltese cross. The colors of the ribbon are those of

Spain, yellow and red. The motto of the society is, "As he died to make men holy, let us die to

make men free." The membership is about 3500.

SANTIAGO DE LAS VEGAS, då lås vä'gås. A town of Cuba, in the Province of La

Habana, situated in a healthful location 8 miles south of Havana (Map: Cuba, C 3). Its leading industry is the manufacture of tobacco. Population, in 1899, 7151.

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SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, és-ta'rô. province of Argentina, bounded on the north by El Chaco, on the east by Santa Fé, on the and Tucumán (Map: Argentina, E 9). Area, south by Córdoba, and on the west by Catamarca 39,764 square miles. With the exception of the the surface of the province is generally level, western part, which is somewhat mountainous, and is very largely covered with forests, though the southern part consists more of open pampas, and takes in a portion of the Salinas Grandes. It is watered by the Saladillo and the Salado, and has a fertile soil. Lumbering is the chief industry, and there are a large number of steam saw-mills. Agriculture and stock-raising are also important. Population, in 1900, 180,612. Capital, Santiago del Estero.

SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO. The capital of the province of the same name, in Argentina, situated on the river Dulce, on the railroad lines from Tucumán to Córdoba and Santa Fé (Map: Argentina, E 9). It has a national college and a normal school, but has declined in importance. Population, in 1895, 9817. It was founded in 1552, being the oldest town in the Republic.

SANTIAGO DE LOS CABALLEROS, dâ lós kä'вå-lya'rôs. A town of the Republic of Santo Domingo, on the right bank of the Yaquí River, 24 miles south of Puerto Plata, with which it has railway connection (Map: Antilles, M 5). It is situated in the midst of the most fertile and healthful valley of the Republic, known as the Vega Real, and is the largest town of the interior, with a flourishing trade in tobacco. Population, about 10,000.

SANTILLANA, sän'tê-lyä'nå, IÑIGO LÓPEZ DE MENDOZA, Marqués de (1398-1458). A noted Spanish soldier, poet, and scholar, born at Carrion de los Condes, Old Castile, the son of an admiral and nephew of the Grand Chancellor Pedro Lopez de Ayala. From early manhood a prominent figure at the Court of Juan II. of Castile, he was invested with the Marquisate of Santillana for his successful campaign against the Moors of Granada, in 1437-39, and was created Count of Real de Manzanares for his part in deciding the battle of Olmedo (1445). downfall of the favorite Alvaro de Luna, in 1453, He joined the conspiracy which brought about the but after 1454 took less and less part in public affairs, devoting himself chiefly to literary pursuits, and died at Guadalajara. While not an an extremely original genius, Santillana was skillful versifier, gifted with unusual imitative powers which enabled him to reproduce with great felicity the characteristics of the most dissimilar writers. He contributed much toward the transformation of Castilian poetry after classical Italian and courtly Provençal models and was the first in Spain to compose sonnets in These are, however, of imitation of Petrarch. prevalently historical interest, while genuine lyrical charm pervades his Serranillas (pastorals), of which the song of the "Vaquera de la Finojosa" attained the widest popularity. Among his didactic poetry are to be especially noticed the