SAN JUAN BAUTISTA, bou-tēs'tå. The capital of the State of Tabasco, Mexico, situated on the Grijalva, about 30 miles from the coast (Map: Mexico, N 8). It stands in a low and unhealthful locality and is of unpretentious appearance. It has some trade through its port, Frontera, at the mouth of the river. It was founded under the name Villa Felipe II. in 1598, afterwards called Villa Hermosa, and finally in 1821 was given its present name. Population, in 1895, 9604.

SAN JUAN BOUNDARY DISPUTE. A dispute between the United States and Great Britain in regard to a part of the Oregon boundary, which by the treaty of June 15, 1846, was made the forty-ninth parallel to the "middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver Island, and thence southerly through the middle of said channel and of Fuca Straits, to the Pacific Ocean." Afterwards a difference

of opinion arose between the two countries as to what 'channel' was meant; the United States maintaining that it was the Canal de Haro, and Great Britain that it was Rosario Strait, so that it remained unsettled to which government Washington Sound and the islands in it belonged. An amicable arrangement was effected in 1859, by which the two governments jointly occupied the island, the United States having a garrison in the south and Great Britain in the north. The Treaty of Washington (1871), art. 34, referred the controversy to the Emperor of Germany, who decided for the United States in 1872.

SAN JUAN DE BOCBOC, bok-bok'. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Batangas. It is situated on the Gulf of Tayabas, 25 miles east of Batangas (Map: Philippine Islands, F 6). Population, estimated, in 1899, 14,

017.

SAN JUAN DE LA CIÉNEGA, sê-a'nå-gå. See CIÉNEGA.

SAN JUAN DEL MEZQUITAL, děl měs'kê-täl'. A Mexican town of the State of Zacatecas, 90 miles northwest of the city of that name (Map: Mexico, G 5). Population, in 1895, 7113. SAN JUAN DEL NORTE, nôr'tâ, or GREYTOWN. The principal seaport on the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua, at the mouth of the northern arm of the San Juan River delta, in the ex

treme southeastern corner of the Republic (Map: Central America, F 5). A mile north of the town is the village of America, the eastern terminus of the proposed Nicaragua Canal (q.v.). Greytown lies in an unhealthful locality. Its harbor is rapidly filling with sand, but jetties have been constructed to remedy the evil. Population, about 2500.

SAN JUAN DE LOS REMEDIOS, rå-ma'

Dê-ôs. See REMEDIOS.

SAN JUAN DEL RIO, děl reo. A town of Mexico, in the State of Querétaro, 27 miles east of the city of that name (Map: Mexico, J7). It is noted for silver-mining and for its trade in opals. It is an irregularly built town, founded in 1531. Population, in 1895, 9040.

SAN JUAN DEL SUR, děl soor. A seaport of Nicaragua, on the Pacific coast, 65 miles southeast of Managua (Map: Central America, D 5). Its harbor is small, but deep, and it is a submarine cable station, and the port for Rivas.

The western terminus of the proposed Nicaragua Canal is a few miles north. Population, 1000.

SAN JUAN RIVER. The outlet of Lake Nicaragua in Central America. It leaves the lake at its southeastern end, and flows 110 miles in a winding southeast course on the boundary between Nicaragua and Costa Rica, emptying into the Caribbean Sea through a delta of several arms (Map: Central America, E 5). The mouth of one of these forms the harbor of Greytown (San Juan del Norte). The river is broad, deep, and tranquil, but near the middle it is completely obstructed by the rapids of Machuca. The San Juan forms part of the Nicaragua route for the proposed interoceanic canal. See NICARAGUA CANAL.

Ac

kå-ra-chär'ya (c.788-?). ŚANKARA, or ŚANKARĀCĀRYA, shän’and commentator on the Vedanta (g.v.). A Hindu philosopher cording to tradition he was born in the village of Kalapi in Kerala or Malabar, and was the son of Sivagurusarman. He founded a famous school at Sringagiri, but later journeyed as far About his life many legends clustered, and he was as Kashmir and died at Kanci, a village there. popularly regarded as an incarnation of Siva thet of Siva. An enormous number of works is (q.v.) on account of his name Sankara, an epiattributed to him, most of which are doubtless spurious. He is one of the most important figof his Brahmasutrabhāṣyā, a commentary which ures in the history of Hindu philosophy because is indispensable for an understanding of the Brahmasutras of Badarayana, the founder of the Vedanta school of philosophy (edited at Bombay, 1890-91). Consult: Windischmann, Sancara (Bonn, 1833); Deussen, System des Vedanta (Leipzig, 1883); id., Sûtra's des Vedanta (ib., 1887).

SAN'KEY, IRA DAVID (1840-). A Methodist evangelist, born at Edinburgh, Lawrence County, Pa. In 1870 he met Dwight L. Moody (q.v.) and they became associated in revivalistic work, continuing together for many years. They visited Great Britain from 1873 to 1875 and again in 1883, and made many tours throughout the United States. In these meetings Sankey

con

had charge of the singing. After severing his connection with Moody he frequently ducted meetings alone. His compilations of devotional music, containing many of his own compositions, are Gospel Hymns, Sacred Songs, and Sacred Songs and Solos.

SANKHYA, sänʼkyå (Skt. sānkhyā, enumeration). The name of one of the six great systems of orthodox Hindu philosophy. It is complemented, deistically, by the Yoga (q.v.) system, and, like the two Mimāmsās (q.v.), the Nyāya (q.v.), and Vaiseshika (q.v.) systems, it professes to teach the means by which eternal beatitude may be attained. This means is the discriminative acquaintance with tattva, or the true principles of all existence, and such principles are, according to the Sankhya system, the following 25: (1) Prakṛti (q.v.) or Pradhāna, the (intellectual) basis. Its first production is (2) Mahat, the great, or Buddhi, intellect, or the intellectual principle, which appertains to individual beings. From it devolves (3) Ahaṁkāra, the assertion of the ego, the function of which consists in referring the objects of the world to the ego. This produces (4-8) five tanmātras, or

subtle elements which themselves are productive of the five gross elements (see 20-24). Ahankara further produces (9-13) five instruments of sensation, the eye, the ear, the nose, the tongue, and the skin; (14-18), five instruments of action, the organ of speech, the hands, the feet, the excretory termination of the intestines, and the organ of generation; lastly (19), manas, the organ of volition and imagination. The five subtle elements (see 4-8 ) produce (20-24) the five gross elements, ākāśa, space or ether, which has the property of audibility, and is derived from the sonorous tanmatra; air, which has the properties of audibility and tangibility, and is derived from the aërial tanmatra; fire, which has the properties of audibility, tangibility, and color, and is derived from the igneous tanmatra; water, which has the properties of audibility, tangibility, color, and savor, and is derived from the aqueous tanmatra; lastly, earth, which unites the properties of audibility, tangibility, color, savor, and odor, and is derived from the terrene tanmatra. The twenty-fifth principle is purusha (q.v.) or soul. From the union of soul and Prakṛti comes creation. Nature as matter is a product of intellect. The soul's wish is fruition or liberation. In order to become fit for fruition, the soul is in the first place invested with a linga sarira, or sūkṣma sarira, a subtle body, which is composed of buddhi (2), ahaṁkāra (3), the five tanmatras (4-8), and the eleven instruments of sensation, action, and volition (9-19). This subtle body is invested with a grosser body, which is composed of the five gross elements (20-24), or according to some, of four, excluding ākāśa, or, according to others, of one alone, earth. The grosser body, propagated by generation, perishes; the subtle frame, however, transmigrates through successive bodies. Some assume, besides, that between these two there is a corporeal frame, composed of the five elements, but tenuous or refined, the socalled anusthana sarira. Besides the twenty-five principles, the Sankhya also teaches that nature has three essential gunas or characteristics, sattva, being, sometimes defined as pure being or goodness; rajas, energy, or passion; and tamas, darkness, the characteristic of sloth and inertia. The knowledge of the principles, and hence the true doctrine, is, according to Sankhya, obtained by three kinds of evidence, perception, inference, and right affirmation, which some understand to mean the revelation of the Veda and authoritative tradition.

The Sankhya in its first form is atheistical, but it underwent a mythological development in the Puranas (q.v.), in the most important of which it is followed as the basis of their cosmogony. Thus, Prakriti, or nature, is identified by them with Maya (q.v.), and the Matsya-Purana affirms that Buddhi, the intellectual principle, through the three qualities, being, passion, and darkness, became the three gods, Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva. The most important development, however, of the Sankhya is that by the Buddhistic doctrine, which is mainly based on it. Sankhya system is probably the oldest of the Hindu systems of philosophy, for its chief principles are, with more or less detail, already contained in the secondary Upanishads (q.v.); but the form in which it has come down to us is probably older than that in which the other systems are preserved, although the question of priority is very much involved.

The

The reputed founder of the Sankhya is Kapila, who is said to have been a son of Brahma, or else an incarnation of Vishnu. He taught his system in Sutras (q.v.), which, distributed in six lectures, bear the name of Sankya-Pravacana, though the antiquity of this work has been questioned. The oldest commentary is that by Aniruddha, translated by Garbe (Calcutta, 188892); another is that by Vijnanabhikshu. The first summary of the Sankhya doctrine is given by Isvara Krishna, in his Sankhya-Kārikā, edited by Wilson, with a translation of the text by Colebrooke, and a translation of the commentary of Gaudapada by himself (Oxford, 1837). Consult: Hall, in the preface of his edition of the Sankhya-Pravacana (Calcutta, 1856); id., Contribution toward an Index to the Bibliography of the Indian Philosophical Systems (ib., 1859); Garbe, Die Sankhya-Philosophie (Leipzig, 1894); id., Sankhya und Yoga (Strassburg, 1896); Müller, Six Systems of Hindu Philosophy (New York, 1899).

SANKT INGBERT, zänkt ingbert. A town of the Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany, 14 miles west of Zweibrücken. It has machinery, glass, and iron works, and some coal mines. Population, in 1900, 14,048.

SANKT JOHANN, yō-hän'. A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, on the Saar, opposite Saarbrücken (Map: Prussia, B 4). It is the shipping centre of the Saarbrücken coal-mining district, and manufactures machinery, iron ware, wire rope, etc. Population, in 1900, 21,257.

SANKT MORITZ. See SAINT MORITZ. SANKT PÖLTEN, pêl'ten. An ancient town in Lower Austria, 38 miles by rail west of Vienna (Map: Austria, D 2). It has a bishop's seminary. Ironware, weapons, cotton, paper, glass, and stoneware are manufactured. Population, in 1900, 14,510.

SANLÚCAR DE BARRAMEDA, sän lookår då bär'rå-mã’Då. A town of Southern Spain, in the Province of Cadiz, situated among the dunes at the mouth of the Guadalquivir, 16 miles north of Cadiz (Map: Spain, B 4). It is a popular bathing resort. The vines covering the surrounding dunes produce the excellent Manzanilla wine. There are salt works and flour mills, and dynamite is manufactured in the neighborhood. The port is Bonanza, situated 21⁄2 miles up the river; it is provided with a large iron pier, and connected by rail with Jerez. In 1519 Magellan sailed from Sanlúcar on his famous voyage around the world. Population, in 1887, 22,667; in 1900, 23,747.

SAN LUCAS, CAPE. See CAPE SAN LUCAS. SAN LUIS, loo-ēs'. A central province of Argentina, bounded on the north by La Rioja, on the east by Córdoba, on the south by the Territory of La Pampa, and on the west by Mendoza and San Juan (Map: Argentina, D 10). Area, estimated at 28,535 square miles. The surface is mountainous in the north, where there are also some saline steppes. The rest of the province is level, but sparsely watered. The Rio Salado runs along the western boundary. The climate is very dry, and the land is unsuited for agriculture. The mineral deposits are extensive and include copper, gold, iron, graphite, and other minerals. Only gold and copper are mined to any

SAN LUIS, or SAN LUIS DE LA PUNTA. The capital of the Province of San Luis, Argentina, situated at the southern end of the Sierra de San Luis, 140 miles southeast of Mendoza (Map: Argentina, D 10). It has a national college and a normal school. Its water supply, as well as the water used in irrigating the surrounding district, is derived from an immense artificial reservoir. The town is noted for the manufacture of ponchos, and exports horses, hides, and vicuña wool. Population, estimated, in 1898, 11,000.

SAN LUIS. A town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the Province of Pampanga, on the Rio Grande de Pampanga, about 10 miles northeast of Bacolor (Map: Philippine Islands, E 4). Population, estimated, in 1899, 10,298.

SAN LUIS DE LA PAZ, då lå päs. A Mexican town in the State of Guanajuato, 53 miles northeast of the city of that name, situated on a branch railroad from Dolores Hidalgo. It has a beautiful parish church. Population, in 1895, 9601.

SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, pō'tô-se'. An inland State of Mexico, bounded by the States of Coahuila and Nueva Leon on the north, Tamaulipas and Vera Cruz on the east, Hidalgo, Querétaro, and Guanajuato on the south, and Zacatecas on the west (Map: Mexico, J 6). Area, 25,316 square miles. The greater part of the State lies within the great Mexican plateau, but near the southeastern corner the plateau falls steeply several thousand feet to the low valley of the Pánuco. The climate is healthful in the elevated parts and hot and unhealthful in the lowlands, where fever prevails. The surface is abundantly wooded and the soil is very fertile in the valleys, producing grain, rice, sugar, and pepper. The mining industry, once very extensive, has declined, though the mineral deposits are far from exhausted. Commerce and manufactures, however, are increasing, and the State is one of the richest and most progressive in the Republic. The capital is San Luis Potosí (q.v.). Population, in 1900, 582,486, including a large propertion of Indians.

SAN LUIS POTOSÍ. The capital of the State of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, situated on the plateau at the head of the valley of the Verde, 215 miles northwest of Mexico, and 6200 feet above sea level (Map: Mexico, H 6). It is almost hidden by luxuriant gardens, and is regularly laid out, with broad streets and numerous plazas, on one of which is a marble fountain surmounted

by a statue of Hidalgo. On the principal square

stands the handsome cathedral and the fine city hall. Other notable buildings are the courthouse, the Governor's palace, the mint, and the Alarcón Theatre. The city is an important railroad centre. It has a considerable trade in cattle, wool, and hides. It derived its original importance from the famous silver mines in the neigh

boring Cerro de San Pedro, discovered in 1583;

but though the mines are now almost abandoned,

the city retains its prominence, and is the fourth in size in the Republic. Its population in 1895 was 69,050.

SAN MARCO IN LAMIS, sän märk ên lä'mês. A town in the Province of Foggia, Italy, on the southwestern slope of Monte Gargano, 18

SAN MARINO, mȧ-re'nô. A republic in Italy, situated between the provinces of Forlì and Pesaro-Urbino, near the Adriatic coast, 12 miles southwest of Rimini (Map: Italy, G 4). Area, about 38 square miles; population, about 10,000. It is the oldest State in Europe and one of the smallest in the world. The district is hilly, the highest point being Monte Titano (about 2650 feet). The climate is healthful. Cattle-raising and wine production are the chief occupations. Stone figures among the exports. The uninteresting town of San Marino is situated on Monte Titano, and is protected by a wall. It has five churches and a fine Parliament house. The governing lawsthe Statuta Illustrissimæ Reipublicæ-date from the Middle Ages. In 1847 the ruling Grand Council tative chamber, with 60 life members, chosen was transformed into a represenfrom the burghers, landowners, and the nobility. Two members are selected every six months as reigning captains.' From this council an executive council of 12 is chosen yearly. San Marino has a treaty of friendship with Italy. There is no public debt. The revenue for 1899-1900 was about £11,600, the expenditure, £13,700.

HISTORY. The city of San Marino, said to have been founded in the fourth century by Saint Marinus of Dalmatia, formed part of the Byzantine exarchate of Ravenna, and, after an uneventful existence under Lombard and Frankish rule, gradually established its independence with the aid of the counts of Montefeltro. In 1631 it received a formal acknowledgment Napoleon did not deign to tamper with the of its independence from Pope Urban VIII. led to the preservation of its identity in 1860liliputian republic, and sentiment, probably, 61, on the formation of the Italian kingdom, under whose protection the Republic placed itself in 1862. Consult: Franciosi, Garibaldi e la repubblica di San Marino (Bologna, 1891); Hauttecœur, La république de San Marino (Brussels, 1894).

SAN MARTIN, sän mär-ten', JOSÉ DE (17781850). A South American general, distinguished Spain. He was born at Yapeyu in Argentina, for his services in the war of independence against February 25, 1778, and as a child was sent to Spain, where he received his education. He entered the army and served with distinction In 1811 he laid down his against the French. rank of lieutenant-colonel and in the following year went to Buenos Ayres, where he threw in his fortunes with the patriot cause. In January, 1813, he defeated the Spanish Viceroy at San command of the insurgent army in Upper Peru. Lorenzo and in the following year was placed in San Martin now conceived the design of destroying the Spanish power by overrunning Chile and two years' preparation he set out in January, then striking at the stronghold, Peru. 1817, from Mendoza, with a well-drilled army of 4000 men, crossed the Andes with much hardship, and on February 12th routed the Spaniards at Chacabuco. This led to the occupation of the capital and the establishment of the Republic of which San Martin declined the proffered head

After

ship. Defeated at Cancha Rayada, March 19, 1818, he retrieved his fortunes by a decisive victory at the Maipo, April 5th, definitely ending the Spanish power in Chile. In August, 1820, he set sail from Valparaiso with an army of 4500 men, and landing at Pisco, some 150 miles south of Lima, entered the capital in July, 1821, and proclaimed the independence of Peru. In August he was chosen Protector. To Bolivar (q.v.), who in 1822 came to the aid of the Peruvians, San Martin left the task of completing the conquest of the country, resigning his command in August, 1822, and departing for Europe. He lived subsequently at Brussels and in France, and died at Boulogne, August 17, 1850. His life was one of devoted patriotism, marred neither by vainglory, factional hatred, nor personal interest.

SANMICHELI, sän'mê-kā'lê, MICHELE (1484-1559). An Italian architect, born in Verona. He went to Rome, worked under Bramante, and made the acquaintance of Michelangelo, of Sansovono, and of Antonio Sangallo, with whom he was employed in repairing the fortifications of Central Italy. Sanmicheli is reckoned the first to use the bastionary system of fortification. He built many beautiful portals in Venice and Verona, the Bevilacqua and Pompeii palaces in Verona, the latter being his masterpiece, the Church of the Madonna di Campagna in the same city, and in Venice the Palazzo Grimani, and the Palazzo Mocenigo, so famous for its

façade.

SAN MIGUEL, mê-gâl'. A city of the Republic of Salvador, situated 70 miles east of San Salvador at the foot of the volcano of San Miguel or Jucuapa (Map: Central America, C 4). It is the third city of the Republic in size, the capital of a department of the same name, and the centre of a rich agricultural region. It has some foreign trade, especially in indigo. Population, about 25,000.

SAN MIGUEL DE ALLENDE, dâ ål'yân'dâ. A town of Mexico. See ALLENDE.

SAN MIGUEL DE MAYUMO, dâ må-yoʊ'mo. A town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the Province of Bulacán, situated 22 miles northeast of Malolos (Map: Philippine Islands, E 4). Population, estimated, in 1899, 20,460.

SAN MINIATO, mê'nê-ä'tô. (1) A city in the Province of Florence, Italy, 21 miles by rail west-southwest of Florence (Map: Italy, E 4). The tenth-century cathedral was remodeled in 1488. The city has an old castle, a lyceum, and a seminary. There are manufactures of glass, leather, and straw goods, and olive oil. Population (commune), in 1901, 20,042. (2) An ancient church near Florence (q.v.).

SANNAZARO, sän'nåd-zäʼrô, JACOPO (14581530). An Italian author, born at Naples. Trained at Naples, he was there introduced into the Arcadian Academy, in which he was known as Actius Syncerus. Frederick III., to whom he was devoted, gave him the villa at Mergellina, and when Louis XII.'s expedition of 1501 obliged Frederick to leave his realm, Sannazaro joined him in exile, and served him until his death in 1504. Sannazaro's masterpiece is the Arcadia, a pastoral composition in mingled prose and verse. The work was imitated and translated into foreign languages, and helped greatly to develop the pastoral in European countries. Sannazaro's minor

works in Italian comprise some short monologues and a few allegorical farces, and his various Rime, largely Petrarchian in inspiration. His Latin compositions are among the best of the time. They include elegies, eclogues, and epigrams, besides a longer poem, De Partu Virginis. Consult: Colangelo, Vita di Jacopo Sannazaro (Naples, 1819); the Life in the edition of the Opere Volgari (Padua, 1723); the Opere Latine (Amsterdam, 1728); an edition of the Arcadia, and a discussion of its composition by M. Scherillo, in Arcadia di Jacopo Sannazaro secondo i manoscritti e le prime stampe con note, etc. (Turin, 1888). SAN NICOLÁS, sän nê'kô-läs'. A town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the Province of Pangasinan, situated about 33 miles east of Lingayen (Map: Philippine Islands, E 3). Population, estimated, in 1899, 10,204.

SAN NICOLÁS, or SAN NICOLÁS DE LOS ARROYOS. A town of Argentina, in the Province of Buenos Ayres, on the Paraná River, 40 miles below Rosario and 125 miles northwest of Buenos Ayres (Map: Argentina, E 10). It is an important industrial centre, and has steam flour mills and large beef-preserving establishments. It is also a considerable railroad centre and a station for steamers. Population, estimated, in 1898, 15,000.

SANNYASIN, sån-nyä'sin (Skt., renouncer). The Sanskrit term for one who has renounced all earthly interests and has devoted

himself to a life of asceticism and meditation. It referred originally to a Brahman in the fourth and last stage of his life. (See BRAHMANISM.) The meaning of the word has been extended, however, to include all religious mendicants, chiefly of the Sivite sects (see SAIVAS), who subsist on alms and live a life of contemplation.

SAN PABLO, pä'blô. A town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in the Province of Laguna, situated about 16 miles south of Santa Cruz (Map: Philippine Islands, F 5). Population, estimated, in 1899, 19,537.

SAN PEDRO, pē'drô. The seaport of Los Angeles (q.v.).

SAN PEDRO, pã'drô. A town of Paraguay, 90 miles north of Asuncion, on the right bank of the Jujuy (Map: Paraguay, F 8). It has exports of maté and rubber. Population, about 7000.

SAN PIER D'ARENA, pê-âr' då-rā'nă. A town in the Province of Genoa, Italy, 21⁄2 miles west of Genoa, of which it is a suburb. It has a separate city government. It contains the beautiful Palazzo Scassi. The Church of Santa Maria della Cella is embellished with frescoes. The city has a technical school. It is a manufacturing cen tre, with a large sugar refinery, machine shops, and chemical and oil works. Population (commune), in 1901, 34,885.

SAN'POIL (apparently of North American Indian origin, although sometimes written as Fr. Sans Poils, hairless). A small tribe of Salishan stock (q.v.) formerly residing upon the river of the same name and now included with other tribes of the same region upon the Colville reservation, northeastern Washington. Lewis and Clark in 1804 mention them as Hihighenima corruption of their name among the Yakima. They are confederated with the Nespelim, speaking the same language, the two

mo,

tribes being the most aboriginal in eastern Washington, and until very recently adhering strictly to their primitive conditions and religion. In 1892 the Sanpoil were estimated at 300 and the Nespelim at 62. In 1901 the whole body was estimated at 400.

SAN RAFAEL, rü'få-el'. The county-seat of Marin County, Cal., 15 miles north of San Francisco; on an inlet of San Pablo Bay, and on the San Francisco and North Pacific and the North Pacific Coast railroads (Map: California, B 3). It is near Mount Tamalpais, in a region of pic turesque scenery, and is a popular resort. has a Dominican college, the Hitchcock School, Mount Tamalpais Military Academy, and a public library. Population, in 1890, 3290; in 1900, 3879.

It

SAN REMO, ra'mo. A city in the Province of Porto Maurizio, Italy, on the Riviera, 26 miles by rail east-northeast of Nice (Map: Italy, B4). The particularly mild climate has brought it into prominence as a winter resort. The old town, situated on a hill, is ill built, with narrow crooked streets, but the newer portion, along the coast, has fine promenades, villas, and gardens. The city has a thirteenth-century church, a seminary, and a technical school. The Villa Thiem contains a picture gallery. The products of the neighborhood are olives, lemons, and oranges, and there are manufactures of perfumes and mosaics. Population (commune), in 1901, 21,440.

SAN ROQUE, rō'kâ, CAPE. See CAPE SAN ROQUE.

SAN SALVADOR, säl'vå-Dōr'. The name given by Columbus to the first island which he discovered in America. See GUANAHANI.

SAN SALVADOR. The capital of the Central American Republic of Salvador, situated a little west of the centre of the country, 25 miles from the Pacific coast, and near the foot of the extinct volcano of San Salvador (Map: Central America, C 4). Its houses are all low, surrounded by wide, open areas, and generally inclosing a central patio, being built with a view to withstanding earthquakes, to which the locality is particularly subject. Many of the large buildings are built of wood, including the new cathedral. Noteworthy are the national palace, the Casa Blanca ('White House') or Presidential mansion, the university, national library, astronomical observatory, and botanical garden. The city carries on a considerable trade in agricultural products, especially in indigo. The railroad to the port of Acajutla was completed in 1900. Population, about 30,000. San Salvador was founded in 1525 by Jorge de Alvarado. It has been a number of times nearly or quite destroyed by earthquakes, notably in 1854 and in 1873.

SANSCULOTTES, säN'ku'lôt (Fr., without breeches, i.e. wearing trousers instead of the knee-breeches then in fashion). The name given in scorn, at the beginning of the French Revolution, by the Court party to the democrats of Paris.

SAN SEBASTIÁN, sän sã’Bås-tê-än'. The capital of the Province of Guipúzcoa, Spain, situated on the Bay of Biscay, 12 miles from the French frontier (Map: Spain, D 1). It is built in a very picturesque location on a sandy isthmus

connecting the rocky and steep Monte Urgull with the mainland. The town was formerly fortified, and the mountain is still crowned by the fortress of La Mota. On the east the town is bounded by the Rio Urumea, and on the west by the Bay of Concha, which affords a spacious anchorage protected by the island of Santa Clara, and is lined with a magnificent beach along its inner shore. The old town lies at the foot of the moun

tain, and has been rebuilt since its destruction during the siege of 1813. A beautiful Alameda running across the isthmus separates it from the new town, which has wide, straight streets, and The most handsome parks and promenades. notable buildings are the town hall, with a handsome façade, the Palacio de la Diputación or provincial Government building, the magnificent hotel or Gran Casino facing the beach and surrounded by a park, the bull ring capable of seating 10,000 spectators, and the royal palace of Miramar, an unpretentious cottage built near the beach some distance west of

the town. San Sebastián is the summer residence of the Spanish royal family, the most fashionable seaside resort in Spain, and one of the most beautiful in Europe. Its commerce and industries are considerable, and there are a number of flour and saw mills, iron foundries, and manufactures of paper, beverages, cloth, and hats, while the fisheries are also very important. The permanent population in 1887 was 29,047; and in

1900, 37,703.

SAN SEVERO, så-va'rô. A city in the Province of Foggia, Italy, 19 miles by rail northwest of Foggia (Map: Italy, K 6). It has a cathedral, a seminary, and a technical school. The country is fertile, producing grain and fruit, and affording rich pasturage. In 1799 San Severo was destroyed by the French. Population (commune), in 1901, 30,040.

SAN-SING, sän'sing. The principal town of Northeastern Manchuria, on the Sungari (Map: China, G 2). Population, about 30,000. A fort and barracks are situated six or seven miles to the east. See KIRIN.

SAŃSKĀRA, såns-kä'rå. The name given to the forty rites incumbent on the three higher castes of Hindus. See SAṀSKARA.

SANSKRIT LANGUAGE (Skt. samskṛta, adorned, perfected, p.p. of samskar, to adorn, from sam, together + kar, to make). The name ordinarily applied to the whole ancient and sacred language of India. It belongs properly, however, to that dialect which was treated by the