But the water front was saved, as was also the district to the west of Van Ness Avenue, Octavia, and Dolores Streets, including nearly all of the handsome private residences, except those of Knob Hill, capable of housing 250,000 to 300,000 people. Even in the burned district many buildings resisted the shock and fire so well that steps were soon taken to repair and reoccupy them. Among such are the Crocker, Union Trust, Merchants Exchange, Kohl, Mills, Call, Mutual Savings buildings, the Hotel St. Francis, the United States Post-office and others of similar importance. The Call was re-occupied on the lower floors within a month. By May 21, many of the banking houses, and within six weeks every one was again open. Some of the largest construction companies were not heavily damaged, and such firms as the Union Iron Works and Risdon Iron Works were soon able to undertake contracts. Many of the San Francisco Art Treasures, some of them masterpieces, such as William Keith's "The Snows of the Sierras," were saved even from the ruined district. Many paintings from the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art were saved in the emergency by cutting the canvases from the frames and rolling them into bundles. On the 27th of April the street railways resumed business. After this date also there were no confiscations of property, and 300 retail stores were established, and the newspapers of the city were appearing regularly.

As an offset to the losses there was estimated to be $208,000,000 insurance in 108 companies, most of which would be paid. All the strong companies, waiving all technicalities, soon began to settle their claims.

RELIEF. On the 19th offers of aid were made by every large city in the United States, Congress by joint resolution voted $1,000,000, the Red Cross.took steps to use its organization to the utmost, sending Dr. Edward T. Devine as its special representative, and the cities nearest began to forward food and other supplies by the train load. General Funston's call for food, tents, and blankets elicited a prompt response. By Sunday, the 22d, food in plenty had reached the city, rations were distributed regularly to all comers, the water system had been somewhat repaired and was supplying 6,000,000 gallons of water daily, and famine conditions were relieved. By the 23d, the people of the United States had subscribed $10,000,000 to the Relief Fund, and Congress voted $1,500,000 more. On the 24th, all local relief measures were organized and placed under the control of the Finance Committee of the Relief and Red Cross Funds which continued in charge. Up to September 15th, Dr. Devine reports as follows: amount of cash received, $5,867,479; amount expended, $3,368,641, leaving in the treasury, $2,498,838. Of the amounts not yet transferred to San Francisco, $1,873,356 is in the treasury of the Red Cross in Washington; $585,677 in New York; a little over $250,000 in the New York Chamber of Commerce; a little less than $250,000 in the Massachusetts Relief Association treasury; $152,828 in the Chicago Commercial Association; and of local untouched subscriptions in San Francisco, $65,428.

SCIENTIFIC FEATURES. On the third day after the shock Governor Pardee appointed a State Farthquake Investigation Commission, naming as its chairman Professor A. C. Lawson of the State University. With him were associated

seven other geologists. A preliminary report of this Commission is printed in Science of June 20, 1906. The cause of the earthquake was a displacement along a very extensive and well marked fault line that extends in a general N. 35 W. for several hundred miles at a slight angle with the coast line. Movement is known to have taken place along this line for a distance of 185 miles. All fences, roads, stream courses, pipe lines, dams, conduits, and property lines that cross this line were dislocated. The amount varies from 6 to 20 feet, probably averaging 10 feet. The country to the southwest of the line is permanently displaced northwesterly with reference to that on the opposite side. All effects of the shock diminish gradually with distance from this fault line. At a distance of 20 miles only an occasional chimney is thrown down, at 75 miles there were no destructive effects. The most notable exceptions to the strict rule of distance are San José, 12 miles, and San Francisco, 8 miles from the main fault. The greater destruction to San José is described to the deep alluvial soil, and, in the low lying portions of San Francisco, to the loose-made ground of the reclaimed bay. The results of the disaster show that much greater destruction was caused to buildings standing on loose ground instead of rock. In all cases structures of good design and honest construction stood the shock remarkably well. The steel frame structure, even of great height, proved itself to entire satisfaction.

In the 36 years from 1850 to 1886 there were 254 separate light shocks felt in San Francisco, and 514 in the State. A severe one occurred in 1865, and one in 1898 did considerable damage in San Francisco.

The last previous one of consequence was in January, 1900. The exact time of the earthquake of 1906, which will now be known as the great San Francisco Earthquake, as recorded in the Observatory at Berkeley was 5h. 12m. 6s. Pacific Standard time, and the end of the shock 5h. 13m. 11s., A.M., April 18, 1906, the duration being 1m. 5s. Within an hour of the main shock 12 minor shocks were observed, and before 6h. 52m., P.M., of the same day 31 shocks were noted. These minor shocks continued for many days.

FATALITIES. Because of the immensity of the conflagration and consequent confusion, data of all kinds given out at the time were somewhat overestimated. The San Francisco earthquake stands as one of the greatest of its kind in total destruction, yet one of the lowest in loss of life. This further enforces the conclusion reached by all competent observers on the ground that the earthquake itself had caused comparatively little damage in spite of its intensity, and that the real disaster was from fire which, because of injury to the water supply, got beyond control. The resultant fire, exposure, and famine were responsible for a large percentage of the fatalities that may be charged indirectly to the earthquake. The most complete figures available given out by the Health Department four months after the disaster are that 452 persons lost their lives as the result of the earthquake, and the days of disaster and privation that followed it. Of these victims 266 were killed by falling walls, 177 perished by fire, 7 were shot, 2 died as the result of ptomaine poison due to 'emergency' canned goods of poor quality. 420 were white persons, 18 Chinese, and 4 Japanese. Eleven were less than a year old.

SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAIN. The highest peak in Arizona, situated near Flagstaff in the north central part of the Territory (Map: Arizona, C 2). It rises abruptly 5000 feet above the Colorado plateau to an altitude of 12,794 feet. Its core is of volcanic formation and it is capped by a mass of lava in which there is an extinct crater. The body of the mountain, however, is formed by circumdenudation, the Triassic sandstone composing the sides being protected by the hard lava-cap while the surrounding portions were worn away. The sandstone escarpment is now almost completely hidden by a talus of volcanic detritus. The mountain is a conspicuous landmark; the surrounding region has displayed fresh volcanic activity since the denudation of the plateau, and from the summit more than a hundred craters may be seen.

SANGALLO, sän-gäl'lo. A celebrated family

of Italian architects of the Renaissance.-GIULIANO (1445-1516), the first to be distinguished and most important member of the family, was born in Florence, the oldest son of Francesco Giamberti, a woodworker. While very young he studied with Francione, a worker in tarsia (q.v.), but he acquired his architectural training among the ancient monuments of Rome. Returning to Florence to enter the army in the war with Naples in 1478, he gained great favor with Lorenzo de' Medici for his skill as a military engineer. For him he built the villa at Poggio a Cajano, where Lorenzo and his circle of humanists held their famous sessions, the beautiful Church of Madonna delle Carceri at Prato, and the Augustine convent at Florence, near the San Gallo gate, from which he derived the name later assumed by the family. He designed the Gondi Palace and the celebrated Strozzi Palace, for which Benedetto da Majano has received the credit, and built for Giuliano delle Rovere the fortress at Ostia. After the death of Lorenzo de' Medici, he designed the ceiling of Santa Maria Maggiore and the cloister of San Pietro in Vincoli, and in 1503 he designed the first plans for Saint Peter's. Replaced by Bramante, he returned to Florence in 1509, taking part in the capture of Pisa. Upon the accession of Pope Leo X., formerly Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, he was associate architect with Raphael at Saint Peter's, serving in this capacity for about two years. He died at Florence, October 20, 1516. In the Uffizi Gallery at Florence, the Barberini Library at Rome, and at Siena, are many of his drawings which are of extraordinary merit. His work as an architect, although he was one of the most important architects of the Early Renais sance, was somewhat overshadowed by his prowess as a military engineer.

ANTONIO DA SANGALLO, the elder (1455-1534), a younger brother of Giuliano, had a very similar career, excelling both as an architect and military engineer. He was employed by Pope Alexander VI. in fortification work at the Castle of Sant' Angelo, at Civita Castellana, and at Nepi. He reconstructed the church at Arezzo and built the fine portico of the Annunziata, Florence, for Pope Leo X. His best work as an architect is the Church of the Madonna di San Biagio at Monte Pulciano, where he also built the Cervini, Tarugi, and Bellarmini palaces. He took part in the defense of Florence when it was besieged in 1530, and died December 27, 1534.

Many of his drawings and plans are preserved at the Uffizi Gallery.

ANTONIO CORDIANI DA SANGALLO, called the younger (1485-1546), was a son of Giuliano. He went to Rome at eighteen years of age, studied with Bramante, and did important work for forty-one years under the popes Leo X., Clement VII., and Paul III. He was employed on the Castle of Sant' Angelo and at Saint Peter's, nearly finished the Farnese Palace at Rome, and completed the Santa Maria di Loreto, at Loreto. With his brother Battista, he was engaged upon the villa Madama in Rome, usually attributed to Raphael. In 1518 he was appointed to succeed Raphael as architect of Saint Peter's and of the Vatican Palace. His model for the church is still in existence. (See SAINT PETER'S CHURCH.) His work as a military engineer was very extensive, comprising more than a dozen fortifications. He died at Terni, October 3, 1546.

SANGERHAUSEN, zäng'ĕr-hou'zen. A town in the Province of Saxony, Prussia, 36 miles by rail west of Halle (Map: Germany, D 3). Saint Ulrich is a splendid basilica, founded in the twelfth century, and recently rebuilt. There are two castles and two hospitals, dating from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The manufactures include footwear, machinery, and other iron and steel products. Population, in 1900, 12,077, chiefly Protestants. Sangerhausen is mentioned in 991.

Department of Mayaguez, Porto Rico, 10 miles SAN GERMAN, sän Hĕr-män'. A town of the south of the town of Mayaguez, on the coast, at the mouth of the river Guanajibo (Map: Porto Rico, A 2).

Sugar, coffee, cacao, tobacco, and fruits are the principal exports. Population, in 1899, 3954.

SAN GIL, Hēl, or SAN JIL. A town of the Department of Santander, Colombia, 150 miles northeast of the city of Bogotá, on the right bank of the Gil River (Map: Colombia, C 2). The manufactures are sulphate of quinine, straw hats, and cotton counterpanes; the agricultural products, cotton, sugar-cane, and tobacco. Popu lation, in 1886, 10,038.

SAN GIMIGNANO, jë'mê-nyä'no. A city in Italy, 7%1⁄2 miles by carriage road west of Poggibonsi, which is 43 miles south of Florence (Map:

Italy, E 4). Gothic architecture present a faithful picture of The walls, the towers, and the the age of Dante. The Palazzo Pubblico, built 1288-1323, contains many ancient frescoes and paintings. There is an interesting public library. The Church of Sant' Agostino, built 1463-65, contains frescoes by Benozzo Gozzoli, the pupil of Fra Angelico. Population of commune, in 1901, 9848.

SAN GIOVANNI A TEDUCCIO, sän jôvän'né à tâ-doo'chô. A suburb of Naples, Italy, situated in the direction of Portici (Map: Italy. D 11). Population of commune, in 1901, 20,797.

SAN GIOVANNI IN FIORE, în fé-o'râ. A city in the Province of Cosenza, Italy, 12 hours by stage east of the city of Cosenza (Map: Italy, L8). It is the principal place in the lofty (6325 feet) Sila Mountains. The district produces grain, fruit, wine, and fine cattle. Population of commune, in 1901, 12,114.