would be death, while he goes to the river, takes a salmon, eats a portion, and with the remainder kindles a sacred fire in the sweat-house. No man may catch a salmon before the dance nor for ten days afterwards, even in case of extreme necessity. SALMO'NEUS (Lat., from Gk. Zaλuwvevs). A king of Elis who wished to be thought a god, and imitated Jove's thunder by driving his chariot over a brazen bridge, and lightning by torches hurled in all directions. For this impiety he was killed by lightning.

A

SALMON FISHING. This sport demands the exercise of all the skill and experience which the experienced angler may possess. It is universally admitted that of all the delights of an angler's experience there is nothing comparable with that of rising and hooking a salmon. first essential is the knowledge of the habits of the fish and the position of rod and tackle that will be equal to the strength and courage of the salmon. No arbitrary rule can be laid down in the selection of a rod, as much will depend upon the skill, strength, and experience of the fisherman; usually, a 17-foot rod is considered long enough for ordinary casting. A moderately thick line will be required if a powerful rod is employed. A casting line, i.e. the gut line connecting the reel line with the fly, must be selected according as the water is clouded or clear, a finer line being selected for the clearer water. It is in the selection of flies that the greatest differences of opinion exist regarding salmon fishing. Some anglers employ different patterns for every month of the fishing season, others certain patterns or types for certain localities, while still others believe that certain shades of color are necessary for certain days. The consensus of opinion seems to be that the question of color is more important than that of pattern. There is almost as much divergence of opinion regarding hooks, a question which, like that of flies,' must be left to the choice of the angler. From the casting of the fly to the gaffing and landing of the fish no definite rule may be said to apply. Consult CholmondeleyPennell, Fishing, in the Badminton Library (London, 1885). See FLY-CASTING; FISHING.

SALMON-KILLER. See STICKLEBACK. SALMON RIVER. A stream of Idaho. It rises in the Sawtooth Mountains, in the south central part of the State, and after a circuitous, mainly westward, course, empties into the Snake River, 50 miles above Lewiston (Map: Idaho, A 3). It is about 400 miles long, and throughout its length it flows in a deep, cañon-like valley, whose steeply sloping sides rise from 3000 to 4000 feet above it.

SALMON-TROUT. See SALMON.

SALM-SALM, zülmʼzälm', FELIX, Prince (1828-70). A German soldier of fortune, born at Anhalt. He was educated at the cadet school near Berlin, and, after serving in the Prussian and Austrian armies, came to the United States in 1861. At the beginning of the Civil War he was appointed to the staff of Gen. Louis Blenker, and later was commissioned colonel of the Eighth New York Volunteers, a German regiment. In 1864 he was appointed to the command of the Sixty-eighth New York Volunteers, and the next year was made brigadiergeneral and served as post commander at Atlanta. At the end of the war he went to Mexico, where

he became one of Emperor Maximilian's aides and chief of his household. Soon after Maximilian's execution he returned to Europe, reëntered the Prussian service as major in the Grenadier Guards, and was killed at Gravelotte. He published an account of his experiences in My Diary in Mexico, Including the Last Days of Emperor Maximilian (1868). Consult Princess Salm-Salm, Ten Years of My Life (New York, 1875).

SALOL (from sal-icyl + phen-ol). The salicylate of phenol, a white crystalline powder, nearly tasteless and odorless, almost insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. It is very slightly or not at all dissolved in the stomach, but in the alkaline intestinal secretion is split into 36 parts of phenol and 64 of salicylic acid. This fact is utilized in testing the muscular activity of the stomach. In the healthy stomach salol should pass into the intestine, and after decomposition there appear in the urine as salicyluric acid within one-half to three-quarters of an hour. If this reaction cannot be obtained within an hour after administration of salol there is probably some such condition as dilatation or atony of the stomach. The test for salicyluric acid is the addition to the urine of a few drops of ferrie chloride, which gives a reddish-violet color with that acid. The physiological effects of salol are practically the same as those of salicylic acid (q.v.), which is formed by its decomposition in the intestine, but the ringing in the ears and other cerebral symptoms are less marked and frequent, and gastric disturbance is rare on account of its insolubility in the stomach. Aside from these advantages it is inferior to sodium salicylate in the treatment of acute rheumatism. It is of value as an intestinal antiseptic in colitis and similar affections. For the relief of pain it is often combined with phenacetine in cases of influenza.

The

SALO'ME (Lat., from Gk. Zaλwun). name of several women mentioned in later Jewish history or the New Testament. (1) The wife of Alexander Jannæus, King of the Jews B.C. 104-78. When her former husband, Aristobulus I., died she released his brother, Alexander Jannæus, from prison and gave him her hand in marriage. At his death she reigned as Queen until her death in B.C 69. Unlike her husband, she favored the Pharisees, and her prosperous reign was considered by them the golden period of the Maccabean era. (2) A sister of Herod the Great, intensely jealous of any rivalry touching her influence with her brother. She was a wicked, unscrupulous woman, several times married and divorced. (3) The daughter of Herodias, second wife of Antipas, and granddaughter of Herod the Great. Her skillful dancing induced Antipas to make the rash vow that led to the death of John the Baptist (cf. Mark vi. 17 et seq.). She married Aristobulus, one of the numerous descendants of Herod, ruler of Lesser Armenia. (4) Wife of Zebedee and mother of the Apostles James and John. She was one of Jesus' most devoted friends, though somewhat over-ambitious for her sons' advancement in the coming Messianic kingdom. Some suppose that she was sister to Mary, the mother of Jesus (cf. Matt. xx. 20-23; xxvii. 56; Mark xv. 40-41, xvi. 1, and possibly John xix. 25.)

SALOMON, sä'lô-môn, JOHANN PETER (17451815). A German-English musician, born at Bonn. When young he was attached to the service of Prince Henry of Prussia, for whom he composed several operas. In 1781 he visited Faris and afterwards London, where he settled for the rest of his life. His series of subscription concerts in London in 1790 were notable. He produced the twelve symphonies of Haydn, known as the "Salomon Set." His compositions include songs, part songs, violin solos, and concertos. Two years before his death he founded the Lon don Philharmonic Society. He was interred in Westminster Abbey.

SALOMON ISLANDS.

ANDS.

See SOLOMON ISL

An

SAL'OMONS, Sir DAVID (1797-1873). English merchant, legislator, and writer, born in London, of Jewish parentage. He early engaged in commerce in London, was one of the founders of the London and Westminster Bank in 1832,

and was elected a sheriff for London and Middlesex in 1835.

As Jews had not formerly been considered eligible for the shrievalty, a special act of Parliament was passed to establish the legality of his election. He was instrumental in securing the passage by Parliament in 1845 of a bill enabling Jews to hold municipal offices, and in 1847 was chosen alderman of Cordwainer ward. In 1851 he was elected as a Liberal to Parliament from Greenwich, but refused to take the prescribed oath. In 1858 the oath prescribed for members of Parliament was altered so that a Jew could take it without violating his conscience, and from 1859 continuously until his death Salomons represented Greenwich. In 1855 he was elected Lord Mayor of London, and in 1869 was created a baronet. His publications include: A Defense of Joint-stock Banks (1837); The Monetary Difficulties of America (1837); An Account of the Persecution of the Jews at Damascus (1840); Parliamentary Oaths (1850); and Alteration of Oaths (1853).

SALON, så'lôN'. A town of the Department of Bouches-du-Rhône, France, 20 miles northwest of Aix. The fourteenth-century Church of Saint Lawrence contains the tomb of the astrologer Nostradamus. Near by, at Lançon, is a Roman camp in good preservation. Olive oil and soap are manufactured, and there is also a trade in almonds. Population, in 1901, 12,872.

SALON (Fr., drawing-room). A room devoted to the reception of company, and hence a periodic reunion for conversational and social purposes. Such reunions have been very common in Paris, and have had a marked influence not only upon literature and manners, but also upon politics. The first salon proper was that of the Hôtel de Rambouillet (q.v.). Immediately after the cessation of political turmoil Mlle. de Scudéry (q.v.) began her famous Saturday evenings in the Rue de Beauce, which were attended by Conrart, Ménage, Balzac, Mme. de la Suze, and Mme. de Sévigné, but were looked down upon by the nobility. The real successor of the Marquise de Rambouillet was Mme. de Sablé, who at her salon succeeded in bringing together the aristocracy of intellect and that of birth. Salons now began to multiply, and the system flourished until the middle of the nineteenth century. In the seventeenth century, besides those already men

tioned, the salons of Ninon de l'Enclos and Mme. Scarron (afterwards de Maintenon) were specially famous; in the eighteenth, those of Mme. du Deffand, of Mlle. de Lespinasse, of Mme. Geofrin, of Mme. de Turpin, of Mme. Necker, and of Mme. Roland; and in the nineteenth, those of Mme. de Staël, of Mme. Récamier, of Mme. Vigée le Brun, of Mme. de Girardin, and of Mme. Mohl were among the most conspicuous. There were salons which were distinctively political, or literary, or philosophic, but the greater number aimed rather at an eclecticism which afforded meeting places for all sorts of talents and all shades of belief or unbelief. Consult: Bassan

ville, Les salons d'autrefois (Paris, 1862-70); Wharton, Salons Colonial and Republican (Philadelphia, 1900).

annual exhibition of paintings, sculpture, engravSALON, THE PABIS. The title by which the ings, etchings, pastels, and water colors is known, and which is held in the Palais de l'Industrie, Paris, from May 1st to June 22d. The exhibition is open to living artists of whatever nationality, subject to their works meeting with the acceptance of the jury of experts elected by the votes of the exhibitors themselves. Those who have received the requisite number of medals or other recompenses at previous exhibitions are placed examination by the jury. The prizes, consisting hors concours, and their works are exempt from of various medals and the Prix de Rome (q.v.), are within the gift of the same jury, and are the object of eager competition.

Annual exhibitions by members of the Royal Academy were first held at the Palais Royal in 1667, and in 1669 they were transferred to the Salon Carré of the Louvre, whence they obtained their name. The Revolution abolished the special and in 1791 opened the doors of the Salon to all privileges of the members of the Royal Academy,

French artists. In 1855 the Salon for the first

time was held at its present quarters in the

Palais de l'Industrie.

Previous to 1872 the Salon was in charge of the artist members of the Institute, but the preponderance of architects among them led the Government, in 1872, to put it in charge of the exhibitors themselves, organized as the Société des Artistes Français. Dissensions consequent upon the awards at the exposition of 1889 resulted in the formation of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, which holds an independent exhibition in the Champs de Mars from May 15th to July 15th each year. The Paris Salon is the precursor of the similar exhibitions in London and elsewhere.

SALO'NA. Now a village in Dalmatia, near Spalato (q.v.); formerly an important city of the Roman Empire. Diocletian was born in it and retired to it after his abdication. Many remains of the Roman occupation have been brought to light in recent years.

SALONIKI, sä'lô-nē’kê (Turk. Selanik). The capital of a vilayet of the same name and the second seaport in European Turkey, situated at the northern end of an inlet of the Gulf of Saloniki, about 140 miles south of Sofia (Map: Balkan Peninsula, D 4). It lies partly on the flat coast of the inlet and partly on the slopes of Mount Kissos. It is still partly surrounded by white walls, and is commanded by the citadel of Heptapyrgion or Seven Towers. Saloniki,

abounding in well-preserved monuments of antiquity, is of great archæological interest. The triumphal arch across the former Via Egnatia is variously ascribed to Constantine and Theodosius, and consists of three archways of brick covered with marble slabs and decorated with bas-reliefs. The other arch, attributed to Vespasian, was demolished in 1867. The portico with caryatides, known as Las Incantadas, is believed to be the entrance to a hippodrome. The walls of the city along the water have been demolished and replaced by a magnificent quay, at the eastern end of which is the White Tower or the Tower of Blood, a remnant of the ancient fortifications.

The mosques of Saloniki are mostly of Byzantine origin and are characterized by great splendor. The Mosque of Saint Sophia is modeled after the famous mosque of the same name in Constantinople, and is crowned by a vast dome with beautiful mosaics. The Rotonda, the former Church of Saint George, also deserves especial mention for its mosaics. Saint Demetrius is interesting for the originality of its interior arrangement.

The principal manufactures are morocco leather and leather products, cutlery and arms, flour, cotton yarn, bricks and tiles, and soap. By its situation Saloniki is remarkably well adapted for a great commercial seaport. The new harbor opened in 1901 is protected by a breakwater over 1800 feet long, and has a quay over 1470 feet long, with a long pier at each end. The chief exports of Saloniki are grain, animals and animal products, silk cocoons, wool, tobacco, opium, manganese, etc. The chief imports are textiles, sugar, coffee, tobacco, chemicals, and iron goods. The commerce of Saloniki (excluding the coasting trade) amounted in 1900 to nearly $18,400,000, of which the exports represented about $6,000,000. The trade is chiefly with Great Britain and Austria-Hungary.

The population is estimated at about 100,000, of whom the Jews form over 50 per cent. and the Mohammedans about one-third. The pre

dominating language is Ladino, a corrupted Spanish, introduced by the Jews.

Saloniki is the ancient Thessalonica (q.v.). Throughout nearly the whole of the Middle Ages it belonged to the Byzantine Empire. It has been

in the hands of the Turks since 1430.

SALPÊTRIÈRE, sål'pâ'trê'ar'. An old ladies' home and hospital in Paris. Begun by Louis XIV. in 1656 upon the site of the Petit Arsenal, the Salpêtrière has been added to continually, until to-day the forty-five buildings which cover its grounds accommodate over 5000 people-probably the largest institution of its kind in Europe. A large part of its population are superannuated female employees of the Government and there are a very large number of insane women. The hospital was used as a prison during the French Revolution.

SAL PRUNELLE. See SALTPETRE.

SALSETTE'. An island on the west coast of British India, situated immediately north of Bombay, with which it is connected by a causeway, and separated from the mainland by a channel less than a mile wide. The area is about 241 square miles. It is chiefly notable for a number of remarkable caves found at Kenery in the middle of the island. They are nearly a hundred in number, are all excavated in the face of a single hill, and contain elaborate carvings, espe cially representations of Buddha, many of them of colossal size.

SALSIFY (Fr. salcifis, dialectic sercifi, OF. sercifi, cerchefi, from It. sassafrica, goat's-beard, from Lat. saxum, rock+fricare, to rub), OYSTER PLANT, or VEGETABLE OYSTER (Tragopogon porrifolius). A biennial plant of the natural order Compositæ, indigenous to the Mediterranean region and cultivated in Europe, America, and Australia for its edible spindle-shaped root, 8 to 12 inches long and about an inch in diameter at the top. It requires a deep, rich soil, and is cultivated like parsnips, like which it may be left in the ground during the winter. In the second season it produces many-branched flower stalks three or four feet high bearing terminal heads of purplish flowers. A yellow-flowered variety of salsify (Tragopogon pratensis) is a weed both in Europe and America.

SALT (AS. sealt, Goth. salt, OHG. salz, Ger. Salz, salt; connected with Lat. sal, Gk. äλs, hals, OIr. salann, Lett. sāls, OChurch Slav. solī, salt). The chloride of sodium, known mineralogically as halite (q.v.), containing 60.41 per cent. of chlorine and 39.50 per cent. of sodium. The principal sources of salt are the ocean, salt lakes, subterranean brines, and deposits of rock salt.

SALPA (Lat., from Gk. σáλŋ, salpe, sort of stock-fish). A barrel-shaped ascidian existing either as small, separate individuals or forming a colony or chain consisting of large individuals. Salpa is pelagic, one species occurring in abundance off the shores of southern New England, while the others mostly live on the high seas all over the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. The hermaphroditic aggregated or chain salpa differs from the solitary asexual form in being less regularly barrel-shaped and without the two long posterior appendages of the latter. Salpa reproduces parthenogenetically, as in some crustaceans and insects, exhibiting a true case of alternation of generations (q.v.) of the kind called 'metagenesis.' Consult Brooks, "The Genus Salpa." in Memoirs of the Biological Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University, vol. ii. (Baltimore, 1893).

the accumulation of dissolved materials may become very great when the rivers enter a reservoir which has no other outlet than by evaporation. It is in this way that the brines of salt lakes have been formed, and the salt of the ocean probably has been derived also from the wash of the lands. The degree of concentration of such brines depends upon a number of factors, such as the volume of the reservoir, amount of water supplied, rate of evaporation, and the time during which the process has been carried on. In the Caspian Sea the dissolved salt amounts to only 0.63 per cent., while the Mediterranean contains 3.37 per cent., the Atlantic Ocean (average) 3.63 per cent., and the Dead Sea 22.30 per cent. When the water evaporated exceeds that entering the reservoir, the solution may become saturated, and the salts will then be deposited in the order of their solubility, such slowly soluble substances as gypsum being precipitated

as the front and the back pan. The brine passes from the latter to the former, the supply being kept up to supply decrease due to evaporation. The grain of the salt is sometimes controlled by adding glue, soft soap, or other material during the process of evaporation. In the kettle process the brine is evaporated in kettles having a capacity of about 120 gallons. In the bottom of the kettle there is set a pan having a vertical handle. This is for the purpose of catching the gypsum and iron which separate first. When these substances have been precipitated the pan is carefully withdrawn.

In the mining of rock salt the deposits are worked by the usual shafts and chambers, and the product when brought to the surface is either shipped in large lumps or put through a breaker, which is a building containing a series of crushers, toothed rolls, and screens, for the purpose of breaking up the salt and separating it into the various sizes.

Salt has been and still is used to some extent as a fertilizer. It belongs to the class of soil amendments or improvers. (See MANURES.) Since it supplies no essential element of plant food, its value as a soil improver is probably due to its physical action (attraction for water, etc.), or to its ability to set free inert plant food in the soil. See COMPOSTS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Cadell, "The Salt Deposit at Stassfurt," Transactions Edinburgh Geological Society, v., pt. i. (Edinburgh, 1885); Chatard, "Salt-making Processes in the United States," Seventh Annual Report United States Geological Survey, p. 497 (Washington, 1888); Merrill, "Salt and Gypsum Industries in New York," Bulletin New York State Museum, iii., No. 11 (Albany); Lucas, "Rock Salt in Louisiana," Transactions American Institute Mining Engineers, vol. xxxix. (New York, 1899); Veatch, "The Salines of North Louisiana," Report on the Geology of Louisiana, Geological Survey of Louisiana for 1902 (Baton Rouge); Bailey, "Brines and Their Industrial Use," University Geological Survey of Kansas, vol. vii. (Topeka, 1902); Root, "The Manufacture of Salt and Bromine," Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. vi. (Norwalk); Cummins, "Salt in Northwestern Texas," Texas Geological Survey, Second Annual Report, p. 444 (Austin, 1891); Bailey, "Saline Deposits of California,” Bulletin California State Mining Bureau, 1902 (San Francisco).

For statistics, see volumes on Mineral Resources, issued annually by the United States Geological Survey (Washington), and also The Mineral Industry (New York, annual).

SALT, Sir TITUS (1803-76). An English manufacturer, born at Morley, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He learned the wool-stapling business, and in 1824 entered into partnership with his father at Bradford. He was the first to make practical use of Donskoi wool in worsted manufacture, and in 1836 he introduced alpaca to the British market. In 1853 he opened a great factory a few miles from Bradford, on the River Aire, about. which there soon grew up the town of Saltaire. His factories were built with special regard to warmth, light, and ventilation, and in the town he erected hundreds of model dwellings, a public dining hall, factory schools, public baths, and other conveniences. He was created a baronet in 1869. Consult: Balgarnie, Life of

Sir Titus Salt; and Holyrod, Saltaire and Its Founder.

SALTA, säl'tå. A northwestern province of Argentina, bordering on Bolivia and Chile (Map: Argentina, D 8). Area, 45,000 square miles. The western half is occupied by Andean ranges, while the eastern part belongs to the Gran Chaco. It is abundantly watered and contains a considerable various kinds of fruit are raised successfully. area of agricultural land. Grain, sugar, and The mountains contain gold, silver, copper, and other minerals, but the principal occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and cattle-raising. Population, in 1900, 131,938. Capital, Salta.

SALTA. The capital of the Province of Salta, Argentina, situated among the mountains, 135 miles northwest of Tucumán (Map: Argentina, D 8). The town is well built with paved streets, and has a cathedral, a national college, and a normal school. A railroad runs to Buenos Ayres and an important trade is carried on with Bolivia. Population, in 1895, 16,672; in 1901 (estimated), 17,500.

SALT BUSH. See ATRIPLEX.

SALT-CAKE. A name applied to the crude sodium sulphate obtained when sodium chloride is treated with sulphuric acid. See SODA.

SALTILLO, sål-tēl'yo, or LEONA VICARIO. The capital of the State of Coahuila, Mexico, situated on the plateau 5200 feet above sea-level and 45 miles southwest of Monterey, on the Mexican National Railroad (Map: Mexico, H 5). It is regularly laid out, and has a handsome church, a college, an athenæum, and the Madero Institute, containing a library. The chief industries are the manufacture of blankets and shawls, cotton cloth, and flour. The town is an important trade centre. Population, in 1895, 26,801. Saltillo was founded in 1586 as an outpost against the Apaches. Near the city is Buena Vista, the scene of a battle between the Mexican and the United States forces in 1847.

SALTIRE. One of the ordinaries in heraldry (q.v.).

SALT LAKE CITY. The capital of Utah and the county seat of Salt Lake County, near the Jordan River and 12 miles southeast of Great Salt Lake; 676 miles west by north of Denver (Map: Utah, B 1). The Union Pacific, the Rio Grande Western, the Utah Central, and other railroads enter the city. Salt Lake City holds a unique place among the towns of the United States as the headquarters of the Latter Day Saints, generally known as Mormons (q.v.). It is situated in a spacious valley, more than 4300 feet above the sea, and surrounded by mountains. To the east is Fort Douglas (q.v.), a United States Government military post, with an extensive reservation. There are hot sulphur springs in the vicinity, and on the shores of Great Salt Lake (q.v.) are several bathing resorts, of which Saltair and Garfield Beach are the most popular. The city has an area of more than 51 square miles. It is laid out on a grand scale, the streets being broad and regular, and pleasantly shaded. Irrigation ditches line the thoroughfares. Lawns and gardens add to the general attractiveness. Many of the wards contain public squares. Liberty Park has an area of 110 acres.