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of Saladin, translated for the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (London, 1899); Marin, Histoire de Saladin, sultan d'Egypte et de Syrie (Paris, 1758).

SALADO, så-lä'Do, RIO. A river of Northern Argentina. It rises among the Andean ranges in the northwestern part of the country, and flows southeast through the Gran Chaco till it joins the Paraná River opposite the city of Paraná, after a course of about 1000 miles (Map: Argentina, E 9). It is a shallow, unnavigable, and very sluggish stream, meandering over the plain and frequently dividing into a network of channels and backwaters, which during floods are merged into large shallow lagoons. At low water it evaporates so rapidly as to become brackish in its lower course, whence its name, which means 'salt river.'

SALADO, RIO. A river of Western Argentina. It rises on the slope of the Andes in the Province of Catamarca, and flows southward in a rambling course over the plains, parallel with the mountains, from which it receives a number of tributaries (Map: Argentina, D 11). It is about 1000 miles long, and was formerly the most important member of the Colorado River system. Now, however, it never reaches the Colorado, but is lost by evaporation in the extensive salt marshes 80 miles north of that river. There are evidences that the process of desiccation of the surrounding plains is still going on. SALAD PLANTS. Vegetables whose green parts are used for human food. The plants so employed may be divided into three groups: Piquant, or warm salads such as cress, nasturtium, watercress, and mustard; bitter, of which dandelion, chicory, and endive are typical; and neutral, to which belong such characterless plants as corn salad. Lettuce really belongs to the second group, but when properly grown the bitter flavor is so greatly modified that it approaches the neutral group. The other bitter salads mentioned are similarly improved in flavor. Celery, which also belongs to the bitter group, and lettuce are unquestionably the leading salads in America, thousands of acres being annually devoted to their cultivation. Cardoon, which is grown in CARDOON (Cynara much the same way as celery, Cardunculus). is rarely cultivated in the United States, but is popular in Europe. It grows somewhat larger than most varieties of celery.

In general salads require a very rich, light, well drained, fibrous, loamy soil well exposed to the sun. To be in best condition they must be quickly grown, gathered when in prime vegetative vigor, before any indications of going to seed are manifested, and placed upon the table in the shortest possible time after gathering, before they have lost any of their crispness. See articles upon the various vegetables mentioned above.

SAL'AL. A shrub. See GAULTHERIA. SALAMANCA, sä'lå-män'kå. The capital of the Province of Salamanca, in the old Kingdom of Leon, and one of the oldest and most famous

university towns of Spain, situated on the Tormes River, 105 miles northwest of Madrid (Map: Spain, C 2). It is built on three hills surrounded by a dreary, treeless plain with a climate severe in winter and very hot in summer. It is surrounded by a wall, parts of which are very old, and a Roman bridge of 27 arches, more than half of which belong to the original has a medieval aspect, with narrow, crooked structure, crosses the Tormes. The town still streets lined with stately and venerable structures. In the centre of the town is the large Plaza Mayor, the finest of its kind in Spain; it ings, among which is the town hall. Though a is surrounded by colonnades and by lofty buildlarge part of the town was destroyed during the istence 25 churches, some of which date from the French occupation in 1812, there are still in exeleventh and twelfth centuries, such as the old cathedral, a massive structure begun in 1100. Immediately adjoining it stands the new cathedral, begun in 1509 and finished in 1733. It is essentially late-Gothic, and has an imposing interior. Opposite the cathedrals stands the university building (see SALAMANCA, UNIVERSITY oF), begun in 1415, with an elaborately decorated plateresque façade. Of the 25 colleges and numerous old convents the greater number are in various states of ruin, many having been entirely destroyed by the French. Among other interesting buildings are the Casa de la Salina, now occupied by the Provincial Assembly, and the Church of San Esteban, both dating from the fifteenth century, and both having elaborate plateresque façades, and the Casa de las Conchas, whose façade is ornamented with shells. Industrially and commercially Salamanca is unimportant. Population, in 1887, 22,199; in 1900, 25,019.

Salamanca was known in ancient times as

Elmantica or Salamantica. About B.C. 220 it was captured by Hannibal, who, according to the tra dition, spared the city on account of the heroism of its women. It was taken and retaken several times by the Arabs. The town became especially important after the founding of its university in

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the thirteenth century.

SALAMANCA. A Mexican town of the State of Guanajuato, situated on the right bank of the Lerma River, 28 miles south of the city of Guanajuato (Map: Mexico, H 7), and on the Mexican Central Railroad. It is an important glove and cotton manufacturing centre, and contains an establishment for the manufacture of porcelain. The first settlement in the town was made by Its populathe Augustinian Fathers in 1616. tion, in 1895, was 13,121.

SAL'AMAN'CA. A village in Cattaraugus County, N. Y., 62 miles south of Buffalo; on the Allegheny River, and on the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg, and other railroads (Map: New York, B 3). It is situated in a rich farming region, and has a large trade in lumber and important railroad interests. There are railroad repair shops and yards, and various manufactures, including furniture, leather, and lumber products. The government is vested in a village president, chosen annually, and a council. Settled in 1860, Salamanca was incorporated in 1878. Population, in 1890, 3692; in 1900, 4251.

SALAMANCA, UNIVERSITY OF. A Spanish university, one of the greatest and most re

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nowned of Europe from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century. Founded by Alfonso IX. of Leon (c.1230), and refounded by Saint Ferdinand of Castile in 1242, it came into prominence in the reign of Alfonso X. (q.v.) (1252-82), surnamed the Astronomer. Its chief distinction was in the field of the canon and civil law. Owing to financial difficulties, it led a somewhat checkered existence, but was in alliance with and favored by the Papacy, and in some measure supported by it. Its rise to distinction began in the fifteenth century, and in the two succeeding centuries, particularly in the sixteenth, it was one of the dominating schools of Europe. Here Columbus explained his discoveries, and here the Copernican system was early accepted and taught. From the middle of the sixteenth century, when the number of students reached 6000, the university sank in size and prestige. It was reorganized in 1769-77, but suffered much from the political disturbances of the nineteenth century. Its present organization dates from 1857. It had in 1901 a budget of 150,000 pesetas, about 1200 students, and a library of some 80,000 volumes and 1000 manuscripts.

SALAMANDER (Lat. salamandra, from Gk.oaλáμavopa, salamandra; connected with Pers. samandar, salamandar). A genus of European tailed Amphibia which inhabit water only in their tadpole state, and return to it only to deposit their eggs, generally living in moist places, as under stones, roots of trees, etc. The general form is very similar to that of newts (q.v.), but the tail is round, not flat. Salamanders feed on worms, slugs, snails, and insects. They are inert, sluggish, and timid creatures and are perfectly harmless. The spotted salamander (Salamandra masculosa), six or eight inches long, black, with bright yellow stripes on its sides, and livid blue beneath, is widely spread throughout Europe. The black salamander (Salamandra atra) is much smaller, black, the body and tail ringed, the tail almost as if formed of beads. It is abundant in the Alps and mountains of Southern Germany. Other species are found in Spain, Italy, etc., and in Asia. The genus is not represented in the United States. 'Salamander,' however, in the United States is the common name for all the Urodela.

SALAMANDER. A German drinking term of uncertain significance. The custom to which the name is applied, called exercitium salamandri, originated with the students of Heidelberg about 1830. At the command of the president, the drinking vessels are rubbed about in a circle on the table and emptied. The participants then rattle the glasses on the table and finally set them down with a simultaneous crash. The salamander is the most formal method of drinking a health.

SAL'AMIS (Lat., from Gk. Zalauis, modern name Kuluri). A mountainous island of Greece, off the Coast of Attica, in the Gulf of Egina. It resembles a horseshoe in shape, the opening being to the west. On the northeast it is separated from Attica by a strait about one mile in width, and on the north by the Bay of Aleusis, while at the northwest it approaches close to the Megarian coast. In the northeast of the island was the ancient town of Salamis, near the modern Ambelaki, on the bay opposite the Attic coast. The area is about 36 square miles, and the

population about 4600. The island is rocky and mountainous, scantily wooded, and barren, though the coast districts and valleys yield a little grain and wine. Salamis was early an object of strife between the Athenians and Megarians, but after long wars the former secured it early in the sixth century B.C., and from that time it was a part of Attica. Its chief celebrity is due to the decisive naval battle fought between the Persians and Greeks in the strait between the long northeastern promontory of the island and the coast of Attica (B.c. 480). The Greek fleet, under the command of Themistocles and Eurybiades, gathered at the island on the advance of Xerxes against Athens, and is said to have intended withdrawal to the Isthmus when Themistocles persuaded Xerxes to blockade the straits during the night, and in the morning enter them for battle. The result was the complete defeat of the Persians, whose superior numbers and unwieldy vessels were unavailing in the narrow waters.

SALAMIS. An ancient ruined city in the middle of the eastern coast of Cyprus, the most important place on the island (Map: Turkey in Asia, E 5). It had a famous temple of Zeus. Its king, Euagoras (410-364), united Cyprus into one kingdom. The city fell to the Romans in 58 B.C. It was destroyed by an earthquake, and rebuilt by Constantine the Great, named Konstantia, and again made the capital of the island. It was laid waste by the Arabs. The village Hagios Sergios is near its ruins.

SALAMMBÔ sử làm bỏ. A novel by Gustave Flaubert (1862). The scene is laid in Carthage in the time of Hannibal, whose sister is the title character. The story is brilliantly realistic, and contains descriptions of great power, dealing often with the weird and bizarre.

SAL AMMONIAC (abbreviation of Lat. sal ammoniaci, salt of ammonium). The chloride of ammonium (NH,C1). It is of great value in medicine, chemistry, and the arts. It is obtained from the ammoniacal water of gas works, by adding sulphuric acid and then sublimating the sulphate thus formed with sodium chloride. It may be obtained on a small scale by adding hydrochloric acid to a solution of ammonia. In nature it is found in volcanic regions, as an efflorescence on the surface of rocks or as a sublimate in fissures, crystallized or forming crusts, or stalactites. It occurs as colorless, odorless, translucent fibrous masses, having a bitter saline taste, is freely soluble in water, and has a specific gravity of 1.45. In medicine it is used as an expectorant in bronchitis and pneumonia, being a favorite ingredient of cough mixtures; as a diaphoretic, diuretic, and alterative in rheumatism; as a cholagogue in various derangements of the liver; and as an alterative in neuralgia. In catarrhal inflammations of the gastro-intestinal tract it is used to some extent. See AMMONIA.

SALANG, să-lung', or JUNKSEYLON, junk'sâ-lōn'. An island in the Bay of Bengal, belonging to Lower Siam, situated at the northern entrance to the Straits of Malacca and separated by a narrow strait from the Malay Peninsula (Map: Siam, C 5). It has an area of about 290 square miles and has rich tin deposits which are mined by Chinese and exported to the adjacent British settlements. Population, 12,000.

SALANGANE (Fr., from salamga, the native name), or EDIBLE-NEST SWIFT. An East Indian swift of the genus Collocalia, of which 13 species are known in the Malayan and Australian regions. All are diminutive in size, dark-colored above and white below, with the appearance and habits of swifts; and are of interest mainly because their nests are in demand among the Chinese as the basis of a soup regarded as a luxury. These swifts breed in large companies in seafronting caves, attaching their small half-cup-, like nests to the rock in the dark interiors of crevices and caverns. They have a glue-like consistency, and are formed mainly of a glutinous saliva produced by the bird, with which is frequently mixed other materials, as bits of straw, feathers, etc. The principal species is Collocalia fuciphaga. See Plate of SWIFTS AND THEIR

NESTS.

SALARY GRAB. In United States history, the term popularly applied to the general increase of the salaries of Federal officers in 1873. The act of Congress of March 3d of that year provided that the salary of the President should be increased from $25,000 to $50,000 per year, that of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court should be $10,500 instead of $8500, that of the Vice-President, Cabinet officers, associate justices, and Speaker of the House $10,000 instead of $8000, that of Senators and Representatives in Congress $7500 instead of $5000, and that of employees of both Houses according to similar proportions. The chief objection to the act was that as regards members of Congress it was made retroactive for a period of two years. This feature aroused great popular indignation throughout the country, and the law was repealed by the act of January 20, 1874, as regarded all its beneficiaries except the President and the justices.

SALAYER, så-li'er (or SALEYER) ISL

ANDS. A group of islands in the Malay Archipelago, belonging to the Netherlands, and situated south of Celebes (Map: East India Islands, F 6). Area, about 270 square miles, of which 250 square miles are covered by Salayer Island, the largest in the group. They are composed mainly of coralline limestone covered with very fertile soil, and are well forested with valuable timber. The chief products are tobacco, potatoes, indigo, and cotton, and excellent horses are exported to Celebes, with which there is regular steamship connection. The population of the group is about 80,000, chiefly Mohammedan Malays engaged in commerce, fisheries, and preparation of trepang.

SALDANHA, sål-dä'nyå, JOÃO CARLOS, Duke of (1791-1876). A Portuguese statesman, a grandson of Pombal, born at Arinhaga. He studied at Coimbra, served against the British, and was made a prisoner in 1810. On his release he went to Brazil, where he was employed in the military and diplomatic services. He returned to Portugal after the declaration of the independence of Brazil. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1825, and was Governor of Oporto in 1826-27. He joined Dom Pedro against the usurper Dom Miguel, with whom he conIcluded the convention of Evora. In 1835 he was made Minister of War and president of the Council, but resigned in the same year. After the revolution of 1836, which he had instigated, he

went into exile until recalled in 1846, when he formed a Ministry, which fell in 1849. In 1851 he organized a new revolt and became chief Minister as the leader of a coalition party formed of Septembrists and dissatisfied Chartists. He remained in power until the accession of Pedro II. in 1856, and was subsequently Minister to Rome (1862-64 and 1866-69). He became Prime Minister once more for a few months in 1870 (MayAugust), and was sent in 1871 to London as Ambassador, where he died.

SALE. A town in Cheshire, England, suburban to Manchester (q.v.). Population, in 1891, 9600; in 1901, 12,000.

SALE or SALES (AS. sala, from sellan, Goth., OHG. saljan, to give, sell; connected with Lith. sulyti, to proffer, offer). A contract whereby the absolute or general ownership of property is transferred from one person to another for a money consideration, or loosely for any consideration. In the latter case the transaction is more accurately called a barter, trade, etc. The term sales is used specifically by legal text writers of such transfers of personal property, the treatises on that subject being commonly said to treat of 'the law of sales.' For the treatment of the subject in relation to land, or real property, see CONVEYANCE; DEED; REAL PROPERTY.

SALE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. A sale of personal property is often spoken of as a bargain and sale' or an 'executed contract of sale,' to distinguish it from a contract to sell; that is, from a contract to transfer general ownership in the future. At common law this contract could be oral or written. By the Statute of Frauds (q.v.) a contract for the sale of goods must be in writing if the price exceeds a specified sum, unless there is an acceptance and receipt of a part of the goods, or a part payment of the price. The general rule has been laid down by our courts that where a bargain is made for the purchase of specific existing goods, and no stipulation is made about payment and delivery, the ownership passes at once to the buyer, and the right to the In Roman law a price passes to the seller. sale was treated as a conveyance, and tradition, of title. Again, Roman law required the pay i.e. actual delivery, was necessary to the transfer ment of the price by the purchaser as a condition of title's passing, unless it was waived by the parties. Modern European codes, although founded on the Roman law, generally reject the latter rule, while continuing the former.

The difference between a sale and various business transactions of a similar character is perfectly clear in principle, although at times there is practical difficulty in determining to what class a particular venture belongs.

În rare instances the general ownership of personal property passes for a price without a contract. This is sometimes called a quasi sale. It occurs when one who has taken another's property without his consent is sued in trover (q.v.) for the value, and pays the judgment. Upon such payment it is generally held that title is to be treated as vesting in the wrongful taker, as of the date of taking.

REQUISITES OF A VALID SALE OR CONTRACT TO SELL. These are four: Competent parties; mutual assent; the existence of the personal property; and a price in money. The first two requisites have been considered, at sufficient length, in the article on contracts (q.v.). The last one has

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