eruption of Mont Pelée. (For a description of the volcano and the nature of the eruption, see PELÉE, MONT.) As only a few of the inhabitants had taken warning from the activity of the volcano on the preceding days, practically the entire population of the city perished, the number of victims, including those in the surrounding districts, being estimated at 30,000. Only two persons actually in the city at the time of the eruption escaped death, one being a prisoner in the city jail.

SAINT-PIERRE, JACQUES HENRI BERNARDIN DE (1737-1814). A French novelist, essayist, and engineer, born at Havre, and educated at Caen. He made a voyage to Martinique, became an engineer, entered the army, was dismissed for insubordination, and for some years led a wandering life, appearing at Malta, Saint Petersburg, Warsaw, Dresden, and Berlin. In 1765 he went to Paris and essayed literary work, but in 1768 he obtained a Government post in Ile de France, where he remained till 1771. On his return he associated much with Rousseau, on whom he modeled his character and his style. For the rest of his life he remained in France, publishing Voyage à l'Ile de France (1773), Etudes de la nature (1783-88), Paul et Virginie (1787), and La chaumière indienne (1790). His Harmonies de la nature appeared posthumously. In 1792 he became superintendent of the Botanical Garden of Paris. He was professor of morals at the Normal School in 1794 and became a member of the Institute in 1795. Saint-Pierre's significance lies solely in the realm of imagination and sentiment, which is often childlike, sometimes childish. Paul et Virginie came at the right moment. Cloyed with wit, the Parisian literary generation of that time sought refuge in feeling. Saint-Pierre entered into the heritage of the novelist Rousseau, receiving and transmitting more of his romantic sentiment and sympathy with nature than any other. Paul et Virginie attempts to realize Rousseau's 'state of nature' in a tropical Arcadia, and the death of the heroine comes just in time to save the idyll of

innocent childhood from the sickly senti

mentality on whose verge it often hangs trembling. Stylistically, Saint-Pierre's influence has been very great. He was the first in France to treat landscape, with intent, as the background of life. Saint-Pierre's Works and Correspondence were edited with a Life by Aimé Martin, who married his widow (Paris, 1818-20). Consult: Lescure, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (ib., 1891); Maury, Etude sur la vie et les œuvres de Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (ib., 1892); and Arvède Barine, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (ib., 1891, Eng. trans., Chicago, 1893).

SAINT-PIERRE, JACQUES LEGARDEUR DE

(1698-1755). A French soldier and explorer, born in Normandy in 1698. He entered the French service as an ensign of marines, and was shortly afterwards sent to Canada. In 1750 he was sent to explore the Northwest and to search for a route to the Pacific. He ascended the Saskatchewan River to a place he called 'Rock Mountain,' and there built Fort La Jonquière. Soon after his return he was ordered to the Ohio Valley region, and in 1754 was commander of Fort Le Bouf on French Creek. In the following year Saint-Pierre commanded the Indian allies in Dieskau's expedition into New York, and was

killed in the battle of Lake George. An account of his explorations in the West, entitled Journal sommaire du voyage de Jacques Legardeur de SaintPierre, chargé de la découverte de la Mer de l'Ouest, is preserved in the British Museum, and was published in the collection of John Gilmary Shea (New York, 1862). Consult also Parkman, A Half-Century of Conflict (Boston, 1892; later ed. 1897).

SAINT-PIERRE AND MIQUELON, mẻ’ke-lôN'. A French colony, 47 miles off the southern coast of Newfoundland, consisting of the three islands of Saint-Pierre, Ile-aux-Chiens, and Miquelon, with a total area of 93 square miles (Map: Newfoundland, D 6). They are rocky and barren, but are of great importance as the centre of the French cod-fisheries. In 1901 the industry engaged over 3600 persons, and the exports of fish and fish products amounted in the same year to over $2,000,000. The imports nearly equaled the exports. Saint-Pierre, the capital, has cable connection with Europe and America, and regular steam communication with Boston and Halifax. The colony is administered by a Governor and is represented by a Deputy in the French Chamber. Population, in 1897, 6352, including over 700 British subjects. The islands were ceded to Great Britain by France together with Newfoundland in 1713, but were recovered at the conquest of Canada, and after changing hands several times finally returned to France in 1816.

SAINT-POL-DE-LÉON, SĂN’pôl’de-lâ′ÔN. A town in the Department of Finistère, France, half a mile from its port, Rempoul, on the Eng lish Channel, and 131⁄2 miles by rail northwest of Morlaix. It is noted for a Romanesque-Gothic cathedral dating from the twelfth century, with two granite spires 180 feet high, and for the Creizker, with a fine central tower and spire 252 fourteenth-century Chapelle de Notre Dame de feet high, and other interesting features. The town was an episcopal see from the sixth century until the suppression of the bishopric in 1790. Population, in 1901, 7846.

SAINT-PORCHAIRE, pôr'shâr', POTTERY OF. A famous ware first examined and recorded about 1830, and entitled 'Faïence Henri Deux,' because of the occurrence in its ornamentation of the letter 'H' and crescents which were supposed to be the badge of Diane de Poitiers. Only about fifty-three pieces are known to exist, of which one or two are in Russia and the remainder are about evenly divided between France and England. The South Kensington Museum and the Louvre Museum, as also the Musée de Cluny in Paris, contain each several perfectly representative specimens. decorations are almost entirely by incrustation, The peculiarity of the pottery is that its pieces of dark red or dark brown clay inlaid in the yellowish white of the body. The shapes have been cut out by little dies strongly resembling bookbinders' stamps, and after the incrustation has been made, the whole has been brought to a smooth surface and covered with a thin transparent glaze. Enamels are used with great moderation.

SAINT-PRIVAT, prểvả”, BATTLE OF. A name often given to the battle of Gravelotte (q.v.).

The

SAINT-QUENTIN, kän'tǎn'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Aisne, France, 95 miles north by east of Paris, on the Somme River (Map: France, K 2). One of the chief attractions of the town is the Church of Saint Quentin, which dates from the twelfth century. It is a Gothic structure, and is especially noted for its highly adorned interior. The Hôtel de Ville, a fourteenth-century edifice, with its curiously constructed council hall, is also noteworthy. Saint-Quentin is of considerable industrial importance and the surrounding region, too, has large manufacturing interests. leading products are cotton and woolen textiles, sugar, engines, billiard balls, machinery, etc. Population, in 1901, 50,278. The Roman name for Saint-Quentin was Augusta Veromanduorum. It suffered greatly from the attacks of the Northmen during its early history. Here on August 10, 1557, the Spaniards under Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy won a great victory over the French under the Constable de Montmorency, and here, on January 19, 1871, the Prussians administered a crushing defeat to the French under Faidherbe. SAINT REGIS. A settlement of Catholic Iroquois on the south bank of the Saint Lawrence River, on both sides of the boundary line between Canada and the United States, being partly in Huntingdon County, Quebec, and partly in Franklin County, New York. The Iroquois name is Akwesasne. The village was established about the year 1755 by a party of Catholic Iroquois from Caughnawaga, Quebec. Being chiefly of Mohawk descent, the Indians all speak that language. They are expert basketmakers, and neglect farming for that industry, which proves quite remunerative. They number in all about 2500, of whom 1320 are on the Canadian side.

SAINT RO'NAN'S WELL. A novel by Scott (1824), a picture of life at a small wateringplace, with Clara Mowbray's tragic story as a background. Its best feature is the character of Meg Dods, the innkeeper.

SAINT-SAËNS, san'säN', CHARLES CAMILLE (1835-). A French composer, born in Paris. At the age of seven he became a pupil of Stamaty (piano); in 1847 he joined Benoist's class at the Conservatory, and in 1849 won the second and in 1851 the first organ prize. He competed unsuccessfully for the Prix de Rome, but secured the appointment of organist of the Church of Saint Méry (1853), resigning it in 1858 to become organist of the Madeleine. After 1870 he devoted himself entirely to composition, concert, and recital work. His first important compositions were the symphonic poems, Phaeton, Le rouet d'Omphale, La jeunesse d'Hercule, and La danse macabre, which last was especially popular. His operas have been the least successful of all his works, although they bear strong evidence of his originality and genius. With Massenet he has shared the reputation of being the most classical French composer of his generation. His instrumentation, which shows the influence of Berlioz, is strikingly brilliant and original. In 1881 he became a member of the Institute. In 1894 he was made a commander of the Legion of Honor. His works include (besides those already mentioned) the operas, La princesse jaune (1872); Le timbre d'argent

(1877); Samson et Dalila (1877); Etienne Marcel (1879); Henry VIII. (1883); Proserpine (1887); Ascanio (1890); Phryné (1893); Frédégonde (first three acts by Guiraud, last two by Saint-Saëns, 1895) ; ballets and incidental music; three symphonies, the one in C minor declared by Lavignac to be the finest example of orchestration ever written; several oratorios, concertos for piano and other instruments, chambermusic, songs, and chureh music.

SAINTS/BURY, GEORGE EDWARD BATEMAN

(1845-). An English critic and literary historicated at King's College School, London, and at an, born at Southampton, October 23, 1845; eduMerton College, Oxford. He was classical master in Elizabeth College, Guernsey (1868-74), and 76). He settled in London as a journalist and head master of Elgin Educational Institute (1874miscellaneous writer (1876-95), and was ap pointed professor of English literature in the shows a wide knowledge of literature, foreign as University of Edinburgh (1895). Saintsbury well as English, and his judgments, based on sound principles, are expressed in a very readable style. Among his numerous publications are а Primer of French Literature (1880); Dryden, in "English Men of Letters" (1881); Short History of French Literature (1882); Marlborough (1885); Elizabethan Literature (1887); Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860 (first series, 1890; second series, 1895); Essays on French Novelists (1891); Nineteenth Century Literature (1896): The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of Allegory (1897); Sir Walter Scott (1897) ; 4 Short History of English Literature (1898); Mattheno Armold (1899); the exhaustive History of Criticism and Literary Taste in Europe (1900 et seq.); and The Earlier Renaissance (1901).

SAINT-SERVAN, sĕr'vän'. A seaport in the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, Northern France, less than a mile from Saint Malo (Map: France, E 3). It is mostly a modern town with a handsome town hall and a triangular tower of the seventeenth century. Population, in 1901, 12,597.

SAINTS' EVERLASTING REST, THE. A

religious work by Richard Baxter (1650), used by many generations as a devotional book. Its clear and beautiful style, little antiquated by the lapse of two hundred years, and the manly vigor of its piety have made it an English classic.

SAINT-SIMON, SǎN'sê'môN', CLAUDE HENRI, Count de (1760-1825). A French socialist. He entered the army at sixteen, and came to America, where he served with distinction in the campaign against Cornwallis. On his return to France he was made colonel, but in 1785 he resigned from the military service and traveled extensively in Holland and Spain. He had already conceived his mission in life to be "to study the progress of the human mind in order to work thenceforth for the perfecting of civilization." He took little part in the great Revolution of 1789, but, though a noble himself, voted to abolish titles of nobility. He made a considerable fortune during this period by purchasing the confiscated estates of the émigrés. About this time he contracted a marriage which proved unhappy and was afterwards dissolved. His fortune was soon exhausted by his extravagant mode of living,

and he was obliged to work as a copyist. Ill health compelled him to give up even the pittance he could earn in this way, and he found himself reduced to a condition of abject poverty. His family finally settled upon him a small pension. In 1823 he attempted suicide. Supported by his friends, he devoted himself again to his propaganda, and succeeded in gaining numerous disciples, the most famous of whom were Augustin Thierry and Auguste Comte. He died in 1825.

The chief doctrines of Saint-Simon are as follows: (1) The rules of science should be applied as rigorously to the study of social facts as to the study of facts of a physical nature. (2) Through true science thus applied, the condition of humanity, and especially of the poorest class, can be improved, mentally, physically, and morally. (3) To industry-the ensemble of producers should be given the political power heretofore held by the proprietary and military classes. (4) Society should be reorganized, taking labor for the basis of the entire hierarchy. (5) To this new society only producers should be admitted, and idleness should be proscribed. "No man has a right to free himself from the law of labor." (6) In this society workers should be rewarded according to merit. (7) Laborers must unite and centralize their social forces in order to attain their common end. (8) The three institutions-religion, the family, propertymust all be reorganized upon new bases. These doctrines were further developed by the followers of Saint-Simon into the social philosophy called after its founder Saint-Simonianism. This school of socialism insists especially upon the abolition of the law of inheritance, upon the socialization of the instruments of production, and upon a system of distribution based upon the merits of the individual.

The following are the principal works of SaintSimon: Lettre d'un habitant de Genève à ses contemporains (1802); Introduction aux travaux scientifiques du XIXème siècle (1807); Réorganisation de la société européenne (1814); L'industrie, ou discussions politiques, morales et philosophiques (1817); Du système industriel (182122); Catéchisme des industriels (1822-23); Opinions littéraires, philosophiques et industrielles (1825); Nouveau christianisme; dialogue entre un conservateur et un novateur (1825); Exposition de la doctrine de SaintSimon (1830-32). His complete works have been collected and comprise 19 of the 47 volumes entitled Œuvres de Saint-Simon et d'Enfantin (Paris, 1865-78).

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Charléty, Histoire du SaintSimonisme (Paris, 1896); Hubbard, Saint-Simon, sa vie et ses travaux (Paris, 1857); Janet, Saint-Simon et le Saint-Simonisme (Paris, 1878); Weill, Un précurseur du socialisme, Saint-Simon et son œuvre (Paris, 1894); id., L'Ecole SaintSimonienne, son histoire, son influence jusqu'à nos jours (Paris, 1896).

SAINT-SIMON, LOUIS DE ROUVROY, Duke of (1675-1755). A noted French writer of memoirs. He was carefully trained, entered the army in 1692, resigned his army commission in 1702, and repaired to the Court of Louis at Versailles. He had considerable diplomatic aptitude, and in 1704 he proposed a method of ending the Spanish War of Succession, which formed, in part, the basis

for the Treaty of Utrecht. After Louis XIV.'s death (1715) Saint-Simon had a seat in the Council of the Regency, and was instrumental in the degradation of Madame Montespan's sons, the Duke of Maine and his brother (August 26, 1718), an event to which he devotes seventy-seven pages of his Mémoires. He was sent in 1721 on an embassy to Madrid to ask the hand of the Infanta for Louis XV. In 1723 he left Versailles for his country seat at La Ferté, near Chartres, where he passed his remaining years. Saint-Simon's Mémoires, written from memoranda begun about 1699 and developed into notes (1734-38), were given their final form from 1739 to 1752, and impounded for the Foreign Office in 1761. Charles X. gave the manuscript to General de SaintSimon, and an edition appeared in 1830, followed by Chéruel's (30 volumes) in 1856, and by Boislisle's final and full edition (30 volumes), begun in 1871. The preliminary notes for the Mémoires were made in an interleaved copy of Dangeau's Journal, and were printed in 19 volumes in 1854. Other manuscripts of Saint-Simon were locked in the Foreign Office till 1880, when those concerning the Spanish Embassy were printed. Eight more volumes appeared in 1890-92, but the Mémoires are alone of striking interest. They are, as Saint-Simon calls them, "straightforward, truthful, candid, inspired with honor and integrity," though often misinformed and distorted by prejudice, for Saint-Simon was vigorous hater, with a certain puritanic sternness that could grow fierce at the persecution of the Huguenots, pitiful over the sufferings of the peasantry, and bitter over the infamies to which in his view Madame de Maintenon (whom he hated intensely) degraded the Church. He saw behind the sham façade of Louis's grandeur “a reign of blood and brigandage," and he discerned no less clearly the masks of individual character, so that his Mémoires afford an inimitable portrait gallery. He writes without art, he is confused, ungrammatical sometimes, yet he makes the reader share in the action as no other memoir-writer has ever done.

a

BIBLIOGRAPHY. There is an abridged English translation of the Mémoires by Bayle Saint John, The Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon in the Reign of Louis XIV. and the Regency (London, 1857). Consult also: Collins, The Duke of SaintSimon, in "Foreign Classics" (Edinburgh, 1880); Sainte-Beuve, Causeries, vols. iii., xv. (ib., 185762); id., Nouveaux lundis, vol. x. (ib., 1863-72).

SAINT SOPHIA, CHURCH AND MOSQUE OF. A celebrated structure at Constantinople. The first church of this name was built by the Emperor Constantine, on the occasion of the translation of the seat of empire to Byzantium, and is so called as being dedicated to the Hagia Sophia (holy wisdom), or the Logos. The building of Constantine was subsequently rebuilt and enlarged by his son Constantius; this second church of Constantius, having been destroyed in 404, was rebuilt by Theodosius the younger in 415; and it lasted unaltered till the battle of the factions of the circus, under Justinian, in 532, in which year it was totally destroyed. The present building is substantially that which was erected by Justinian in expiation of this sacrilege. It was consecrated in 537, and occupied less than seven years in its erection. Ten thousand workmen are said to have been employed

upon it. The materials were supplied from every part of the empire, including columns and marbles from pagan monuments. Untold sums were lavished upon its decoration and the sacred furniture with which it was adorned. The church is the masterpiece of Byzantine architecture, and one of the epoch-making buildings of the world. Its architect was Anthemius (q.v.).

The building may be described as a square of 241 feet, forming interiorly a Greek cross, and surrounded in the interior by a woman's choir or gallery, supported by magnificent columns. In the centre rises a dome, supported at the front and back by two great semi-domes, which in their turn rest upon smaller semi-domes, and on the sides by heavy buttresses, the whole presenting a series of unexampled beauty. The height of the dome is 175 feet. The building is approached by a double porch, which is about 100 feet in depth. The whole of the interior was richly decorated with marbles and mosaics. Even in the reign of Justinian, a further reconstruction of the building became necessary, the dome having fallen in in consequence of an earthquake in 558, but this may be said to have been the last important change in the structure within the Christian period of Constantinople.

On the occupation of that city by the Turks in 1453, Saint Sophia was appropriated as a mosque. All its purely Christian fittings and internal structures were swept away. The Christian emblems were either mutilated or covered from view by a coating of plaster. The latter course was adopted throughout the building in the case of mosaic pictures, containing representations of the human figure, which the Koran proscribes as unlawful, and thus the mosaics have in great part escaped destruction. The Sultan Abdul Medjid having ordered a complete restoration of the building, the mosaics were accidentally brought to light, and, with the consent of the Sultan, accurate copies were made of all of these interesting relics of antiquity. The interior of the building at present is restored for Mohammedan worship, the Christian decorations being again carefully covered up. Consult: Salzenburg, Altchristliche Baudenkmäler Konstantinopels (Berlin, 1854); Pulgher, Les anciennes églises byzantines de Constantinople (Vienna, 1878-80); Adamy, Architektonik der altchristlichen Zeit (Hanover,

1884); Lethaby and Swainson, The Church of Sancta Sophia (London, 1894); and Barth, "Konstantinopel," in Berühmte Kunststätten (Leipzig, 1901).

SAINT STANISLAS, stan'is-las, ORDER OF. A Russian order of merit, of Polish origin, having been founded by King Stanislas II. in 1765. After the partition of Poland it lapsed, and was restored in 1815 by the Czar Alexander as King of Poland. The decoration is an eight-pointed red enameled cross with gold eagles between the arms. The white medallion is surrounded by laurel and bears the initials S. S. (Sanctus Stanislas).

apostolic cross, and the inscription, Publicum meritorium Præmium. See Plate of ORDERS. SAINT THOMAS, tõm'as. An island in the Gulf of Guinea. See SÃO THOMÉ.

SAINT THOMAS. One of the Danish West

Indian islands (see WEST INDIES, DANISH), situated 36 miles east of Porto Rico, in latitude 18° 20' N. and longitude 64° 56′ W. (Map: West Indies, P 5). It is about 13 miles long from east to west and covers an area of 33 square miles. It has a hilly surface, and rises in its highest summit, West Mountain, to an altitude of 1555 feet. The principal formations are porphyry and granite. The climate is hot but steady, and the mean annual temperature is 78° F. Earthquakes are frequent. The economic importance of slavery (1848), which was essential to the of the islands has disappeared with the abolition sugar industry. At present the island produces chiefly rum, and is important on account of its situation, which makes it especially suitable for a coaling station. Population, in 1901, 11,012, mostly descendants of negro slaves. English is the predominant language. Capital, Charlotte Amalie (q.v.). The island was discovered by Columbus in 1493; passed to the Danish West India and Guinea Company in 1671; and was taken over by the Crown in 1754.

SAINT THOMAS. Capital of Elgin County, Ontario, Canada, a railway junction, 15 miles south of London and 75 miles southwest of Hamilton (Map: Ontario, B 5). It has manufactures of various sorts, the most important of which is car-building. Population, in 1901, 11,485.

SAINT-VICTOR, så n'vêk'tôr', PAUL DE (1827-81). A French critic. He replaced Théophile Gautier in 1855 as dramatic and art critic on the Presse. After ten years of brilliant work on this paper he wrote for Girardin's Liberté (186669) and the Moniteur Universel (1869-81). His most picturesque effort is Barbares et bandits (1871), and his other works, mostly made up of his journalistic writings, include Hommes et dieux (1866), his masterpiece; Les femmes de Goethe (1869); Victor Hugo (1885); Le théâtre contemporain (1889); and Les dieux et les demi-dieux de la peinture (1863, with Gautier and Houssaye). Consult Deljant, Paul de SaintVictor (Paris, 1887).

SAINT VIN'CENT. An island of the British

West Indies, belonging to the colony of the Windward Islands, and situated about 25 miles south of Saint Lucia (Map: West Indies, R 8). It is oval in shape, with an area of 132 square miles. It is of volcanic origin, and traversed from north to south by a ridge or mountain range which rises near the northern end in the active volcano of La Soufrière to a height of 3700 feet. The climate is healthful and equable, the temperature ranging between 90° and 65°. The rainfall is abundant, the mountains are covered with forests, and there are many fertile valleys. The chief products are arrowroot, cocoa, cotton, fruits, and spices. The sugar industry has been steadily declining. Population, in 1891, 41,054; in 1900 (estimated), 44,600, chiefly negroes. The capital is Kingstown (q.v.). Saint Vincent was discovered in 1498 by Columbus. In 1797 most of the native Caribs, who had been left in possession of the island, were transferred to Ruatan in the Gulf of Honduras. The island has re