shops here, these and the smaller shops of four other roads employing about 2500 men. Saint Paul is most important as a wholesale and jobbing centre, but it also has large manufacturing interests, ranking second among the cities of the State. It leads in the manufacture of boots and shoes, and of men's clothing. Among the large establishments are publishing houses, breweries, foundries and machine shops, and fur houses. In the census year of 1900 the various industries were capitalized at $28,208,389, and had an output valued at $38,541,030.

GOVERNMENT. Under a home rule provision inserted in the State Constitution in 1898, allowing all cities to frame their own charters through a commission of 15 freeholders appointed by the District Court, Saint Paul adopted a new charter in 1900. This kept the board plan which had been found to suit the city's needs. The council is bicameral, consisting of an assembly of nine members elected at large, and a board of eleven aldermen, chosen by wards, one from each. The city elections occur on the first Tuesday in May of the even-numbered years, when the voters choose a mayor, treasurer, comptroller, four justices of the peace, three constables, and the members of the council. At every other election, beginning with 1902, two municipal judges also are elected. The city departments are in charge of nine appointive boards: water-works, parks, police, fire, workhouse, public works, almshouse and hospitals, education, and library. The first five have five members each appointed by the mayor for five-year terms, one member going out of office each year, and are not paid. The two following are paid, there being three members on each board, one appointed by the mayor every year. The board of education has seven members, serving without pay for three years, being appointed by the mayor in rotation. The library board consists of nine members, who serve without pay, three being appointed by the District Court every year. The boards have as a rule entire charge of their respective departments. The council fixes the aggregate amount which each may spend annually, and beyond this no board can go. The mayor has, besides his large appointive powers, a veto on all acts of the council, which may be overruled on ordinary matters by a two-thirds vote in each Chamber; in matters requiring a two-thirds vote to pass, by a four-fifths vote; and on a measure to bond the eity not to be ratified by the people, it is final.

The water-works were constructed in 1870 and acquired by the city in 1880 at a cost of $4,049,854. Their value is now estimated at $6,000,000. The water comes from a chain of spring-fed lakes on the high land north of the city, and is distributed through 252 miles of mains. The city has also an excellent sewer system, 176 miles in length, an efficient system of food and health inspection, two hospitals, and public baths.

FINANCE. The bonded debt on January 1, 1903, was $7,878,100, and the floating debt $1,674, 042.50. The sinking fund was $664,039.73. Real estate was assessed at $73,799,715, and personalty at $16,289,440, making a total of $90.089, 155. The tax rate was $31.00 per thousand. The total receipts from all sources for 1902 were $5.263,470.98, while the disbursements were $4,861.260.78, leaving a cash balance of $402,201.20 on January 1, 1903.

POPULATION.

Saint Paul has had an extraordinary growth. In 1850 there were 1112 inhabitants; in 1860, 10,401; in 1870, 20,030; in 1880, 41,473; in 1890, 133,156; and in 1900, 163,065. The census of 1900 showed the foreign population to be 28.7 per cent. of the total, distributed as follows: German, 27 per cent. of the total foreign born; Swedish, 21 per cent.; Irish, 10.4 per cent.; and the remainder distributed among 20 other nationalities. As many as 72.6 per cent. of Saint Paul's population were children of foreigners. Only 2263 were negroes.

HISTORY. Saint Paul derived its name from a rude log chapel erected near the corner of Third and Minnesota Streets, in 1841, by Father Lucien Galtier, a Catholic missionary sent here by Bishop Loras of Dubuque, who had visited the place in 1839. Previously the site had been known as Imnijiska, the Indian for 'White Rock,' also Saint Peter, from the river at whose mouth it stood, now called the Minnesota. It also bore the name of 'Pig's Eye,' after a certain evil-eyed French voyageur and border ruffian who erected a hut on the site in 1838 and engaged in selling spirits surreptitiously to the Indians and to the soldiers at the fort. The first steamboat visited Fort Snelling in 1823, bringing the Indian agent, Captain Taliaferro. In the next three years no less than fifteen steamers visited the place. The land was opened for settlement in 1837, and the following year Edward Phalen, William Evans, and John Hays, three discharged soldiers from the fort, took up claims in what is now the heart of the city. In 1848 Minnesota was cut from Wisconsin and left without a government. The settlers at Saint Paul called a meeting to assemble at Stillwater, and there it was agreed to ask Congress for a Territorial organization, and a compact was made giving Saint Paul the capital, Stillwater the prison, and Saint Anthony, now East Minneapolis, the university. Saint Paul received its first charter from the Territorial Legislature in 1854, its population then being 3000. Three years later the first constitutional convention met here to draft the present Constitution. Consult: Andrews, History of Saint Paul (Syracuse, 1890); Williams, A History of Saint Paul and of Ramsey County (Saint Paul, 1876); and Warner and Foote, History of Ramsey County and City of Saint Paul (Minneapolis, 1881).

SAINT PAUL DE LOANDA, de lô-än'då, or LOANDA. The capital of the Portuguese West African colony of Angola (q.v.), situated on the coast, in latitude 8° 48′ S. and longitude 13° 13′ E. (Map: Africa, F 5). Its harbor is rendered inaccessible to large vessels by the sandy bar at its mouth. Its climate is unhealthful. The trade, which exceeds $5,000,000 per annum, is greatly facilitated by the railway line which connects Saint Paul with the interior. Population estimated at 10,000, including about 2000 whites.

SAINT PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, in London. The largest and most magnificent of all Protestant churches, and the most notable among English buildings of modern times. The site of the present building was occupied about 610 by a Christian church, probably of wood, dedicated to Saint Paul, which was destroyed by fire in 1087. From its ruins arose a much more splendid edifice-the immediate precursor of the present cathedral, and commonly known as 'Old Saint

Paul's.' In 1139 the building suffered severely from fire, but was soon restored with greater magnificence, not finally completed till the latter part of the century. Old Saint Paul's was the largest church in the country, and the cloister was 90 feet square, with a beautiful chapterhouse in the centre.

In 1666 the great fire of London destroyed the old cathedral, which had twice previously suffered serious damage from lightning and had fallen into dilapidation. Sir Christopher Wren (q.v.) was at first directed to arrange for the repair of the ruined cathedral, but he opposed this course, and it was finally decided to abandon the effort and to clear away the site. The design at first prepared by the architect was disapproved by the clergy, and Wren was finally compelled to prepare a new design more nearly resembling Old Saint Paul's in plan, and this design, having been approved by King Charles II., was carried out, though with many changes of detail. The edifice was begun in 1675 and completed in 1710 under Queen Anne, during Wren's lifetime.

The design thus executed was a compromise, and most of its defects arise from the incompatibility of the medieval plan forced upon the architect, with its excessive length and small bays, and the Italian or classical style of architecture in which it was carried out. In spite of all defects, however, it is a noble edifice and one of the finest creations of modern times. The spacious rotunda, as wide as the nave and sideaisles together, well suited to accommodate a vast congregation, rests on eight piers, and as many arches alternately of 38 and 22 feet span. It is in the treatment of the smaller or intermediate arches that the chief infelicity of the interior architecture is found, two superposed arches taking up the vertical space occupied by one of the larger arches, but in a manner exceedingly awkward and unsatisfactory. The nearly equal length of nave and choir prevents alike the impression of a long unbroken vista, and of a predominantly central domical structure to which all else is subordinated. The total length is 490 feet; the internal width across the three aisles is 94 feet; the transepts are 240 feet over all (not including their columnar porches); the dome is internally 108 feet in diameter and 216 feet high to the lunette at the crown. Externally the dome is 370 feet high to the summit of the cross.

The constructive skill displayed is of the highest order; particularly bold was the conception of the brick core which envelops the inner cupola and rises high above it to support the stone lantern which crowns the edifice. The inward contraction of the drum, devised partly for structural, partly for artistic reasons, is less successful. The outer shell of the dome is of wood, covered with lead. The effect of this dome is particularly successful, and it is admitted to be one of the finest in existence. It is the earliest example of a dome with a free-standing peristyle around the drum, later imitated in the Pantheon at Paris. The west front, as seen from Ludgate Hill, is most striking; the two campaniles group most harmoniously with the dome, and, together with the portico, produce a most pleasing and remarkable effect. This front is, however, open to criticism, as is also the second story of the flank of the exterior design. Both appear to indicate an upper story where there is none, and the

actual construction and true form of the building are not expressed at all.

Saint Paul's is the burial-place of many heroes and men of distinction, whose tombs are in the crypt, and whose monuments adorn the interior of the cathedral. Among these are Nelson and Wellington, Collingwood, Moore, Howe, and many other celebrated soldiers and sailors; Reynolds, Barry, Opie, West, Sir Christopher Wren, and other distinguished civilians. The style of many of these monuments displays those faults of ostentation and theatrical effect which are common in the sepulchral art of the eighteenth century, but a few among them show genuine artistic merit. Consult: Milman, Annals of Saint Paul's Ca thedral (London, 1868); Simpson, Saint Paul's Cathedral and Old City Life (ib., 1895); Birch, London Churches of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (ib., 1896); and Dimock, Handbook of Saint Paul's Cathedral (ib., 1900).

SAINT PAUL'S SCHOOL. A noted public school in London, England. It was founded in 1509 by John Colet, Dean of Saint Paul's. The first schoolhouse was erected in Saint Paul's churchyard and was destroyed by fire in 1666. It has since been rebuilt, in 1674, and again in 1824. In 1884 new school buildings were erected at West Kensington, a suburb of London, on 16 acres of ground. The school now has an attendance of over 600 boys, taught by 34 masters. The gov ernors offer four exhibitions every year, ranging from £30 to £80, each tenable for four years at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and one of £50, at the Royal Academy, Woolwich. In 1900 a scheme for a day school for 400 girls, 39 of whom were to be foundationers, was adopted. Among those who studied at the school were Milton, Judge Jeffreys, the Duke of Marlborough, and Major André.

SAINT PAUL'S SCHOOL. A school for boys at Concord, N. H., incorporated in 1855. The founder was Dr. George C. Shattuck of Boston, who transferred to the trustees his country home with 55 acres of land, near Concord. The first rector was Rev. Henry Augustus Coit, who continued in that position until his death in 1895. The religious teaching and worship are those of the Episcopal Church. Saint Paul's has an active Alumni Association of about 3000, two literary societies, and a missionary society, and maintains a monthly paper, the Hora Scholas tica, the oldest school paper in the country. The buildings include a fine Gothic chapel, the Sheldon Library, with shelf room for 40,000 books, gymnasium, laboratory, and dormitories. It has athletic fields covering 70 acres suitably equipped. In 1903 the students numbered 332, and the li brary contained 16,000 volumes.

SAINT PETER. A city and the county-seat of Nicollet County, Minn., 75 miles southwest of Minneapolis; on the Minnesota River, and on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad (Map: Minnesota, E 6). It is the seat of Gustavus Adolphus College (Lutheran), opened in 1876, and has a State Hospital for the Insane and a public li brary. Saint Peter is the commercial centre of an agricultural and lumbering region. Its indus trial plants include a flouring mill, furniture factories, shirt and trouser factories, grain elevators, bottling works, woolen mills, etc. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen annually, and a coun cil. The water-works and electric-light plant are