SAINT MICHAEL, ORDER OF. (1) A French order, founded in 1469 by Louis XI., with 36 knights, afterwards greatly extended. Louis XIV. restricted the membership to noble families. The order ceased about 1830. Its motto was "Immensi Terror Oceani." The decoration was an eight-pointed cross with fleurs-de-lys, the medallion bearing a representation of the Archangel Michael and the Dragon. (2) A Bavarian order founded in 1693 by Elector Joseph Clement of Cologne, Duke of Bavaria. It was instituted to uphold the Catholic faith, but in 1837 became an order of merit. The decoration is an eightpointed cross of blue enamel, bearing the image of Saint Michael, with a shield inscribed Quis ut Deus. The four arms of the cross bear the letters P. F. F. P. (Principi Fidelis Favere Patriam). SAINT MICHAEL AND SAINT GEORGE, ORDER OF. A British military and civil order of merit with three classes, founded by George III. in 1818. It was intended to commemorate the acquisition of Malta and was designed originally for British residents of the Mediterranean regions. The cross of the order, of white enamel, shows the Archangel Michael with the device Auspicium melioris avi; on the reverse is an image of Saint George. See Plate of ORDERS.

SAINT MICHAEL'S, mi'kelz (SÃO MIGUEL). The largest and most important of the Azores (q.v.), and, with the exception of Saint Mary's (Santa Maria), the most eastern island in the group (Map: Spain, B 5). Area, 299 square miles. The island is mountainous, and rises in its highest summit to 3560 feet. There is an extensive export trade in wine, oranges, tea, and pottery. Population, in 1900, 125,183. Chief city, Ponta Delgada (q.v.).

SAINT MICHAEL'S MOUNT. A conical and isolated granite rock in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, England, 18 miles west of Falmouth. It communicates with the shore by a causeway 400 yards long, which is uncovered at low tide. The mount is 230 feet high, is about one mile in circumference, and is crowned by an old and picturesque abbatial castle, restored, and now used as a manorial residence. At the base of the mount is a small fishing village. Saint Michael was the British Dinsol and the Roman Ictis, and at an early period became the seat of a religious house. At the Conquest the Monastery of Saint Michael was annexed to the Abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel (q.v.) in Normandy, its more distinguished prototype. It long remained in the possession of the monks, but since 1660 has belonged to the Saint Aubyn family.

SAINT MORITZ. A watering place in the Upper Engadine, in the Grisons, Switzerland, 11 miles northeast of Maloja. It is frequented both as a summer and winter resort. Altitude, 6,033 feet; population, in 1900, 1578. It is just north of the Lake of Saint Moritz, and is the highest village in the Engadine. The views are beautiful. The Baths of Saint Moritz, situated about a mile to the south, with an elevation of about 5,823 feet, are among the best known in Switzerland. The waters contain alkaline salts and carbonic acid. There is a fine Kurhaus. The fame of Saint Moritz dates from 1589, when Par

SAINT-NAZAIRE, săn′nizar. A seaport and the capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Loire-Inférieure, France, 40 miles west of Nantes, at the mouth of the Loire River (Map: France, D 4). It has steamship connection with Newhaven and South American ports. The harbor is spacious and has undergone extensive improvements. Saint-Nazaire is primarily a commercial city. The value of its trade in 1900 aggregated $6,096,000, including exports to the amount of $3,488,000. Farm and garden produce, fruit, wine, and silk and woolen goods constitute the leading shipments. The industrial interests are represented by iron foundries, ship-building yards, and flour and lumber mills. Population, in 1901, 35,813.

SAINT NICOLAS, nê’kô ́là'. A town in the Province of East Flanders, Belgium, 13 miles west-southwest of Antwerp (Map: Belgium, C 3). It stands in the midst of the Pays de Waes, a densely peopled and productive agricultural district. A market is held in the great square of the town, one of the largest in Belgium. The manufactures include woolen and cotton goods, pins, lace, hosiery, etc. Population, in 1900,

30,484.

SAINT O'LAF, ORDER OF. A Norwegian order of merit, founded in 1847 by Oscar I. of Sweden. The decoration is a white cross bearing the Norwegian arms on a red ground, with the device Ret og Sandhed (Right and Truth) on the

reverse.

SAINT-OMER, săn'tô'mâr'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Pas-deCalais, France, 25 miles southeast of Calais, on the Aa River and the Neuf-Fossé Canal (Map: France, J 1). Its most interesting feature is the Church of Notre Dame, a thirteenth-century Gothic edifice. It has four portals, one of which is embellished with a Last Judgment. Other places of interest in the town include the ruins of the old Benedictine abbey, the Coste Military Hospital, occupying the site of an early Jesuit college, the Collège Saint Bertin, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the museum. The commercial advantages have been greatly increased by the hydraulic lift in the Neuf-Fossé Canal. Considerable trade is carried on in manufactured articles, comprising pipes, paper, flour, liquors, hosiery, and textiles, and in farm and garden produce. Saint-Omer owes its origin to the churches and monasteries founded here in the seventh century by Omer, Bishop of Thérouanne, and other ecclesiasts. Population, in 1901, 20,

687.

SAINTON-DOLBY, săn'tōn dŏl'bi, CHARLOTTE HELEN (1821-85). An English vocalist and composer, born in London. She studied at the Royal Academy of Music under Crivelli, and from her début in 1841 to her retirement in 1870 was considered the leading oratorio and ballad singer in England, possessing a contralto voice of marvelous strength and beauty. She married the celebrated violinist Prosper Sainton in 1860. Among the many cantatas composed by her, perhaps the most popular was The Story of a Faithful Soul, which was produced in London, 1879.

SAINTONGE, Săn'tôNzh'. A former province of Western France, now included within the Department of Charente-Inférieure (q.v.). Its capital was Saintes. See Map of France showing former provinces, under FRANCE.

SAINT-OUEN, săn'too'äN'. A suburb of Paris on the right bank of the Seine, one mile north of the city walls (Map: Paris and Vicinity). It has a famous race course in the former park of the Château of Saint-Ouen, where Louis XVIII., in May, 1814, signed the famous declaration promising a charter to France. Saint

Ouen has educational institutions, and is important for its manufactures of firearms, glass, sugar, perfumery, india-rubber, tinned foods, and varnish. There are extensive docks along the Seine. Population, in 1901, 35,436.

SAINT PAN'CRAS. A northern borough of London (q.v.), England, west of Regent's Park. It is a fashionable district; within its limits is Saint Pancras Station, the important terminus of the Midland Railway. The parish church in Euston Square, built in 1819, is a reproduction of the Erechtheum at Athens. Population of borough, in 1891, 234,379; in 1901, 234,912.

SAINT-PAUL, sănpol. A seaport on the

northwestern coast of the French island of Réunion (q.v.), situated about 10 miles southwest of Saint-Denis. It is a good place of anchorage and contains a foundry, barracks, a college for priests, etc. Population, about 20,000.

SAINT PAUL. The capital of Minnesota and the county-seat of Ramsey County, situated on the Mississippi, just below Fort Snelling, at the mouth of the Minnesota River (Map: Minnesota, F 6). It is about nine miles below the Falls of Saint Anthony, reckoning from the City Hall, and about seven miles from the celebrated Minnehaha Falls. It is at the foot of the rapids and practically at the head of navigation, about 2300 miles from the mouth of the Mississippi. This point was naturally a trade centre in pioneer days. It tapped the great fur-bearing region through the Minnesota River, thus becoming an important station of the Hudson's Bay Company, and it was a natural depot for supplies brought up by river boats, and for produce taken back. This river traffic gave Saint Paul its first impetus as a centre of trade and transportation, just as the water-power of the falls a little farther up stream made Minneapolis preeminently a manufacturing point.

Saint Paul is picturesquely situated. Rising from both shores of the Mississippi 676 feet above sea level at low water, it extends over a series of terraces to the hills, from 100 to 200 feet higher. The first level on the left bank of the river is occupied by the Union Station, railroad yards and terminals, wholesale houses, and factories; on the second level are the retail stores, public buildings, and hotels; and crowning

the upper terrace are the principal residential streets. Similarly on the right bank the first level is taken up by railroad yards and manufacturing plants; higher up are some retail business blocks, and then comes the residential section. The two banks are now connected by three fine wagon bridges and two railway bridges. Three more bridges span the Mississippi at Saint Paul, one at Fort Snelling, and two farther up connecting with Minneapolis. There is a splendid system of street railways operated by electricity generated mostly at the falls in Minneapolis. The lines in the two cities are operated practically as one system. Two double-track interurban routes join the network in the two cities, and a single

line runs to Wildwood and Stillwater.

The city embraces an area of about 56 square miles. Of this area 1,204.42 acres, in 48 separate tracts, are devoted to park purposes. The largest and most beautiful is Como Park, between the Twin Cities, with an area of 415 acres, 142 of which are occupied by the pretty Lake Como. Como Park has a close rival in the Indian Mounds Park on the banks of the Mississippi below the city. Here on a bluff 200 feet high are several conical mounds, the summits of which command a view of the river as it sweeps by in a majestic curve. The park systems of the Twin Cities are connected by drives extending along the magnificent wooded gorge and the series of rapids below the Falls of Saint Anthony.

Saint Paul has numerous striking buildings. The finest is the new State Capitol, of white Georgia marble, standing on a lofty eminence. It has a magnificent dome and entrances. The new Post-Office, opposite Rice Park, and the massive City Hall and Court House, occupying an entire square on Wabasha and Fourth streets, are other edifices of merit. This city was among the first to construct tall, massive office buildPress, Germania Life Insurance, New York Life ings, good examples of which are the Pioneer Insurance, Gilfillan Block, the Manhattan, and Endicott buildings. Among other fine structures may be mentioned the Ryan Hotel, Newspaper Row, Capital Bank, and Crescent Creamery Company's building.

There are three free libraries: the City Library, of 54,550 volumes; the State Law Library, of 30,000 volumes; and the State Historical Library, with 70,000 volumes and a complete file of newspapers for Minnesota. The Agricultural College of the State University, with its model farm of 243 acres, and the Minnesota State Fair, are at Saint Anthony Park. There are, besides these public educational institutions, many private schools and colleges, among which are Hamline University (Methodist), Macalester College (Presbyterian), College of Saint Thomas and Saint Paul Seminary (Catholic), Concordia College (German Lutheran), Saint Paul's College (German Methodist), and two Lutheran seminaries.

COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. Saint Paul is a great railroad centre. Twenty trunk lines operated in ten systems furnish transportation for the vast traffic going through the city. The steamboat business has shrunk to very small proportions, even the rafting of logs and lumber having fallen off greatly with the denudation of the northern pine forests. The Great Northern, Northern Pacific, and Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha roads have large repair