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bration of the hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by the United States. On June 4, 1900, Congress promised the sum of five million dollars toward the holding of such an exposition, on condition that an additional ten million dollars be raised by Saint Louis, and in April, 1901, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company was incorporated with a capital of six million dollars. In June the site of the exposition was fixed at Forest Park, a tract of 1142 acres of well-worked forest land within the city limits, and including about 110 acres belonging to Washington University, which, with its buildings, were leased to the Exposition Company. The architectural plan provided for fifteen large exhibition buildings, the main group of which was arranged in the form of a fan. The apex of the fan was formed by the Art Palaces, three massive buildings to remain after the exhibition, of which the central one designed as a memorial building. Other notable structures with their dimensions were: The Electricity Building, 750 by 525 feet; the Varied Industries Building, 1200 by 525 feet, with a tower 400 feet high; the Machinery Building, 750 by 525 feet; the Transportation Building, 1500 by 525 feet; the Textiles Building, 750 by 520 feet; the Manufactures Building, 1200 by 525 feet; the Mines and Metallurgy and the Liberal Arts buildings, each 750 by 525 feet; and the Government Building, 800 by 175 feet. Thirty-four States and Territories made appropriations amounting to more than $4,500,000, part of which was expended in special buildings. Foreign governments also were largely represented, and many of them erected special and typical structures; as, for instance, France, which reproduced the Petit Trianon of Versailles. The administrative system of the Exposition included four executive divisions: Exhibits, Exploitation, Works, and Concessions and Admission. The Division of Exhibits comprised the following fifteen departments: Education, Art, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Machinery, Electricity, Transportation, Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Mining and Metallurgy, Fish and Game, Anthropology, Special Economy, and Physical Culture. The formal dedication occurred on April 30, 1903.

SAINT LUCIA, loo-se à. The largest of the British Windward Islands, West Indies. It is situated 25 miles north of Saint Vincent and about the same distance south of Martinique (Map: West Indies, R 8). Area, 233 square miles. The is land is volcanic and mountainous, with an active volcanic peak over 3000 feet high. The rainfall is abundant, and the mountains are covered with luxuriant tropical forests. The chief agricultural products are sugar, cocoa, logwood, coffee, and spices. By reason of the exceptionally good harbor at Castries, Saint Lucia has more shipping than any other British West Indian island, except Jamaica, which it nearly equals. The entries and clearings in 1901 amounted to 1,864,720 tons. Population, in 1891, 42,220; in 1901, 50,237, chiefly negroes. Capital, Castries (q.v.). Saint Lucia was discovered in 1502 and colonized by the French in 1563. It changed hands between England and France a number of times, until it became permanently a British possession in 1803. In 1898 it suffered severely from a hurricane.

SAINT LUKE, THE ACADEMY OF (Accademia di San Luca). The academy of the fine arts at Rome. In the later Middle Ages there was a guild of painters at Rome, whose sanctuary was the small Church of San Luca, on the Esquiline. It first appears on record in 1478, when it renewed and revised its ancient statutes, and assumed the name "Università delle Belle Arti.” The present academy, organized after the plans of the painter Muziano, was first recognized in a brief of Gregory XIII. in 1517, its immediate recognition having been prevented by the opposi tion of the elder society, which it finally absorbed. Under Sixtus V. Federigo Zuccari obtained a bull (1588) approving the new organization, which was placed under the patronage of Saint Luke, and endowing it with the revenues of the Church of San Martino, the name of which was changed to Santi Martino e Luca. The inauguration was postponed till November 14, 1593, under Clement VIII. The academy owed much to Zuccari, its first prince, who left it his fortune. In 1700 Clement XI. instituted and endowed the annual prizes of painting, sculpture, and architecture. The constitution of the academy was but slightly modified until 1818. At the head stood a prince, appointed annually, and this office was held by some of the most celebrated artists, like Maratta, In 1818 Pius VII., folLebrun, and Canova.

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lowing the advice of Canova, granted a constitution, which has not been materially changed since the annexation of Rome to the Kingdom of Italy in 1870.

There are thirty-six academicians, chosen in equal numbers from among the painters, sculptors, and architects, besides foreign and honorary members; at the head of the academy is a president, elected annually. It also maintains a school of design, in which instruction in painting, sculpture, and architecture is given. Besides its private endowment, the academy receives a subsidy of 35,000 francs from the State. It has retained its quarters in the Via Bonella, near the Forum Romanum, where are located its schools and its valuable collection of paintings. The latter contains good examples of Gaspard Poussin, Claude Lorrain, Titian, Veronese, Salvator Rosa, Guido Reni, and the much-discussed "Saint Luke Painting the Madonna," formerly attributed collection of sculpture, presented by the artists, to Raphael. The academy also possesses a small and the valuable Biblioteca Sarti, presented in 1881. It has been of great influence and celebrity, the French and English academies having been modeled upon it. Consult Armand, L'académie de Saint Luc à Rome (Rome, 1866).

SAINT LUKE, GUILDS OF. Mediæval associations of painters, under the patronage of Saint Luke, formed to protect the interests of their members. Engravers, printers, and members of other occupations related to bookmaking were later received into the guilds, which had a long existence in Holland and flourished particularly in Antwerp.

SAINT-MALO, sănm16. A seaport and the capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Ille-et-Vilaine, France, 51 miles north by west of Rennes; at the mouth of the Rance River, on the English Channel (Map: France, D 3). It is attractively situated on a rocky peninsula, and with its narrow winding streets and sixteenth-century ramparts has a very pic

turesque appearance. A rolling bridge (Pont Roulant) connects Saint-Malo with the suburb of Saint-Servan across the harbor. The fifteenth-century parish church, a former cathedral, the fourteenth-century castle, the casino, museum, and library are noteworthy features. The town carries on a considerable trade in agricultural produce, coal,, and lumber, has large codfishing interests in connection with Newfoundland, and regular steamship communication with the Channel Islands and Southampton. Shipbuilding and iron-working are also important industries. Population, in 1901, 11,486. SaintMalo received its name from Saint Malo, a Welsh monk, who came here in the sixth century. It was at the zenith of its prosperity in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when its traders amassed vast wealth as the result of their commercial and privateering ventures. The English attempted at various times to capture the town, but were unsuccessful. The tomb of Chateaubriand is on the island of Grand-Bey, a short distance from the town.

SAINT MARC, săn märk. The capital town of the Department of Artibonite, Haiti, fortyfive miles northwest of Port-au-Prince, on Saint Marc Bay (Map: Antilles, L 5). Its chief export is coffee. Its municipal population is reported to be 20,000.

SAINT-MARC GIRARDIN, săN'märk' zhê'rär'dan', FRANÇOIS AUGUSTE (known as MARC GIRARDIN) (1801-73). A French author and journalist, born in Paris. He obtained a professorship in the Collège Louis-le-Grand in 1827 and in the same year began his long political and literary connection with the Journal des Débats. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1834, and took a prominent part in framing and securing the passage of the bill for secondary education in 1837, and upon his reëlection to the Chamber in the same year was made a member of the Royal Council of Public Instruction. He retired from political life after the Revolution of 1848, and until 1871 gave himself up almost entirely to literary work. In the latter year he was returned to the National Assembly, elected vice-president, and became an active supporter of the policy of Thiers. Saint-Marc Girardin lectured on literature at the Sorbonne for more than thirty years. He published numerous works on history and literature, among which are, Tableau de la marche et des progrès de la littérature française au XVIème siècle (1828); Cours de la littérature dramatique ou de l'usage des passions dans le drame (1843); Essais de littérature et de morale (1845); La Fontaine et les fabulistes (1867); La chute du Second Empire (1874); and J. J. Rousseau, sa vie et ses ouvrages (1875). Consult Tamisier, Saint-Marc Girardin, étude littéraire (1876).

SAINT MARK'S CHURCH (SAN MARCO) in Venice. Originally the chapel attached to the palace of the Doge and the national sanctuary of the Venetians, but since 1807 the Cathedral of Venice. It derives its name from the patron saint of Venice, the Apostle Mark, whose reputed relics were transported from Alexandria to Venice in 828. The church was built in the ninth century, and rebuilt after a conflagration in the tenth. It was a simple Romanesque structure of brick, nearly of its modern plan,

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though without so extensive a narthex, but adorned with lines of colored brick and brick set in patterns, here and there; a very simple church in the form of a Greek cross with five low cupolas. In the eleventh century there began a series of alterations tending to make the church still more Oriental than it was originally. The low brick cupolas were covered and roofed by lofty domes of wood covered with metal; the mosaic decoration of the interior was carried much further; parts of the walls within were sheathed with slabs of alabaster; the decoration by incrusted marbles and mosaics was carried into the exterior; and finally in the Gothic period (fifteenth century) the pinnacles, the crockets, and other florid adornment of the exterior were added. The result is the church as we have it to-day, the most splendid piece of polychromatic architecture in Europe, and more splendid even than Saint Sophia at Constantinople in its present condition.

The church is about two hundred and fifty feet long, east and west, including the great narthex, and one hundred and seventy feet from north to south over the transepts, and the small porches which, whether open or not, complete

the arms of the cross. The west front has five great porches opening upon the Piazza di San Marco, and each porch so deep that the continuous flat roof above them affords a very ample balcony. The famous bronze horses which are supposed to have been brought from Constantinople and to be of antique make are set above the central porch. Of these five porches three are open, and on entering one of those doorways the visitor finds himself in the great narthex. This, in its complete extent, surrounds the western arm of the cross, that which would be the nave in an ordinary Western Romanesque church; but of the three vestibules or arms so made, one is occupied in part by the Baptistery and in part by the chapel called the Cappella Zen. The narthex is vaulted low, underneath a gallery which opens into the church; and these vaults so near the eye are covered with mosaics with many parts of the Bible history. Most of these are of early time, twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but immediately over the main doorway leading into the church is a magnificent Saint Mark from drawings by Titian.

that of On entering the church the impression is again Everything is near to the eye; the mosaics of a low and not impressive interior. the high vaults can be easily made out, although the church is not brightly lighted by day and is still more dim by night. It is, however, bined with singular skill and singular good forfull of beautiful details, and these are comtune to produce one of the most beautiful interiors in the world. Even when the styles differ widely, and disagreement or even discordant effects might be expected, the result is harmonious and pleasant to the eye. The high screen of the choir with a flight of steps leading to it; the row of statues which crowns this screen; the ciborium behind it, under which is the high altar, and behind which is to be seen at certain times the famous pala d'oro, an altar-screen of Byzantine work in silver, silver-gilt, enamel, and precious stones; the alabaster columns and sheathings of the walls, the shrines and side altars in other parts of the church; the deli

cate low relief of Byzantine style which fronts the parapet of the balconies and sometimes is incrusted in the walls; the very beautiful pulpits and font; and above all, the splendid harmony of color upon a ground of broken and varied gilding, the surface being made up of small tesseræ, which are in different planes and reflect the light at different angles-all go to produce a result the most consummate that we can point to, of architectural effect produced by colored light and shade, with but little reference to the traditional proportions of any recognized style.

Besides the church proper, there are several minor chapels other than those mentioned, and on the south there is a very remarkable sacristy, to which is attached the famous treasury of Saint Mark's, which contains a precious collection of church plate, jeweled book-bindings, and other artistic treasures of the early Middle Ages. Consult: Ruskin, The Stones of Venice (London, 1851-53; reprint 1886); id., Saint Mark's Rest (Orpington, 1877-79); Hare, Venice (London, 1884); Boito, The Basilica of Saint Mark in Venice, trans. by Scott (Venice, 1888); and Kreutz and Ongania, La Basilica di San Marco (Venice, 1881-88), one of the most sumptuous publications, consisting of numerous photographs and chromo-lithographs on a large scale.

SAINT MARTIN, săn märtăn. An island of the Lesser Antilles, situated 180 miles east of Porto Rico (Map: West Indies, Q 5). Area, 37 square miles. It is mountainous and destitute of forests and scantily watered, though it produces and exports some sugar, cotton, and tobacco. It belongs partly to France and partly to the Netherlands. Population, 1900.

SAINT-MARTIN, ALEXIS. See BEAUMONT,

WILLIAM.

SAINT-MARTIN, LOUIS CLAUDE DE (17431803). A French mystic, who wrote under the pseudonym" Ph. Inc." or Philosophe inconnu." He was born at Amboise; studied law and practiced at Tours; then entered the army, and for a time was stationed at Bordeaux. There Martinez Pasqualis began to influence him with his mystic laws of numbers, and, having come under Swedenborg's sway soon after, Saint-Martin left the army. His Erreurs et vérité (1782) presents Pasqualis's doctrine for the most part, while the Nouvel homme (1792) is tinged with the mysticism of Böhme, several of whose works Saint-Martin turned into French. The modern Martinists bear his name. Consult: Matter, Saint-Martin, le philosophe inconnu (Paris, 1864); Claassen, Saint-Martin (Stuttgart, 1891).

SAINT MARY AND ALL SAINTS, LINCOLN. See LINCOLN COLLEGE.

SAINT MARY LE BOW, or Bow CHURCH. A church on Cheapside, London, dating from the second half of the seventeenth century. It was built from Wren's designs on the site of an earlier church, supported by stone arches, whence its name. The lofty spire, 235 feet in height, contains the famous Bow Bells, which called Dick Whittington to return.

SAINT MARYS. A city in Auglaize County, Ohio, 22 miles southwest of Lima; on the Miami and Erie Canal, and on the Lake Erie and West

ern and the Toledo and Ohio Central railroads (Map: Ohio, B 4). Near the city is a reservoir containing 17,600 acres, which supplies water for the Miami and Erie Canal. Saint Marys is primarily an industrial centre, its chief establishments including machine shops, woolen mills, and manufactories of vehicle wheels, lumber products, chains, strawboard, paper boxes, plate glass, pumps and air compressors, and flour. The government is administered by a mayor and a unicameral council. The waterworks and the electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 3000; in 1900, 5359.

It

SAINT MARY'S RIVER. The channel connecting Lake Superior with Lake Huron. flows 40 miles southeastward on the boundary between the upper peninsula of Michigan and the Canadian Province of Ontario (Map: Michigan, J 2). It is divided by several large islands into two main channels, each of which has lake-like expansions from 2 to 10 miles wide. It falls 20 feet. Most of this descent occurs at the Saint Mary's Rapids, about one mile long, near the upper end. Transportation around the rapids was at first accomplished by a tramway along the Michigan shore, but this method was replaced in 1855 by a ship canal with locks built at a cost of $1,000,000. (For illustration, see CANAL.) This was enlarged and improved by the United States Government in 1870-81 at a cost of $2,150,000, and again further enlarged in 1889-96 at a cost of $5,000,000. On the other side of the rapids a similar canal has been built by the Canadian Government. The volume of traffic passing through these canals is enormous, greatly exceeding in gross tonnage that of the Suez Canal. See GREAT LAKES.

SAINT MARY'S SEMINARY. A Roman Catholic institution in Baltimore, Md., established in 1791 by the Society of Saint Sulpice. It is a branch of the seminary established by the society in Paris in accordance with the decree of the Council of Trent. There are two departments, philosophy and theology the former leading to the degrees of B.A. and M.A., the latter to the degree of Bachelor of Theology. The courses cover two and three years. The library contains about 31,000 volumes. The attendance in 1902 was 235, and the faculty numbered 15. SAINT MAUR, CONGREGATION OF. See BENE

DICTINES.

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SAINT MAURICE (mô'rês') RIVER. northern tributary of the Saint Lawrence River, It rises in Lake OsCanada, 300 miles long. kelanaio and enters the Saint Lawrence River at the city of Three Rivers, 9 miles above Lake Saint Peter (Map: Quebec, D 4). It is navigable near its mouth, and again for 75 miles between Grand Piles and the Hudson Bay station of La Tuque. It affords transportation for an extensive lumber region.

SAINT MICHAEL, mikel. A village and port of entry in the Northern District of Alaska, 125 miles southeast of Nome; on the island of Saint Michael, in Norton Sound (Map: Alaska, C 3). It has steamship connection with Seattle, Wash. The village is the military headquarters of the Department of Alaska, and has consid erable commercial importance as a shipping point for the Yukon mining district. Saint Michael