very probable that the only feature of the Sabbatical year which was carried out in practice was the ordinance requiring that the land should lie fallow every seven years. Consult the archæologies of Benzinger and Nowack. See JUBILEE.

SABEL LIUS. A celebrated heretic of the

third century who taught that God manifests Himself in three successive modes, or forms, without, however, recognizing any real personal distinctions in the Godhead, as did the orthodox. (See TRINITY; NICENE CREED.) Our information respecting the events of Sabellius's life is very scanty, only a few fragments of his works having survived and the existing accounts being written by his theological opponents. He was perhaps born in the Libyan Pentapolis, where his peculiar views were afterwards widely current. Early in the third century he took up his residence in Rome, where he adopted Monarchian views, especially those of a modalistic type. (See MONARCHIANS.) Here he was excommunicated by Pope Callistus (or Calixtus). Leaving Rome, Sabellius went to Ptolemais, where he was made presbyter and met with much success in propagating his views. The Sabellian view of the Trinity is this: The One Divine Essence, or Substance, unfolds itself in creation and in human history as a trinity. God operating in the works of nature is Father; God operating in Jesus Christ, to redeem men from sin, is Son; and God operating in the hearts of believers is Holy Spirit. But these three are not eternal divine hypostases, or persons (see HYPOSTASIS); they are merely so many successive manifestations of the one God. Besides the works of Hippolytus, Athanasius, and Epiphanius, consult: Fisher, History of Christian Doctrine (New York, 1896); Harnack, History of Dogma, vol. iii. (Eng. trans., London, 1897); Rainy, The Ancient Catholic Church (ib., 1902); Cheetham, Church History of the First Six Centuries (ib., 1894).

SABIANS. See SABEANS.

SABIANS. A name given by Mohammed and early Moslem writers to a people classed with those possessing a written revelation, distinguished from idolaters and accorded an exceptional position, probably the Mandæans (q.v.). From the ninth to the twelfth century it was falsely applied to themselves by the pagans of Harran for the purpose of escaping persecution; and in later times it was used indiscriminately of both Mandæans and pagans of Harran, or explained as apostates from the true faith, or worshipers of the host of heaven. There are three passages in the Koran in which Mohammed refers to the Sabians. A number of passages from Buchari, Ibn Hisham, and Aghani have been collected, which show that Mohammed himself and his followers were designated as 'Sabians' by their pagan contemporaries. The reason for this designation must have been some practice or belief that to the popular mind identified Mohammed and his followers with the Sabians. As the name Sabians undoubtedly is derived from ṣaba'-șaba', 'to immerse,' there can be no question but that a sect practicing baptism is meant. The relations of the Elkesaites (q.v.), Hemerobaptists, Mughtasila, and Mandæans have not yet been cleared up. But the emphasis put upon their sacred books renders it perhaps probable that some

branch of the Mandæans is intended. (See MANDÆANS.) It was the institution of ablutions before the daily prayers that seemed so peculiar to the pagan Arabs and led them to describe the Moslem as Sabians.

According to the testimony of a Christian writer, Abu Yusuf Absha'a al-Qathi'i, who lived at the end of the ninth century, some of the pagans in Harran who were neither willing to become Christians nor to adopt Islam gained for themselves toleration by following the advice of a Moslem lawyer to call themselves Sabians. This was in the year 830. A Sabian cult-community was formed in Bagdad, and among its members were men of great learning and influence. The greatest of all these so-called Sabians were Thabit ben Qorrah (died 901), who wrote 150 works in Arabic and 16 in Syriac, and Abu Ishak Ibrahim, poet, scientist, and historian. But many eminent men were among their descendants to whose enthusiastic study of Greek antiquity and liberal views on theology their Mohammedan contemporaries were greatly indebted. Through Shakrastani, Maimonides, and others their religious and philosophical views became known to European scholars. At first these accounts, caused much confusion. Hottinger identified the Sabians with the Sabæans (q.v.); Golius regarded them as star-worshipers. Although based on wholly impossible etymologies, these explanations were widely accepted. Spencer understood the term to designate Oriental idolaters in general. Norberg first proposed the correct etymology and Michaelis distinguished between two kinds of 'Sabians,' the Mandæans and the star-worshipers. Saint Martin was the first to call attention in 1825 to the fact that the Harranians were known as Sabians by Arabic writers. It is the merit of Chwolson to have presented all the important literary material bearing on the question and to have drawn the conclusions now generally accepted as to the use of the term in Arabic literature, thereby putting an end to the baseless speculations about 'Sabism.' Consult: Chwolson, Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus (Saint Petersburg, 1856); Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentums (2d ed., Berlin, 1897).

SA BIN, JOSEPH (1821-81). An American

bibliographer, born at Braunston, Northamptonshire, England. After serving as an apprentice to Charles Richards, an Oxford bookseller, he set up an independent shop, and published in 1844 The XXXIX Articles of the Church of England, with Scriptural Proofs and References. In 1848 he removed to the United States, where he conducted shops for the sale of old and rare books and prints, from 1850 to 1856 at New York, from 1856 to 1860 at Philadelphia, and again at New York from 1860. He prepared auction catalogues of many important libraries, including that of Edwin Forrest (1863); undertook in 1868 the publication of A Dictionary of Books Relating to America, from Its Discovery to the Present Time, continued by others as Bibliotheca Americana (20 vols., 1868-92); and prepared A Bibliography of Bibliography; or, A Handy Book About Books Which Relate to Books (1877). He also published two series of reprints concerning American history, one of tracts in seven volumes (1865), and one of more extended works in five volumes (also 1865). A List of the Printed

Editions of the Works of Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, Bishop of Chiapa (1870), was extracted from the Dictionary. Sabin was the editor of The American Bibliopolist (New York, 1869-75). SA BINE. A river which rises in the northeastern part of Texas, and flows southeast to the Louisiana boundary, then southward, forming the boundary between Texas and Louisiana, until it empties through Sabine Lake and Sabine Pass into the Gulf of Mexico (Map: Texas, H 4). It is about 500 miles long, but navigable only for a short distance, and for small vessels. The navigation of the pass has been improved by dredging and jetty-building. The Sabine is an historic stream and was involved

in the sharp boundary controversy between Spain

and the United States.

SABINE. A shrub. See SAVINE. SABINE, săb'in, Sir EDWARD (1788-1883). A British physicist and soldier. He was born in Dublin, and after receiving a military education at Marlow and Woolwich, served in the Royal Artillery. He saw active service in the war with the United States in 1812, being captured by the United States privateer Yorktown and participating in the actions on the Niagara frontier in 1814. He accompanied Sir John Ross (q.v.) and Sir William Parry (q.v.) in their expedition (1818-20) to the north coast of America (see ARCTIC REGIONS and POLAR RESEARCH), making a series of observations of great value. He later (1821-23) undertook a series of voyages, visiting many places between the equator and the north pole, and making at each point observations on the length of the seconds pendulum, and on the dip and intensity of the magnetic needle, the results of these observations being published, along with other information, in 1825. His many experiments dealt with almost every phase of terrestrial magnetism and he extended magnetic science by causing the establishment of magnetic observatories in different parts of the world, and by the collation of the enormous mass of facts thus acquired. In 1818 Sabine was elected a fellow of the Royal Society; in 1856 he was raised to the rank of major-general; and in 1869 he was created a Knight Commander of the Bath. He was the author of a work On the Cosmical Features of Terrestrial Magnetism (1862), and contributed many papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the Philosophical Magazine, and other scientific journals.

SABINE, să bin, LORENZO (1803-77). An American author and politician, born in New Lisbon, N. H. After a meagre education, he became a merchant and bank officer, and for some time was secretary of the Boston Board of Trade. He also served three terms in the Maine Legislature. In 1852 he became secret agent of the United States Treasury Department, and served nine weeks in Congress. His best known publications are a Life of Commodore Preble (1847), in "Sparks's American Biography;" The American Loyalists (1847); Notes on Duels and Dueling (1855); and an address on the Hundredth Anniversary of the Death of Major-General Wolfe (1859).

SABINES (Lat. Sabini). An ancient people of Central Italy, of Umbro-Sabellian stock, whose territory lay to the northeast of Rome.

Their land appears to have extended from the sources of the Nar, on the borders of Picenum, as far south as the Anio. The nations conterminous to the Sabines were the Umbrians on the north, the Umbrians and Etruscans on the west, the Latins and Æqui on the south, and the Marsi and Picentini on the east. The entire length of the Sabine territory did not exceed 85 miles, reckoning from the lofty and rugged group of the Apennines, anciently known as the Mons Fiscellus (now Monte della Sibilla), to Fidene on the Tiber, which is not more than five miles from Rome. None of their towns were of any size or political importance. The inhabitants had no inducements to congregate in large towns. Their country was an inland region; much of it, especially in the north, very mountainous and bleak, though the valleys were (and are) often richly productive. The Sabines were a brave, stern, religious race, whose virtues were all of an austere and homely character. Their part in the formation of Rome is mentioned under ROMULUS. The whole territory of Sabinum fell under Roman sway after the victory of M. Curius Dentatus in B.C. 290, and in B.C. 268 its inhabitants received the full Roman franchise, while about B.C. 240 they were enrolled in the newly formed tribus Quirina. No literature or inscriptions remain in the Sabine dialect, which has to be studied from the few words quoted by the ancients as Sabine (all with Latin terminations) and from place and personal names. It was early driven out by the dialect of the Latin conquerors.

SABIN'IANS. A school or sect of Roman

jurists during the first and second centuries of the Christian Era. Its origin was ascribed to Capito, head of one of the law schools at Rome in the time of Augustus, as the origin of the rival Proculian sect was ascribed to Labeo, a distinguished contemporary teacher and writer. Each school, however, took its name from a pupil and successor of its founder: the Sabinian school from Masurius Sabinus, second head of the school and author of a standard commentary on the civil law. His successor was Cassius Longinus, who flourished in the reign of Nero and enjoyed so high a reputation that the later adherents of the sect sometimes termed themselves Cassians. Other distinguished members of the school were Salvius Julianus, Pomponius, Africanus, and Gaius. Gaius was the last jurist who regarded himself as an adherent of either of the two schools, and in not a few cases he accepts, in his Institutes, the doctrines of the Proculians. See CIVIL LAW; PROCULIANS; and for literature, consult Muirhead, Historical Introduction to the Private Law of Rome (2d ed., Edinburgh, 1899).

SABLE (OF., Fr. sable, black, from Russ. soboli, Lith. sabalas, sable, perhaps from Turk. samur, from Ar. sammur, martin). A fur-bearing animal, noted for yielding the most valuable pelt of any of the Mustelidæ, of which two species exist, one in Northern Russia and Siberia (Mustela zibellina), and one in Canada (Mustela Americana); but the latter is usually known as the pine-marten. The Siberian sable, exclusive of the tail, is about 18 inches long. The fur is dark brown (not black), grayish-yellow on the throat, and small grayish-yellow spots are scattered on the sides of the neck. The whole fur is extremely lustrous, and hence of the very

highest value, an ordinary sable skin being worth $30 or $35, and one of the finest quality $200. The fur attains its highest perfection in early winter, and the pursuit of the sable at that season is one of the most difficult and adventurous of enterprises. It is taken by traps, which are of a kind to avoid injury to the fur, and it is not easily captured. Its general habits are those of the marten (q.v.). See Plate of FURBEARING ANIMALS.

tection of the feet from external moisture. The fabrication of sabots forms an important branch of French industry, and is chiefly carried on in the departments of Aisne, Aube, Maine-et-Loire, and Vosges. After being made they are subjected to the smoke of burning wood till they acquire the reddish color so much prized in certain countries. See SHOES AND SHOE MANUFACTURE. SABRE. See SWORD.

SABRE-TOOTHED TIGER. The Machæro

SABLE, CAPE. See CAPE SABLE.

SABLE ANTELOPE. A large antelope of South Africa (Hippotragus niger), remarkable for its glossy black coat, sharply set off by the white of the under parts, buttocks, and parts of the face. It carries its head high, its neck is adorned with a heavy mane, and it has long, curving, and heavily ringed horns, which it uses with terrible effect when attacked by packs of the Cape hunting-dogs or by hunters' hounds. It has been known to impale and kill leopards and even lions. It formerly ranged over all the high plains in small herds which had great speed and endurance, and its beauty and the sport it afforded have been enthusiastically commented upon by every South African hunter, but it is Consult The Book of the Antelopes

now scarce.

(London, 1894-1900). See Plate of ANTELOPES. SABLE ISLAND. A low-lying crescentshaped island in the Atlantic Ocean, situated in latitude 44° north and longitude 60° west, 104 miles southeast of Cape Canso (Map: Nova Scotia, D 6). Formed of sandhills thrown up by the sea, it is about 25 miles long by 14 miles wide. The sandhills surround a shallow lagoon 11 miles long, and nowhere exceed 80 feet in height. The island lies in the track of navigation between America and Great Britain; since 1873 it has had three lighthouses built upon it by the Canadian Government, two of which have been swept away by the sea, which frequently levels the outlying hills. From 1583 to 1899, 170 vessels were lost on its treacherous shoals. A lifesaving establishment of 30 persons is now stationed here. In 1901 the Canadian Government completed arrangements for checking the shifting of the sands and making the island a more prominent feature on the ocean by the planting of 68,000 spruces, pines, and junipers, and 13,000 hardy, deciduous trees. Covered with wild grasses and cranberry bushes, which formerly supported a breed of wild horses, known as Sable Island ponies, the island is interesting to the naturalist as the only known nesting place of the Ipswich sparrow.

SABLES D'OLONNE, så'bl' do'lōn', LES. The capital of an arrondissement and a seaport in the Department of Vendée, France, 23 miles south of La Roche-sur-Yon by rail (Map: France, E 5). Oyster and sardine fishing and canning and shipbuilding are carried on. There is a lighthouse, visible for 14 miles. The fine, sandy beach, encircled by a wide promenade, carriage road, and elegant villas, attracts numerous summer visitors. Population, in 1901, 12,244.

SABOTS, så'bo' (Fr., wooden shoe). A species of wooden shoes much used by the French and Belgian peasantry, especially by those who inhabit moist and marshy districts, as an effectual pro

The term 'sabre

of fossil cat-like mammals, characterized chiefly by enlargement of the upper canine teeth. By some writers they are regarded as constituting a distinct family, while others rank the group as a subfamily of the Felida. toothed tiger' designates particularly Smilodon (or Machærodus) neogaus, a fossil cat from the Pleistocene deposits of South America, of which complete skeletons have been found exceeding the lion in size. It is chiefly remarkable by reason of the enormous development of the upper canines, which are seven inches long and flattened, with finely serrated cutting edges. In compensation for the enlargement of these teeth, the lower canines are so reduced as to resemble the incisors. The brain is proportionally smaller than in the modern large cats. In England the sabre-toothed tigers are known to have been contemporaneous with cave man. The group attained its highest specialization and finally became extinct in the Pleistocene period. A nearly allied form (Nimravus) occurs in the Middle Miocene of Oregon.

SABRINA. Daughter of Locrine, the son of King Brute of ancient Britain, and Estrildis, thrown into the river Severn by Queen Guendolen, and metamorphosed by Nereus into the goddess of the river. She is described as a nymph in Drayton's Polyolbion, in Milton's Comus, and in Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess.

SAC AND FOX INDIANS. A confederacy of the two North American Indian tribes of Sacs or Sauks and Foxes or Muskwaki. The tribes combined about 1760 as a result of the attacks of the Ojibwa (q.v.) and of the French. The united population in 1903 was about 930. See Fox or MUSKWAKI; SAUK.

SACCARDO, såk-kär'dô, PIETRO ANDREA (1845-). An Italian botanist, born at Treviso, and educated at the Liceo of Venice and in the University of Padua, where he became professor of botany in 1879 after ten years as teacher of natural history in the school of technology of the same city. Save for his Sommario d'un corso di botanica (3d ed. 1880), his work is almost entirely on mycology. Following such special treatises as Musci Tarvisini (1872) and Fungi Italici (1877-86, with 1500 colored plates), came his great universal work, Syllge Fungorum, in ten volumes, which began to appear in 1882.

SACCHARIN, săk'kå-rin (from ML. saccharum, Lat. saccharon, from Gk. σáкxapov, sakcharon, sugar, from Pers. sakar, from Prakrit sakkara, sugar, Skt. sárkarā, candied sugar, grit), ortho/CO\

benzo-sulphimide, CH NH. An intensely \SO2/

sweet substance discovered by Remsen and Fahlberg in 1879. Its sweet properties were not recognized until some time after. The substance was patented in the United States and in Euro

pean countries, and is now manufactured on a large scale in Germany. The process is as follows: Toluol, C.H,CH, a hydrocarbon obtair from coal-tar, is carefully treated with concentrated sulphuric acid; the result is a mixture of ortho- and para-toluol-sulphonic acids. These are acted on by phosphorus pentachloride, which converts them into the corresponding orthoand para-toluol sulphochlorides. The orthocompound is liquid, and is easily separated by pressure from the solid para-derivative, which is discarded. The ortho-toluol sulphochloride, /CH, whose formula is C&H is now treated \SO2CI with ammonia, which produces the ortho-toluol /CH, This is then oxidized \SO,NH, by potassium permanganate, and thus converted /CO\ into ortho-benzo-sulphimide, CH NH, the \SO2/

sulphamide, CH

final product, which is precipitated from the solution on adding an acid. It forms a white powder, only slightly soluble in water, but readily soluble in alkaline liquids. Recent experiments show that the pure substance possesses about 500 times the sweetening power of cane-sugar. The commercial product, however, often contains as much as 50 per cent. of impurities, and its sweetening power is only about 300 times as great as that of cane-sugar. Saccharin is usually sold in tablets of one grain each, mixed with a little bicarbonate of soda, to increase solubility. These may be dissolved in water, in milk, or in coffee. Saccharin is now largely used in the manufacture of cordials and mineral waters, in baking, preserving fruit, etc.

SACCHAROMYCETES, sǎk'kȧ-rô-mi-sē tez (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from ML. saccharum, sugar + Gk. μúκns, mykes, mushroom). One of six

YEAST.

termed budding, in which the cell puts out one or more processes which finally become pinched off from the mother cell. The buds may remain attached for a long time, so that they form an irregular group of cells clinging together. Many yeasts form spores, the protoplasm separating into two or four masses that become walled and lie inside the mother cell. Saccharomyces cerevisiæ, the beer yeast, has been cultivated for centuries and is not known in the wild state. The origin of such yeasts is not certain, but all evidence points to their derivation from some of the higher fungi. The conidia of many ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, and especially the smuts, will bud extensively in culture solutions and induce fermentation. None of the cultivated yeasts are known to have come from these wild yeast stages, which are generally mere passing phases of much more complicated life histories. The yeast of wine fermentation is said to originate from spores of the filamentous mildew-like fungus (Dematium) that grows on the surface of grapes.. It is well understood that the cultivated yeasts constitute fixed species that have not been made to develop into other fungi. The tical importance to those who use the organisms identification of yeasts is a matter of pracin brewing, because certain wild yeasts seriously injure or spoil the work of the beer yeast. The species are distinguished chiefly by physiological characters, among which are the maximum and minimum temperatures of growth, and the optimum temperature for spore formation. Some beers and ales owe their peculiarities not alone to the character of the wort, but to the specific nature of the yeasts employed.

SACCHETTI, såk-kět'tê, FRANCO (c.1330c.1399). An Italian novelist and poet, born in Florence. His most important work is a collection of several hundred Novelle, simple, straightforward descriptions of real events in many instances, and admirable pictures of the society of his time. They were written about 1392-95, and were first published in 1724. The best edition is that of Gigli (Florence, 1860). Ten of the tales are translated in Roscoe's Italian Novelists (1825). His ballads are of great freshness and charm. There is a good edition of them by Franchi and Majonchi (Lucca, 1853), and some of the best are included in Carducci's Studi letterarii.

SACCHINI, såk-ke'né, ANTONIO MARIA GASPARO (1734-86). An Italian operatic composer of the Neapolitan school. He was the son of a fisherman, born in the environs of Naples, and owed his musical education to Durante. His first marked success was the opera Semiramide, produced at Rome in 1762. In consequence of the success in Venice of Alessandro nell' Indie (1768), he became director of the Conservatory del Ospedaletto in that city. In 1771 he went to London, where he spent the next ten years, scoring several successes. He then went to Paris, where he wrote two new works, Dardanus (1784), and his most famous production, Edipe à Colone (1786). He also wrote a large number of sacred compositions and some

SACHALINE, or GIANT KNOTWEED (Polygonum sachalinense). A hardy perennial herb 6 to 12 feet high with strong, extensively spreading rootstocks, broad, nearly heart-shaped leaves oft

en a foot in length, and small greenish flowers, which appear late in autumn. The plant is a native of Eastern Siberia, from whence it was brought to Europe and grown in many botanic gardens. It came prominently into notice about 1893, when the drought in Western Europe caused a decided shortage in forage for cattle. This plant was little affected, and since its tender shoots and leaves were eaten by stock, the plant was widely grown experimentally as a forage crop. It has proved less useful than was predicted, and its cultivation in the United States has been almost entirely abandoned. False sachaline (Polygonum cuspidatum) has smaller and more pointed leaves.

SACHAU, zä'GOU, EDUARD (1845-). A German Orientalist, born in Neumünster, and educated at Kiel and Leipzig. In 1869 he became professor of Semitic languages in Vienna, and in 1876 went to the University of Berlin, where, in 1887, he took charge of the new Oriental Seminar. Sachau traveled much in the East, and published, among many other volumes, an English translation of Alberuni's Chronology of Ancient Nations (1879; Arabic text, 1876-78) and of the same writer's India (1888; Arabic text, 1887); Reise in Syrien und Mesopotamien (1883); Arabische Volkslieder aus Mesopotamien (1889); Ueber die Poesie in der Volkssprache der Nestorianer (1896); Mohammedanisches Recht (1897); Am Euphrat und Tigris (1900); and several valuable catalogues of Persian, Syriac, and Arabic manuscripts.

SACHER-MASOCH, säʼger mäʼzoG, LEOPOLD VON (1835-95). An Austrian novelist.' He studied at Gratz and Prague, taught history at Gratz, and published (1857) Der Aufstand in Gent unter Karl V. His first novel, Eine galizische Geschichte, appeared in 1866. His fiction, devoted in part to Galician life, is unsavory, sensational, but of rich imagination. Best known of his many novels is Das Vermächtnis Kains (1870).

SACHEVERELL, så-shĕv'ĕr-ěl, HENRY (c.1674-1724). An English high churchman. He was born at Marlborough and was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1705 he became preacher of Saint Saviour's, Southwark. His prominence is due to two sermons preached in 1709, one at Derby, the other at Saint Paul's, in which he attacked the principles of the Act of Settlement, asserted the doctrine of non-resistance, and decried the Act of Toleration. The House of Commons impeached him for these utterances, and the Lords found him guilty. But popular opinion rose so strong in the preacher's favor that the authorities dared go no further than to suspend him from preaching for three years and to order the obnoxious sermons to be publicly burned. Sacheverell became, for the time, the most popular man in the kingdom. At the general election, which came on almost immediately, his prosecution was the decisive issue, and brought about the defeat of the Whigs, who had been the political party in power. When, in 1713, his suspension expired, he was appointed by the new Tory House of Commons to preach before them the sermon on the anniversary of the Restoration, and was specially thanked on the occasion. Consult: Howell, State Trials, vol. xvi. (London, 1809-26); Stanhope, History of Queen Anne's Reign (ib., 1872).

SACHEVERELL, WILLIAM (1638-91). An English politician. He first appeared in Parliament in 1670, and at once joined the opposition, where he came into prominence almost imdiately. In 1673 he began the movement which brought about the downfall of the Cabal (q.v.) and the passage of the Test Act (q.v.). His hostility to the Court policy, however, continued unabated. Especially did he advocate a return to the Triple Alliance of 1668 between England, Spain, and Holland. Sacheverell was the first man who openly suggested the exclusion of the Duke of York from the succession. He made the proposal in 1678 and continued to advocate it even against the wishes of the party leaders. A year later he succeeded in getting a bill to this effect before the House, but Parliament was prorogued and dissolved before it could be read a third time. In the new Parliament he was one accession of James II. he was forced into retireof the managers of Lord Stafford's trial. On the ment, but with the Revolution he again came drew up the Declaration of Right. He also was into prominence, serving on the committee which among the most active of those who tried to disfranchise the Tories implicated in the obnoxious measures of James.

SACHS, săks, BERNARD (1858-). An American neurologist, born in Baltimore, Md., and educated at Harvard and in the University of Strassburg. After research in Vienna and Berlin, he began to practice medicine in New York City in 1883 as a specialist in nervous diseases. Dr. Sachs first described the disease known as amaurotic

family idiocy. He contributed to Keating's Diseases of Children (1890), to Hare's Therapeutics (1892), and to Hamilton's Medical Jurisprudence (1894), as well as to German, British, and American neurological journals; and wrote Nervous Diseases of Children (1895; German version, 1897).

SACHS, zäks, HANS (1494-1576). A German poet and dramatist, the best and also the most prolific of the Meistersingers (q.v.). He was born in Nuremberg, the son of a shoemaker, to whose trade he was trained, having first enjoyed a classical education at the town Latin school. After his apprenticeship he entered on the usual years of journeyman wandering in 1511 and passed five years practicing shoemaking in many places of South and North Germany, among them Passau, Munich, Salzburg, Regensburg, Leipzig, Osnabrück, and Lübeck. Returning to Nuremberg in 1516, he married in 1519 and again in 1561; he was diligent alike at his trade and his literary avocation, gained high esteem among his townsmen both as burgher and poet, took earnest but eirenic interest in the Reformation movement, and died in 1576. Though early trained in the rules of the Meistergesang, he soon emancipated himself from their excessive pedantry. His versification was always mechanical and his purpose prevailingly didactic, but his humor was exuberant, his imagination fertile, and his fancy tireless. He wrote hymns, some of which did great service to the Reformation in its first decades, fables, allegories, merry tales (Schwänke), dialogues, comedies, and Shrove-tide plays (Fastnachtspiele); in all some 6300 pieces. In an often-quoted and characteristic passage in a preface of 1560, he describes his poetry as "an open public pleasure garden by the wayside for the