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more important publications consist of The New Phrynichus, with introduction and commentary (1881), and Fables of Babrius (1883). He also published several other works relating to the classics, among them a First Greek Grammar, which has gone through several editions.

RUTHERFURD, LEWIS MORRIS (1816-92). An American astronomer, born in Morrisania, N. Y. He graduated at Williams College in 1834, and became a lawyer. But even during his active legal career, which he gave up in 1849, he devoted his spare time to astronomy and built in New York an observatory, which was the primary station for longitude determination. Two years after the construction of the observatory, in 1858, he first attacked the problem of astronomical photography, his work being independent if not earlier than that of De La Rue. Interrupting his research in this direction, about 1862 he began his studies in spectroscopy, following the suggestions of Fraunhofer; distinguished the star spectra by a classification practically identical with Secchi's, and if not prior to Donati, gaining results far more minute and accurate. He constructed a large spectroscope late in 1863, and about the same time realized the advantage over bisulphide prisms of diffraction gratings. For several years he studied Nobert's gratings and finally greatly improved on them. His telescope especially constructed for photography was finished in 1864; a photographic corrector was made in 1868, and in 1876 he devised a glass circle for the measurement of angles. As early as 1865 Rutherfurd had suggested a photographic chart of the heavens. His health began to fail about 1877, and in 1883 he gave up active work and presented to Columbia College his telescope, micrometer, and many of his valuable photographs, which were published by Rees in 1891. He was one of the original members of the National Academy of Sciences.

RUTHERGLEN, ruтH'ĕr-glen or (locally) rugʻlen. A royal, Parliamentary, and municipal burgh in Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the Clyde, three miles southeast of Glasgow (Map: Scot land, D 4). It was an important town in the twelfth century. It has extensive iron and steel works, and neighboring coal mines. It contains an old church of the twelfth century, and a fine town hall. Population, in 1901, 18,280.

RUTHVEN RAID. See GOWRIE CONSPIRACY. RUTILE (Fr. rutile, from Lat. rutilus, reddish, yellowish-red). A mineral, titanium dioxide, that crystallizes in the tetragonal system, and is of a reddish-brown color. It is found in older rocks, in various localities in Norway, in Sweden, in the Urals, and in Switzerland; also in the United States in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia, North Carolina, New Jersey, and Arkansas. The variety from Graves Mountain, Ga., has furnished a number of specimens that have been cut into gems. When found as fine needle-like crystals in limpid quartz they are called sagenite, Venus's hair stone, or flèches d'amour.

RUTILIUS NAMA'TIA'NUS, CLAUDIUS. A Latin poet of the beginning of the fifth century. He was a Gaul by birth, but a patriotic Roman in sentiment, and under Honorius was prefect of Rome. His poem De Reditu suo (416), in very good elegiacs, describes his trip from

Rome to Gaul. A part of the first and most of the second books are lost. It was edited by Müller (1870) and by Bährens (in Poetæ Latini Minores, vol. v., 1883). An excellent sketch of its contents is in "Urbs Animæ," Atlantic Monthly (vol. lxii., 1888, pp. 742-752).

RÜTIMEYER, ru'té-mi'er, LUDWIG (182595). A Swiss paleontologist, born at Biglen, in the Emmenthal. He studied theology and medicine at Bern, and natural history in Paris, London, and Leyden; became professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at Basel in 1855, and made important studies on the early fauna of Switzerland and on craniology. His many and valuable works include: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der fossilen Pferde (1863); Crania Helvetica (with His, 1864); Ueber die Herkunft unserer Tierwelt (1867); Ueber Thal- und Seebildung (1869; 2d ed. 1874); Die Veränderungen der Tierwelt in der Schweiz seit Anwesenheit des Menschen (1875); Die Rinder der Tertiärepoche (1878-79); Beiträge zu einer natürlichen Geschichte der Hirsche (1881-83); and Die eocäne Säugetierwelt von Egerkingen (1891).

RUT LAND. The smallest county in England, bounded on the northeast by Lincoln, on the southeast by Northampton, and on the west by Leicester (Map: England, F 4). Area, 152 square miles; population, in 1891, 20,659; in 1901, 19,700. The Wash divides it into two portions, of which the northern is a somewhat elevated tableland, while the southern consists of a number of valleys running east and west, and separated by low hills. The principal stream is the Welland, forming the boundary on the southeast. The chief mineral production is fine building stone. The climate is mild and healthful, the soil loamy and rich. Oxen and sheep are raised in great numbers. The capital is Oakham. RUTLAND.

A town, including several villages, in Worcester County, Mass., 12 miles northMaine Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, D 3). west of the city of Worcester; on the Boston and It has the State Hospital for Consumptive and Tubercular Patients, and a public library. Population, in 1890, 980; in 1900, 1334. Rutland was settled about 1716, and was incorporated as a town in 1722. In 1777-78 part of Burgoyne's troops, who had surrendered at Saratoga, were quartered here. Rutland was the home from 1781 to 1787 of Rufus Putnam (q.v.), on account of whose influence, as a member of the Ohio Company, in founding the settlement of Marietta, Ohio, the town has been called the 'Cradle of Ohio.' Consult: Hurd (ed.), History of Worcester County, Mass. (Philadelphia, 1889); and a chapter in Powell (ed.), Historic Towns of New England (New York, 1898).

RUTLAND. The county-seat of Rutland County, Vt., 67 miles south by east of Burlington; on Otter Creek, and on the Delaware and Hudson, the Rutland, and the Burlington and Rutland railroads (Map: Vermont, C 7). Some of the loftiest, most picturesque peaks in the Green Mountains are near. Noteworthy features of Rutland include Memorial Hall, the Public and the H. H. Baxter libraries, House of Correction, United States Government building, and the court-house. The city is primarily important for its extensive marble-quarrying industry, the marble deposits here being among the most pro

ductive in the United States. The city has also large scale works, lumber mills, machine shops, boiler and engine works, and manufactories of brick, furniture, cheese, etc. Population, in 1900, 11,499.

Rutland was chartered by New Hampshire in 1761, but not settled until nine years later. Along with the rest of the State, it was claimed for many years by both New Hampshire and New York, and in 1772 the latter re-chartered it as Socialborough. This name, however, seems never to have been used. Till 1804 Rutland was one of the two State capitals, and the State House built here in 1784 is the second oldest building in Vermont. In 1892 Rutland was chartered as a city. Consult Williams, Centennial Celebration of the Settlement of Rutland (Rutland, 1870).

RUTLAND, JOHN JAMES MANNERS, Duke of. See MANNERS.

RUT'LEDGE, EDWARD (1749-1800). An American patriot, born at Charleston, S. C. After studying law, first in Charleston and then in London, he was admitted to the bar, and became very prominent as a lawyer. He was a member of the Continental Congress in 1774-77, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, served on the first Board of War in 1776, and in the same year was a joint commissioner with John Adams and Franklin to treat with Lord Howe with regard to peace. He was reëlected to Congress in 1779, but, on account of illness, did not take his seat. He was taken prisoner near Charleston in 1780, and was confined at Saint Augustine for eleven months. From 1798 until his death he was Governor of South Carolina.

RUTLEDGE, JOHN (1739-1800). An American statesman, born at Charleston, S. C. He studied law in London, and began to practice at Charleston in 1761. He sat in the Stamp Act Congress at New York in 1765, in the South Carolina convention in 1774, and the Continental Congress of 1774; was chairman of the committee which framed the new Constitution for South Carolina in 1776, and was first President (177698) under that Constitution. In 1779 he was Governor of the State, and during the siege of Charleston was given almost absolute power by the Legislature. On the surrender of the city in 1780 he joined the Army of the South, with which he remained till the end of the war. He

was a member of Congress in 1782, and again in

1783, was Chancellor of his State in 1784, member of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution (1787) and of the State convention which adopted it. He was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1789-91), was Chief Justice of South Carolina from 1791 to 1795, and in July, 1795, was appointed Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, but, owing to the loss of his reason, the appointment was not confirmed. RÜTLI, rụtʼlê. See GRÜTLI.

A meadow in Switzerland.

RU TULI. An ancient Italian people on the coast of Latium, south of the mouth of the Tiber. In the early legends they appear as hostile to the Latins, but later are found in the Latin League. Their capital was Ardea, which was conquered by the Romans in B.C. 442 and made a Latin colony. In Vergil's Eneid, Turnus is their king, and leads them against Æneas and

the Trojans, who threaten to supplant him with Latinus, whose daughter he had been promised.

RUVO DI PUGLIA, roo'vo dê poo'lyà. A city in the Province of Bari, Italy, 20 miles west of Bari, with which it has steam tramway connection (Map: Italy, L 6). It is surrounded by walls, has a twelfth-century cathedral, a seminary, and a gymnasium. The Apulian tombs in the vicinity have yielded many beautiful vases. The city is famous for its potteries. It trades in grain, pulse, and fruits. Population (commune), in 1881, 17,956; in 1901, 23,776.

A mountain

RUWENZORI, roo'wen-zō'rê. mass in Central Africa, on the boundary between the Congo Free State and British East Africa, and between the Albert Nyanza and the Albert Edward Nyanza (Map: Congo Free State, F 2). It consists of several parallel ridges and groups of peaks with altitudes estimated at from 16,000 to 20,000 feet, so that it may prove to be the highest mountain mass in Africa. All the higher summits are capped with perpetual snow, and the whole mass has a very imposing appearance, falling steeply on the west and south into the great fissure which runs through the African plateau. The core of the mountains is of eruptive granite, and the sides are covered with mica-slate. Ruwenzori was discovered in 1888 by the Stanley expedition. In 1901 Wylde reached an altitude of 15,000 feet.

RUY BLAS, ru' blås. A drama by Victor Hugo (1838). The hero is the lackey of Don Salluste, who was disgraced by the Queen. His relative, Don César de Bazan, disappears and Ruy Blas is forced to personate him at Court, where he rises to power. Salluste plans a rendezvous to ruin the Queen, but Ruy Blas, who loves her, kills his master and himself to save her honor.

RUYSBROEK, rois'brook, or RUSBROEK, JAN VAN (1293-1381). A Dutch mystic. He was born at Ruysbroek; studied at Brussels, and became vicar of the Church of Saint Gudule in Brussels, but in 1343 he retired to the Augustinian Monastery of Groenendael, near Waterloo, where he spent the remainder of his life as prior. Here he believed his writing to be under the dates the succession of mystical teachers in direct inspiration of the Holy Spirit. From him Germany and the Netherlands prior to the Reformation. He earned the name of Ecstatic Teacher. An edition of his works, which he wrote partly in Flemish and partly in Latin, was published in Hanover in 1848. Consult: Engelhardt, Richard von Saint Victor und Ruysbroek (Erlangen, 1838); Schmidt, Etude sur Ruysbroek (Strassburg, 1859); and Auger, De Doctrina et Meritis Joannis de Ruysbroek (Louvain, 1892).

RUYSCH, rois, RACHEL (1664-1750). A Dutch flower and fruit painter, born in Amsterdam. She was a pupil of Willem van Aelst, married the portrait painter Juriaen Pool in 1695, was received into the guild at The Hague in 1701, and became Court painter to the Elector Palatine in Düsseldorf in 1708. Her reputation as a flower painter was second only to that of Jan van Huysum. She excelled particularly in painting rare exotic flowers and insects. Two admirable pieces (dated 1700 and 1715) are in The Hague Museum, a fine fruit piece and four others in the Pinakothek at Munich, four in

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RUYSCH.
Amsterdam, and others in Karlsruhe, Berlin,
She died in
Dresden, Vienna, and New York.
Amsterdam.
RUYSDAEL, rois'dål, or RUISDAEL, JACOB
(c.1625-82). One of the greatest landscape paint-
ers of the Dutch school. He was born at Haar-
lem and studied under his uncle, Salomon Ruys-

dael. In 1648 he was received into the guild
at Haarlem and in 1659 obtained the rights
of citizenship at Amsterdam, where he lived
from 1657 to 1681. Although he must have
occupied a distinguished position among his
as Berchem,
fellow artists, as such masters
Lingelbach, Philip Wouwerman, and Eglon van
der Neer painted the figures in some of his
SO little appreciated by
landscapes, he was
his contemporaries that he fell into poverty. His
friends of the Mennonite sect, to which he be-
longed, procured for him, in 1681, admission to
the almshouse at Haarlem, where he died in.
March, 1682.

He was a close observer of nature, which he
rendered in its various aspects with rare truthful-
ness, a powerful and warm coloring, and a mas-
tery of execution ranging from the minutest touch
to the broadest treatment. Selecting usually the
flat and homely scenery of his native country,
with lonely hamlets, water-mills, dark sheets of
water overshadowed by trees, while the sky is
usually clouded, he imparts a somewhat melan-
choly character to his landscapes, which are
tinged, however, with the poetic charm of repose
in nature. Dark masses of foliage make the pre-
Un-
vailing tone of his coloring a dark green.
fortunately, his earlier pictures have darkened
so as to have lost much of their charm. He de-
lighted in depicting wide expanses of land or
water, especially the surroundings of Haarlem or
Amsterdam and the coast of Scheveningen. Of
his marine views there are comparatively few.
They are characterized by cloudy skies and an
agitated sea, and include some of his most suc-
cessful efforts. Some of his greatest triumphs
he won, however, with the representations of hilly
and even mountainous scenery, with foaming
waterfalls. Among the numerous fine examples in
public galleries are an "Oak Forest," "View of
Haarlem," and an "Agitated Sea," in the Berlin
Museum; "Ford in a Wood," "Castle of Bent-
heim," "The Hunt" (with accessories by Van de
Velde), "The Monastery," and especially the
"Jewish Cemetery," of sombre but imposing ef-
fect, in the Dresden Gallery. Admirable speci-
mens of his waterfalls are in Munich, Brunswick,
Cassel (1682), Amsterdam, The Hague, which
also contains a fine view of the "Bleaching Green
Near Haarlem," in Antwerp, and in the National
Gallery, London, where may also be seen a "Land-
scape with Ruins" (1673), and several others.
A "Storm at Sea," a "Forest" (with cattle and
figures by Berchem), and two landscapes, known
as "Le buisson" and "Le coup de soleil," are in
the Louvre. The Hermitage at Saint Petersburg
preserves fourteen of his works, and 130 rare
examples are in various private collections in
England. Ruysdael also left seven spirited etch-
ings. Consult : Van der Willigen, Les artistes
de Haarlem (The Hague, 1870); Crowe, Hand-
book of Painting (London, 1874); Wurzbach, in
Dohme, Kunst und Künstler, ii. (Leipzig, 1878);
and Michel, Jacob van Ruisdael et les paysagistes
de l'école de Haarlem (Paris, 1890).

RUYSDAEL,

(c.1605-70).

A Dutch landscape painter, uncle
In his
of the preceding, born at Haarlem.
earlier works he was a close imitator of Jan van

more powerful color make his
Goyen, but later his mannered treatment of
foliage and a
of his master. Among his pictures may be
pictures more easily distinguishable from those
quoted: A "Dutch Canal" (1642), with many
figures, and four others (two dated 1631, 1656)
in the Berlin Museum; "Village in Flat Country"
(1633) and "Fisherman's Cottage Near Canal"
in Munich; a "River Landscape" (1652), in Co-
(1643), in Dresden; "Canal with Boats" (1642),
penhagen; "Banks of the Meuse" and "View of
Alkmaar," in the Metropolitan Museum, New
York; and "Crossing the River," in the Gallery
of the Historical Society, New York.

RUYTER, roi'tèr, MICHAEL ADRIAANSZOON DE (1607-76). A Dutch admiral, born at Flushing. He went to sea as a boy and rose to be captain of a vessel employed by the Flushing merchants for the protection of their commerce in the British Channel (1637). In 1641 he was made rear-admiral of a squadron dispatched by Holland to the aid of the Portuguese against the Spaniards and distinguished himself in a battle which was fought near Cape Saint Vincent, When war November 3d. In 1647 he rendered effective service against the Barbary pirates. between Holland and England broke out in 1652 Ruyter was placed in command of a fleet of some 35 ships and on August 26th fought a drawn battle with Sir George Ayscue off Plymouth. He was under Maarten Tromp when the latter defeated Blake in the Channel (December 10th), and participated in the three days' battle with Blake near Portland (February 28-March 2, 1653). After the peace of 1654 he cruised in the Mediterranean and captured several Turkish ships. In 1659 he was dispatched to aid the King of Denmark against Sweden and for his services In the second war against the was ennobled. van Tromp, English, Ruyter received the chief command. In with 90 sails, engaged the English fleet under June, 1666, Ruyter and Cornelis Prince Rupert and the Duke of Albemarle. Both lasted four days, ending in a partial victory for sides fought with such obstinacy that the battle the Dutch. The conflict was renewed in July, when the British gained a complete victory, destroying above 20 of Ruyter's men-of-war. In 1667 Ruyter up the Medway as far as Chatham, burned several ravaged the English shipping at Sheerness, sailed English men-or-war, and effected more toward the conclusion of peace at Breda (1667) than any diplomatist. In 1672 he commanded the Dutch fleet and fought several battles with the combined English and French fleets, but without decisive results.

In 1675 he was sent to the Mediterranean to coöperate with the Spanish He fought a drawn fleet against the French. battle with the French under Duquesne off Stromboli (January 8, 1676), but was defeated near Mersena, off the east coast of Sicily (April 21st). He made good his retreat into the harbor of Syracuse. His legs, however, were shattered in the engagement and he died April 29th. Consult: Liefde, The Great Dutch Admirals (London, 1873); Grinnel-Milne, Life of Lieutenant Admiral de Ruyter (London, 1896).

as

RY'AN ABRAM JOSEPH, best known Father Ryan' (1839-86). An American Roman Catholic priest, probably the most conspicuous or RUISDAEL, SALOMON poet of the Southern Confederacy. Shortly after

ordination Ryan became chaplain in the Confederate Army, served to the close of the war, and wrote not long after Lee's surrender his famous poem, "The Conquered Banner." He then served in New Orleans as priest and editor of the Star, a Roman Catholic weekly; founded in Augusta, Ga., the Banner of the South, a religious and political weekly; then he reassumed priestly duties in Mobile, till 1880, when he visited the North to lecture and published in Baltimore Poems, Patriotic, Religious, and Miscellaneous, among which the most popular, besides "The Conquered Banner," is "The Sword

of Lee."

RYAN, PATRICK JOHN (1831-). A prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, born at Cloneyharp, Ireland. He was educated at the Christian Brothers' School at Thurles and at Carlow College. He came to the United States in 1853 and began teaching in the Theological Seminary at Saint Louis, Mo. The same year he was ordained priest, and soon became rector of the cathedral. In 1860 he became pastor of the Church of the Annunciation and in 1868 of Saint John the Evangelist's Church and vicar-general of the diocese, in 1872 coadjutor bishop of Saint Louis, and in 1894 archbishop of Philadelphia. He was one of the leading pulpit orators of the Roman Catholic Church. Among his published addresses are What Catholics Do Not Believe (1877) and Some of the Causes of Modern Religious Skepticism (1883).

RYAZAN, ryȧ-zän'y', or RIAZAN. A government of Central Russia, bounded by the Government of Vladimir on the north, Tambov on the east and south, and Tula and Moscow on the west (Map: Russia, E 4). Area, 16,261 square miles. It is divided by the valley of the Oka into two parts, of which the northern is low, marshy, and thickly wooded, and the southern is slightly elevated, sparsely wooded, and has a rich black soil. Ryazan contains deposits of iron, coal, and various clays, of which iron is mined to a considerable extent. Agriculture, the principal occupation, is greatly hampered by the inadequate size of the peasants' holdings. Rye and oats are the principal cereals raised for export. Stock-raising is in a state of decline. The house industry is but little developed, yet the manufacturing industries are making some progress and the annual value of the manufactures now exceeds $11,000,000, principally cotton goods and flour. Population, 1897, 1,827,085, consisting principally of Great Russians. Ryazan was one of the mediaval principalities of Russia, which was annexed to Moscow in 1517.

RYAZAN, or RIAZAN. The capital of the government of the same name in Central Russia, near the confluence of the Trubezh with the Oka, 123 miles southeast of Moscow. It is a picturesque place with a number of ancient churches. Ryazan manufactures candles, tallow, and spirits, and has a considerable trade in grain, wood, animals, and salt. It was the capital of the mediæval Principality of Ryazan. Population, in 1897, 44,552.

RYAZHSK'. An important railway centre in the Government of Ryazan, Russia, situated 70 miles south of Ryazan. It has an extensive trade in grain. Population, in 1897, 12,993.

RYBINSK, ri'binsk. A river port in the Government of Yaroslav, Russia, on the Volga, near

its confluence with the Sheksna and the Tchere-
makha, about 228 miles north-northeast of Mos-
cow (Map: Russia, E 3). It is well built and is
of great commercial importance, an immense
amount of freight carried on the Volga and the
canals connecting that river with the Baltic and
the White seas being handled here. Of late its
trade has been falling off, owing to railway com-
petition. The chief manufactured product is
flour. Population, in 1897, 25,200. There is a vast
influx of people during the season of navigation.

Swedish author, born in Jönköping and educated
RYDBERG, rudbar-y', VIKTOR (1829-95). A

at Lund. In 1854 he became an editor in Göte-
borg, and in 1876 professor of the history of civili-
zation in the university of Göteborg, whence in
1884 he went to Stockholm in a similar capacity.
Two volumes of lyrics (1882 and 1891) show
unusual poetic form and originality of thought;
but his historical novels are his real claim to
fame. The best known are Frybytaren pa Oester-
sjön (1857); Singoalla (1865); Vapensmeden
(1891); and Den siste athenaren (1859), the
last mentioned, which was translated into Eng-
lish (1883), being the most powerful. Consult:
Schenck's biography (Marburg, 1896); and Zach-
risson, Rydberg som uppfostrare (Göteborg,
1897).

market-town on the north coast of the Isle of RYDE, rid. A fashionable watering-place and Wight, England, five miles south-southwest of Portsmouth (Map: England, E 6). It consists of Upper and Lower Ryde, the former anciently called Rye, or La Riche, and the latter of modern construction. The shores are wooded, and the appearance of the town is pleasing. The pier, nearly a mile long, forms an excellent promenade. Yacht and boat building is carried on to some extent. Ryde is the largest town in the island. It was incorporated in 1868. Population, in 1891, 10,952; in 1901, 11,042.

RY'DER, ALBERT PINKHAM (1847-). An American landscape and figure painter, born in New Bedford, Mass. His earlier landscape works include:

bridge," and "The Forest of Arden." Later he "Spring," "Lowlands, Near Highpainted figures chiefly. His subjects, sometimes from Shakespeare or Wagner, are idealistic and imaginative. They are to be regarded for general effect rather than detail, and are often painted in an unusual color scheme. Such pictures include "Siegfried," "Jonah," and "The Flying Dutchman."

RYDER, WILLIAM HENRY (1822-88). An American Universalist clergyman, born at Provincetown, Mass. N. H., Nashua, N. H., and Roxbury, Mass., in After preaching at Concord, 1860 he became pastor of Saint Paul's Church, Chicago, and remained there until his death. He left bequests amounting to over $500,000 to charitable and educational institutions, and also founded a free lecture course "in aid of the moral and social welfare of the citizens of Chicago, upon an unsectarian basis."

RYE (AS. ryge, OHG. rocco, Ger. Rocken, Roggen, rye; connected with OPruss. rugis, Lith. rugys, Lett. rudzi, OChurch Slav. ruzdi, rye). Several species of the genus Secale, native to western temperate Asia and adjacent Europe. Common rye (Secale cereale), the only species in cultivation, does not seem to have been grown so long ago as the other common cereals, as it

has not been found in Egyptian monuments, and has no name in ancient languages. Its cultivation was known to the Romans in Pliny's time, but not to the ancient Greeks. Rye is extensively cultivated in Northern Europe, in some parts of Asia, and to some extent in North America. It does not grow as far north as barley, but succeeds in regions too cold for wheat and on soils too poor for any other grain. It will ripen in colder latitudes than most other grains, but is most productive where wheat will ripen. It is adapted to light, sandy lands, and does not thrive well on heavy, damp, humous soils. The varieties of rye, much less numerous than those of the other important cereals, may be classified into winter and spring varieties. The former, which are most frequently grown, are sown in autumn, the latter in spring. Cultural management is much the same as for other cere

als. Winter rye is usually ripe in June. Rye is also frequently grown for green manuring on lands deficient in humus. A good crop of rye yields from 20 to 30 bushels of grain per acre. Russia is the greatest rye-producing country in the world, producing on 37 per cent. of her total acreage of tillable land about 700,000,000 bushels annually. The annual production of

rye in the United States is about 24,000,000 bushels, with an average yield of about 14 bushels per acre. See Colored Plate of CEREALS. FOOD AND FEEDING VALUE. In Europe rye ranks next to wheat as a breadstuff, but since its flour is darker than that of wheat and since the gluten of rye flour does not possess the same elastic and tenacious quality as that of wheat, rye bread is darker and more compact than wheat bread. When the grain is milled entire-the usual way—it contains more protein than wheat flour. Mixtures of wheat and rye flour and corn and rye are often made for bread-making. Rye bread has the following average percentage composition: Water, 35.7; protein, 9.0; fat, 0.6; nitrogen-free extract, 52.7; crude fibre, 0.5; and ash, 1.5. The fuel value is 11.80 calories per pound. The black bread' of Europe is made of rye, an especially dark form being known in North Germany as 'pumpernickel.'

The various rye products have the following percentage composition:

RYE. A town in Westchester County, New York, eight miles northeast of New Rochelle; on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: New York, G 5). It includes the manufacturing village of Port Chester (q.v.). Rye Beach, on Long Island Sound, has some reputation as a summer resort. Population, in 1890, 9477; in 1900, 12,861. Rye was settled in 1660 and was organized as a town under the jurisdiction of Connecticut in 1665. The boundary line at this point between Connecticut and New York was long disputed, and Rye was included within the limits of the former until 1683, and again from 1697 to 1700. The Jay homestead is in Rye, and John Jay spent his early life here. Consult Baird, Chronicle of a Border Town, History of Rye (New York, 1871).

RYE-GRASS (Lolium). A genus of grasses, having a two-rowed, flatly compressed spike, the spikelets appressed edgewise to the rachis. Common rye-grass, ray-grass, or perennial rye-grass pastures, and is highly valued in Europe, where (Lolium perenne), is frequent in meadows and it is the most popular grass for forage and hay. In North America it is less esteemed than timothy for either pasture or hay. It succeeds well on poor soils. Of the numerous varieties common perennial rye-grass is most generally cultivated. A form called annual rye-grass-not really an annual plant, although useful for only one year is sometimes cultivated, but is in almost every respect inferior. Italian rye-grass (Lolium muitiflorum) is much esteemed as a forage and native, and in the Eastern United States. It hay grass in Southern Europe, where it is The young leaves are folded up, while those of is preferred by cattle to the common rye-grass are rolled together. In the in the East. United States this species is especially esteemed It grows rapidly, forms a dense turf, and upon good soils yields several cuttings all forms of perennial rye-grass by its awned or in a season. It is readily distinguished from bearded spikelets.

common

rye-grass.

RYE HOUSE PLOT. A conspiracy in 1683, among extremists of the Whig Party, to waylay and assassinate King Charles II. of England on his return from Newmarket, at a house called the

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