to the folk-tales of the Romance peoples) (ib., 1895). In Şaineanu's Istoria filologiei romîne will be found a very good bibliography of folklore collections.

RÜMANN, ry'män, WILHELM VON (1850-). A German sculptor, born at Hanover, pupil of the Munich Academy and of Wagmüller. He received a gold medal in 1892. His principal works include the group of the "Goddess of Victory" at Wörth, the Rückert Monument at Schweinfurt, and the statues of William I. at Stuttgart and

at Heilbronn.

RUMBURG, rụmʼbōōrí. A town of Bohemia, Austria, 25 miles northwest of Reichenberg, on the Saxon frontier. It has extensive manufactures of linen, cotton, and woolen goods. Population, in 1900, 10,388.

RUME'LIA, EASTERN (Turk. Rumili, a name originally designating the land of the Greeks). A region under the rule of the Prince of Bulgaria and virtually forming part of the principality. It is bounded by the Balkans on the north and the Black Sea on the east (Map: Balkan Peninsula, E 3). Area, about 13,700 square miles. The central part is occupied by a wide plain intersected in a southeastern direction by the valley of the Maritza, the principal river of the province. In the southwest are the Rhodope Mountains. The valleys along the tributaries of the Maritza in the Balkan chain are known for their rose gardens. Good tobacco is grown on the northern slopes of the Rhodope. The chief town is Philippopolis. The population of the province in 1900 was 1,091,854, mostly Bulgarians.

The annual sum of $569,843 is paid by Bulgaria to the Porte as tribute for Eastern Rumelia. For further information, see BULGARIA. RÜMELIN, ru'me-lén, GUSTAV (1815-89). A German statistician and author, born at Ravensburg, Württemberg. After studying theology at Tübingen, he devoted himself to teaching, became rector of a Latin school in 1845, and professor at the gymnasium of Heilbronn in 1849, having in the meanwhile been a delegate to the Frankfort Parliament in 1848. Called to Stuttgart in 1850 to serve in the Board of National Education, he was head of a department in the Ministry of Public Instruction from 1856 to 1861, when he became director of the Statistic-Topographical Bureau. In 1867 he established himself as docent at the University of Tübingen and was appointed its chancellor in 1870. Aside from various statistical and miscellaneous publications, he produced Shakespeare-Studien (2d ed. 1874), a much valued contribution to the Shakespeare literature. RUM'FORD, BENJAMIN THOMPSON, Count (1753-1814). An American physicist, born at Woburn, Mass. He entered a merchant's office at Salem at the age of thirteen, at the same time studying medicine and physics. In 1772 he married a rich widow of that place, and was made major of militia by the English Governor. The distrust of the colonists at this period of the outbreak of the American Revolution drove him to Boston, and when Washington compelled the evacuation of Boston, Thompson was sent to England as bearer of dispatches. In London he won the favor of the Government and received an appointment in the Colonial Office and was soon afterwards made Under Secretary of State. Con

tinuing, at the same time, his scientific investigations, he was elected, in 1779, Fellow of the Royal Society. On the resignation of North's Ministry he returned to America, and fought for the royal cause. At the end of the Revolutionary War he obtained permission from the British Government to enter military service in Bavaria, and in 1784 he was settled at Munich as aide-de-camp and chamberlain to the reigning sovereign. He rapidly rose to the ranks of majorgeneral, councilor of State, lieutenant-general, Minister of War, and was created count of the Holy Roman Empire, when he chose Rumford (now Concord, N. H.), where his fortunes had begun, as his titular designation. In 1795 he visited London, where he published the results of his experience and the records of his labors in Bavaria. Having long and carefully studied the phenomena of heat, he set himself to devise a remedy for the smoky chimneys which were one of the greatest nuisances at that time in England, and discovered the principles upon which fireplaces and chimneys have since been constructed. In 1799 he retired from Bavarian service and returned to London, where, at his instance, the Royal Institution was founded in the following year. He finally settled in Paris; devoted himself to improvements in artillery and illumination; founded a professorship in Harvard College of the application of science to the arts of living; married the widow of Lavoisier, and died at Auteuil, near Paris, after making many important bequests to the Royal Society of London, the American Academy of Sciences, and Harvard University. A memoir of Rumford by George E. Ellis was published, with a complete edition of his works, in 1872 (Boston). Rumford is chiefly remembered for his experiments on the nature of heat. In 1798 he showed that the temperature of a body may be raised without heat being communicated to it as such; that the heat contained, for instance, in a metallic body may be increased by boring. this fact he maintained, in his Enquiry concerning the Source of Heat which is excited by Friction (read before the Royal Society on January 25, 1798), that heat is not an imponderable substance, as it was generally assumed to be in those days.

On the basis of

RUMINANT (from Lat. ruminare, to chew the cud, from rumen, throat, gullet; connected with ructare, Gk. épevyev, ereugein, OChurch Slav. rygati, to belch, Lith. atrugas, eructation, AS. roccettan, to belch). One of the group of large grazing animals which chew a cud, classified by Cuvier as an order (Ruminantia), but now regarded as a group of the suborder Artiodactyle, the cloven-hoofed or even-toed Ungulata (q.v.). The ruminants include all of the clovenhoofed herbivores except the swine and hippopotamus, that is the chevrotains, camels, deer, giraffes, cattle, antelopes, sheep, goats, musk-ox, and some extinct families. All these are alike in that their dentition and digestive organs are adapted to that peculiar method of mastication called 'chewing the cud.' Except the camels, they have no incisors in the upper jaw, the front of which is occupied by a callous pad. The grass is collected and rolled together by means of the long tongue; it is firmly held between the lower cutting teeth and the pad, and then torn and cut off. In the lower jaw there generally appear to

be eight incisors; but the two outer are more properly to be regarded as canines. In front of the molar teeth there is a long vacant space (diastema) in both jaws. The molars are six on each side in each jaw; their surface exhibits crescent-shaped ridges of enamel-that is, they are of the solenodont type. See TEETH; and illustration of cow's skull, under CATTLE.

The stomach is composed of four distinct bags or cavities, except in the chevrotains, where the third is absent. In the camels the stomach is imperfectly divided into four chambers and has special peculiarities. (See CAMEL.) In all ruminants the first pouch of the stomach, into which the gullet leads, is, in the mature animal, by far the largest and is called the paunch or rumen. Into this the food first passes. It is lined with a thick membrane, presenting numerous prominent hard papillæ, secreting a fluid in which the food is soaked. The second cavity is the honeycomb bag, or reticulum, so called from its being lined with a layer of chambers like those of a honeycomb. The second pouch has also a direct communication with the esophagus, and fluids pass immediately into it, but sometimes or partly also into the other cavities. The third pouch is the manyplies or psalterium, so called because its lining membrane forms many deep folds, like the leaves of a book, beset with small, hard tubercles. This also communicates directly with the esophagus, by a sort of prolongation of it. The fourth pouch, which is of

use.

more elongated form than any of the others, and is second in size, is called the reed or rennet, or abomasum. It is lined with a velvety mucous membrane in longitudinal folds, and here the gastric juice is secreted. In young animals it is the largest of the four cavities, and it is only when they pass from milk to crude vegetable food that the paunch becomes enlarged, and all the parts of the complex stomach come fully into The food consumed passes chiefly into the first cavity, but part of it also at once into the second (as the animal wills), and when in a mashed or in a much comminuted state, into the third. When the paunch is well filled and the animal is at rest, it begins the process called chewing the cud or ruminating. This may occur while the animal is standing, but more commonly when lying down. The first step is a spasmodic movement of the paunch and diaphragm like a hiccough and a reversal of the peristaltic movement of the œsophagus, by which a ball of food is

brought up into the mouth from the rumen or reticulum. It is then chewed steadily for some time until thoroughly mixed with the saliva, when it is reswallowed, but passes by the first two pouches and enters the psalterium, from which it goes on into the abomasum and intestine, which in this group is always long, as also is the cæcum. For an account of the evolution of this apparatus and the ruminant habit, see ALIMENTARY SYSTEM, EVOLUTION OF.

The head of the ruminant is elongated, the neck is always of considerable length, the eyes are placed at the side of the head, and the senses of smell and hearing, as well as of sight, are extremely acute. The head in many ruminants is armed with horns, which in some are found in both sexes, in some only in the male, while in others they are entirely wanting. The ruminants are generally gregarious; they are distributed over almost the entire world, even in the coldest regions, but none are natives of Australia and comparatively few occur in America. Africa is the home of most of the species. The group is divisible into three sections: (1) Tragulina, embracing the chevrotains (Tragulidae), which are the oldest ruminants, going back to the Eocene and Oligocene, and the extinct family Protoceratidæ of the Miocene of America, which resemble the ancestral tragulines; (2) Tylopoda, including the camels; and (3) Pecora, or horned ruminants, composed of the deer (Cervidae), giraffes (Giraffidae), pronghorns (Antiloca prida), cattle, sheep, and goats (Bovidae), and certain fossil forms. . The flesh of most of the ruminants is fit to be used for human food; the fat (tallow) hardens more on cooling than the fat of other animals, and even becomes brittle. The fat, hide, horns, hoofs, hair, bones, entrails, blood, and almost all parts are useful to man.

RUMP PARLIAMENT. The name given in English history to the remnant of the Long Parliament after the expulsion of the Presbyterian members by a body of soldiers under Thomas Pride (q.v.), on December 6, 1648. This remnant, fifty or sixty members belonging to the Independent Party, nominated a High Court of Justice of 135 members-of whom one-half refused to serve to try the King for high treason. After the King's execution, the Rump abolished the House of Lords and established the Commonwealth, itself playing the rôle of Parliament, though it was in no sense representative. It sent Cromwell to establish its authority in Ireland and Scotland, passed the Navigation Act (1651), and began the Dutch war (1652). Cromwell dissolved it by force on April 20, 1653. During the disorders which followed Cromwell's death, the Rump was restored by the army, May 7, 1659, but upon its quarreling with the military leaders, was again dissolved, October 13th, only to be recalled in December of the same year. On February 21, 1660, Monk recalled the Presbyterian members who had been expelled by Pride's Purge, and the Long Parliament, thus restored, issued writs for a new free Parliament and voted its own dissolution on March 16, 1660. bibliography under LONG PARLIAMENT.

See

mont, Rumsey exhibited on the Potomac, in the presence of Washington, a boat propelled by machinery, in which a pump worked by steam power drove a stream of water from the stern, and thus furnished the motive power. This idea, which originally was proposed by Bernouilli, has since figured in many schemes for propelling vessels. A society was formed to aid his project, of which Franklin was a member. He visited and gave exhibitions in England, and obtained patents for his invention in Great Britain, Holland, and France. His death occurred while he was preparing for further experiments. He also made improvements in mill machinery, and in 1788 published a Short Treatise on the Application of Steam.

are

RUNCORN. A river-port in Cheshire, England, on the Mersey, 12 miles southeast of Liverpool (Map: England, D 3). The town is the terminus of the Bridgewater and the Mersey and Irwell canals. It has iron foundries, chemical works, ship-building yards, tanneries, etc. In the vicinity are collieries and slate and freestone quarries. Large quantities of freestone shipped and it is the greatest centre of canal traffic in England. Its shipping returns are included in those of Manchester. A viaduct 1500 feet long and 95 feet above high water crosses the Mersey here. A castle was built here in 916, and the Runcorn ferry is mentioned in the twelfth century. Population, in 1891, 20,050; in 1901, 16,490.

RUNEBERG, roo'ne-běrк, JOHAN LUDVIG (1804-77). A celebrated Swedish poet of Finland. He graduated at the University of Åbo, and was successively lector in Latin literature at the University of Helsingfors, editor of the Helsingfors Morganblad, and lector at the Borga gymnasium. His first publication was lyric Dikter (Poems, 1830), followed by the Grafven i Perrho (The Grave in Perrho, 1831), and by Elgskyttarne (The Elk-Hunters, 1832), the fine epic which confirmed his fame. His further works number

Nadeschda (1841); Kung Fjalar (King Fjalar, 1844), an unrhymed epic of ancient Norse times; Fänrik Ståls Sägner ( (Ensign Ståls Stories, 1848 and 1860), a series dealing with the war of independence of 1808; and Kungarne på Salamis (The Kings at Salamis, 1863), a stately tragedy in the true Greek manner. He is classic in simplicity and finish, free from the conventionalities of the time, and not lacking in a certain quaint humor. There is an edition of his collected writings (6 vols., 1873-74), which contains the completest biography yet written. RUNES (AS. run, letter, writing, mystery, Goth. rūna, OHG. rūna, mystery, secret). The earliest alphabet in use among the Germanic peoples. In Old Norse, magic signs, as well as magic charms, are designated as runes. There is nothing in the meaning of the word to have prevented it from being chosen by the primitive Teutons as their designation of the alphabet in general, since the mysterious connection between

spoken sound and written symbol is sufficient to justify such a name. The use of runes for incantations and magic formulas is easily explicable. The magic power was easily transferred from the contents of these incantations to the signs themselves. Scandinavian and AngloSaxon tradition agree in ascribing the invention of runic writing to Odin or Woden. The countries in which traces of the use of runes exist include Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Ireland, Germany, Great Britain, France, Spain, and Rumania. They are found engraved on rocks, monumental stones, crosses, coins, house utensils, tools, buckles, rings, combs, heads and shafts of spears, and hilts and blades of swords. cially important are the runes on the so-called and used as neck-wear. bracteates, thin golden plates, chased on one side, articles of use contain generally the name of, or The inscriptions on a brief account of, the maker or owner of the article. Rune inscriptions on stone are found The most only in Scandinavia and England. noteworthy English runes are on a pillar in Bancastle in Cumberland, on a cross in Ruthwell in Dumfriesshire, and on a casket in the British Museum (Franks casket, or Clermont casket).

Espe

In the Icelandic sagas the so-called Revels or rune staves are mentioned frequently as bearers of epistolary communications. The sagas report further that rune poems were carved on these staffs. The oldest and most frequent reports of Norse literature, however, show that runes were carved on staves and utensils for divinations, spells, magic, and incantations. Runic manuscripts occur only in Scandinavia, the oldest of them being as late as the thirteenth century. Under the influence of the Church, Latin script in general supplanted the runes as a literary medium, although they remained in use in Scandinavia among the lower classes, especially in the rune calendars which have survived up to the present day. In the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, and East Anglia, there are traces of runic writing dating from the middle of the seventh to the middle of the tenth century. In Spain runic writing was officially condemned by the Council of Toledo in 1115.

The date of the origin of runes is not known, but it is generally assumed not to be later than the second century A.D. Probably their origin is from a much earlier time, and some suggest a date as early as B.C. 600. The earliest truly historical date, however, is the fourth century A.D., when the Gothic Bishop Ulfilas (q.v.), in devising the Gothic alphabet, borrowed his signs for u and o from the runic alphabet. The question of the source of the runic alphabet is still not altogether settled. The ordinarily accepted view

An

is that of an exclusive derivation of the runes from the Latin alphabet. In 1898 the theory was presented that the runes were invented by Goths in Southeastern Europe a few years after their expedition of 267 into Asia Minor. alphabet used by Galatian Celts is then regarded as the source, which in turn was based upon the Greek and Latin alphabets. Very much more probable is the view that the runes are based not directly upon the Latin, but on a Western Greek alphabet. It may even be possible that more than one form of Greek writing passed to the Germanic peoples.

The special modifications of the runic alphabet are partly due to the needs of carving on wood,