ROSE, Sir JOHN (1820-88).

(1837).

removed to England. In 1870 he was sent by the British Government to Washington on a mission relative to the Alabama claims.

His

efforts resulted in an informal convention, out of which grew the famous Treaty of Washington. He was created a baronet in 1872, and in 1886 became a privy councilor.

ROSE, JOHN HOLLAND (1855-). An English historian. He was born at Bedford and studied at Owens College, Manchester, and at Christ College, Cambridge. He graduated (B.A.) at Cambridge in 1879, and became lecturer on modern history to the Cambridge and London Societies for University Extension. Aside from numerous articles in the English Historical Review and the Monthly Review, his more important publications are The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era (1894), The Reign of Queen Victoria (1897), The Rise of Democracy (1897), and Life of Napoleon I., Including New Materials from the British Official Records (1902), the last being up to the time of its publication the best balanced and most satisfactory life of Napoleon in English.

ROSE, rō'ze, VALENTIN (1829-). A German classical philologist and paleographer; son of Gustav Rose. He was born in Berlin, studied there and at Bonn, and at twenty-six entered the employ of the Berlin Royal Library, in which he became head of the department of manuscripts. He published a list of the Latin manuscripts in this library (1893, 1901 et seq.). He edited many classical works, especially on medicine, either before unedited or lacking critical treatment of the text. Among these are Aristoteles Pseudepigraphus (1863; 3d ed. 1886), Anecdota Græca et Græcolatina (1864-70), Vitruvius (with MüllerStrübing, 1867; 2d ed. 1899), Anacreontea (2d ed. 1876), Anthimus (1877), Cassius Felix (1879), and Soranus (1882).

ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843). An English poet and translator. He was educated at Eton, obtained a seat in Parliament (1796), and the position of reading clerk of the House of Lords (1800). Coming under the influence of the romantic revival, he published a verse translation of the first three books of Amadis of Gaul (1803), not directly from the Spanish original, but from Herberay's French version. The same year he made the acquaintance of Sir Walter Scott, who visited him at his villa of Gundimore on the Hampshire coast, and addressed to him the first canto of Marmion. In 1807 appeared a translation from the French of Partenopex of Blois and a ballad entitled The Red King, which were followed by two other ballads, The Crusade of St. Lewis, and King Edward the Martyr (1810). In 1817 Rose settled in Venice, where he began his well-known translation of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (1823

ROSEBERY, ARCHIBALD PHILIP PRIMROSE, fifth Earl of (1847-). An English statesman. He was born in London, and was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford. He left college in 1868 before graduating, and took his seat in the House of Lords, having succeeded to the Earldom of Rosebery on the death of his grandfather, Archibald John Primrose. In Pàrliament he allied himself at once with the

Liberal Party, and became an ardent supporter of

Gladstone.

In 1878 his marriage to Hannah Baron Rothschild, Rothschild, daughter of brought him powerful and influential friends in the financial world. In the same year he was made lord rector of Aberdeen University, and in 1880 he was chosen lord rector of the Uni

versity of Edinburgh. In August, 1881, he accepted his first official appointment, that of Under Secretary of State for Home Affairs under Sir William Vernon Harcourt. His identification with the Gladstone Administration terminated in 1883, however, when he resigned as a result of the hostile criticism of some members of his party who objected to a peer holding such an office. Toward the end of 1884 he accepted the post of First Commissioner of Works, with a seat in the Cabinet. He left office with his colleagues in June, 1885. In the short-lived Ministry of Gladstone, which began in February, 1886, he held the office of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and exhibited in the administration of that department unusual ability and skill. The years spent out of office succeeding the fall of the Gladstone Ministry Lord Rosebery spent in travel and study, adding greatly to his reputation as an orator and political leader. In 1888 he received the degree of LL.D. from Cambridge, and in 1889 was elected a member and the first chairman of the London County Council, holding office until June, 1890, and again for a few months in 1892. During a retirement in 1891, following the death of Lady Rosebery, he completed his Life of William Pitt, in the "Twelve English Statesmen" Series. Upon the return of Gladstone to power in August, 1892, Lord Rosebery again became Foreign Secretary. The principal features of his foreign policy were his insistence on British control in the Upper Nile Valley and Uganda, and his advocacy of the friendly policy subsequently adopted by Lord Salisbury in regard to the growth of the Japanese power in the Far East. In March, 1894, on the retirement of Gladstone, Lord Rosebery became Prime Minister. His personal popularity, however, did not avail to maintain his Ministry, and on June 24, 1895, the Government was defeated. On October 8, 1896, Lord Rosebery, finding himself opposed to the foreign policy generally adopted by Gladstone and other former leaders of the party, formally resigned his leadership. In the succeeding years he adopted the policy of 'plowing his furrow alone,' as he phrased it, holding aloof from Liberal politics. He supported Salisbury's stand in the Fashoda incident, and the prosecution of the war in South Africa, although as the war progressed he bitterly criticised its conduct, and urged the necessity of radical army reform. In addition to his William Pitt his principal published writings are: Speeches 1874-96 (1896); Sir Robert Peel

(1899); Napoleon; the Last Phase (1900); Questions of Empire (1900).

com

ROSECRANS, rōze-krǎnz, WILLIAM STARKE (1819-98). A distinguished American general, born at Kingston, Ohio. He graduated at West Point in 1842, entered the United States Engineer Corps, and served for a year as assistant to Colonel De Russey at Fortress Monroe. He then returned to West Point, where he served until 1847 as an assistant professor. In 1854 he resigned from the army and settled in Cincinnati, where he engaged in business as an architect and civil engineer. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War he was appointed colonel of the Twenty-third Ohio, and in June, 1861, became a brigadier-general in the Regular Army. He took part in General McClellan's West Virginia campaign as mander of a brigade of Ohio and Indiana troops, and on the 12th of July, 1861, won the battle of Rich Mountain. Shortly afterwards, when General McClellan was summoned to Washington, Rosecrans was put in command of the Federal forces in western Virginia. With them, on September 10th, he routed General Floyd at Carnifex Ferry, thus clearing the Kanawha Valley of the Confederates. In the following year he commanded the right wing of the Army of the Mississippi in the advance on Corinth, fought the battle of Iuka, September 19, 1862, and in October successfully defended Corinth against Generals Van Dorn and Price. On the 26th of the same month he relieved General Buell as commander of the Army of the Cumberland. He advanced upon Nashville, and on December 31st and January 2d defeated General Bragg in the battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River. In the following June he moved into East Tennessee, and on September 19th and 20th was defeated by Bragg in the battle of Chickamauga (q.v.). The Federal army then fell back to Chattanooga, where it was besieged until relieved by General Grant. On October 23d Rosecrans was succeeded by Thomas, and after a short period of service in charge of the Department of Missouri he was relieved of all command. Concerning his military ability there has been much controversy. The weight of opinion, however, inclines to the view that "notwithstanding some faults of temper and military vacillation, General Rosecrans was undoubtedly a splendid fighter and a good strategist." Up to the time of the unfortunate battle of Chickamauga he had been uniformly and even brilliantly successful. At the close of the war he resigned from the army; in 1868 he served as Minister to Mexico; and from 1869 until 1881 devoted himself to railroad and industrial enterprises, mainly in Mexico. He was elected to Congress in 1880 and again in 1882, as a Democrat, and served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. From 1885 to 1893 he was Register of the United States Treasury. In 1889 Congress passed an act restoring him to the rank and pay of a brigadier-general. For an account of his military campaigns, consult: Bickhorn, Rosecrans's Campaign with the Fourteenth Army Corps (Cincinnati, 1863); Cist, Army of the Cumberland (New York, 1882); Van Horne, History of the Army of the Cumberland (Cincinnati, 1875); Johnson and Buel (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1887); and Fiske, The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War (Boston, 1900).

ROSE FAMILY. See ROSACEÆ.

ROSEFISH, or REDFISH. A red scorpænid fish (Sebastes marinus) abundant on both coasts of the North Atlantic, and far into polar latitudes, where it becomes a shore and surface fish, while south of Newfoundland it is only found Labrador, Iceland, and Scandinavia it is an imoff shore and in deep water. In Greenland, portant food-fish.

In Nova Scotia it is called John Dory;' among various other names are 'snapper' and 'hemdurgan.' This fish is about 18 inches long and orange red in color, with a few dusky bars across the back. Consult Goode, Fishery Industries, sec. i. (Washington, 1884). See Plate of ROCKFISH, SUNFISH, ETC. ROSEGGER, rō'zěg-er, PETER (1843-). An Austrian novelist, known for his descriptions of Styrian peasant life. He was born at Alpel, near Krieglach, in Styria. After a youth of poverty he was apprenticed at the age of eighteen to a tailor, but he gained by poetry patrons who enabled him to give himself to literature. Zither und Hackbrett (1870), poems in Styrian dialect, were well received and were followed by prose tales and sketches in dialect and in literary German. Of the latter the more noteworthy are Volksleben in Steiermark (1870), Waldheimat (1873), Der Gottsucher (1883), Die Schriften des Waldschulmeisters (1875, with an autobiographical preface, trans. as The Forest Schoolmaster by Francis E. Skinner, New York, 1901), Jakob der Letzte (1888), Peter Mayr (1893), Erdsegen (1900), and the autobiographic Mein Weltleben (1897). A popular edition of his works appeared at Leipzig (1895-1900).

ROSE INSECTS. The rose is eaten by many insects wherever it occurs. In Europe about 100 species are recorded as occurring upon this plant, including seven beetles, 55 lepidopterous larvæ, and 25 sawflies and gall flies. In the United States it is probable that fully as many species will be found. The most important of the American forms is the rose chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus), which makes its appearance about the time the roses begin to bloom and strips the bushes, as well as grapevines and other plants, of the blossoms and foliage. The beetle is about one-third of an inch long, and is of a light yellowish color. It appears suddenly and in vast swarms in certain years, and overruns gardens,

ROSE CHAFER.

Adult female beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus). vineyards, and orchards. In about a month or six weeks from the time of their first arrival, and generally after having done a vast amount of damage, the insects disappear as suddenly as they came. The range of the rose chafer is from Canada and Maine southward to Virginia and Tennessee, and westward to Oklahoma and Colorado. The best remedies consist in plowing and cultivating the soil in the most favored breeding

grounds, where these can be discovered. Against the adult beetles are used spraying with arsenical poisons, hand-picking, covering choice plants with netting, and the poisoning of early-flowering plants as trap crops; but the beetles appear in such enormous numbers day after day as to make these measures apparently hopeless.

The rose sawflies, larvæ of which are known as 'rose slugs,' frequently do considerable damage by skeletonizing the leaves. The bristly rose slug (larvæ of Cladius pectinicornis) has a wide distribution, feeding at first upon the lower side of the leaves and gradually eating irregular holes until nothing remains but the stronger ribs. They form their cocoons in the autumn, among fallen leaves and other rubbish upon the surface of the ground, and in the summer sometimes do so upon the branches of the plant. There are two or three generations annually. The curled rose slug (larva of Emphytus cinctus) is a European species which has been imported into the Northeastern United States. It eats

the entire surface of the leaf, working along the edges, however, instead of gnawing holes. The American rose slug (larva of Monostegia rosa) is the most prominent of the rose-sawfly larvæ. It is single-brooded, and the adults emerge in May about the time when the rose is in full leaf. The eggs are circular, and are inserted singly in the edge of the leaf. The larva is about onethird of an inch long, and is slug-like, the thorax being swollen. It feeds only at night and always upon the upper surface of the leaf, skeletonizing it rather than eating the entire substance. During the day it remains concealed on the under surface of the leaf. The larva becomes full

grown in about two weeks, abandons the plant and enters the soil, where it constructs a delicate earthen cocoon. In this it remains dormant until the following spring, transforming to pupa shortly before the emergence of the adult insect in May. All of these sawfly larvæ are readily destroyed by the application of powdered hellebore in a water spray.

The rose-bud worm is the larva of a tortricid moth (Penthina nimbatana). It usually feeds upon the leaves, but frequently bores into rosebuds before they have opened. The parent moth appears in the spring and lays its eggs at night. The larva grows rapidly, feeding upon the leaves or the buds, and reaches full growth by the end of May, the moth appearing early in June. The eggs of a second generation are then laid, and in the Southern States there may be a third. Another tortricid moth, the oblique-banded leafroller (Cacacia rosaceana), is one of the most important of the leaf-rollers, and feeds upon many rosaceous plants. See LEAF-ROLLER.

Fuller's rose beetle (Aramigus Fulleri) is a weevil which feeds, when adult, upon the leaves, and in the larval stage works upon the roots. It is a well-known greenhouse pest of many plants in California, and made its appearance in the Eastern States as early as 1879. The adult beetle lays its eggs in flattened batches, thrusting them under the loose bark of the stem usually near the ground. The larvæ burrow into the ground and feed upon the roots, reaching full growth in the course of one or two months and passing the pupa stage also under the ground. The rose curculio (Rhynchites bicolor) is abundant and destructive in certain of the Western

States; and several species of cutworms (q.v.) are also injurious to young rose plants.

Consult: Chittenden, Bulletin 27, new series, United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology (Washington, 1901); also Circular 11, second series (ib., 1895).

ROSELLA (Neo-Lat. diminutive of Lat. rosa, rose), or ROSE PARRAKEET. A dealer's name, often spelled roselle, for one of the beautiful broad-tailed parrakeets of Australia (Platycercus eximius), remarkable for its rose-red plumage. In this species, which is common in captivity, the head, neck, and breast are rosy-red, the cheeks white, the nape yellow, the feathers of the back black, with greenish-yellow borders, the lower breast yellow, with a scarlet band in the middle, the wings largely blue, and the hind parts and tail yellowish-green. Its total length is 13.50 inches. It is distinguished from most other parrots by its cry, which is described as a kind of chattering or warbling.

ROSELLINI, rō'zěl-lē'nê, IPPOLITO (1800-43). An Italian Egyptologist, born at Pisa. He studied at Bologna under Mezzofanti, and in 1824 was made professor of Oriental languages in the university of his native town. From 1825 he devoted himself chiefly to the study of Egyptology, and was the friend and pupil of J. F. Champollion, whom he assisted in his investigations at Rome, Naples, and Turin. In 1828 Rosellini was sent to Egypt at the head of a Tuscan expedition which, uniting with a French expedition under the direction of Champollion, spent fifteen months in exploring the monuments of Egypt and Nubia. The results of the expedition's work were published by Rosellini, after his return, in his I monumenti dell' Egitto e della Nubia (1832-44). Among his other works may be mentioned his Elementa Linguæ Ægyptiaca (Rome, 1837), and his Diccionario geroglifico, which was left in manuscript, unfinished, at his death.

His

ROSELLY DE LORGUES, ro'z'-le de lôrg, ANTOINE FRANÇOIS FÉLIX (1805-). A French religious author, born at Grasse. He studied law at Aix and became an advocate, but deserted his practice to devote himself to literature. chief publications are Christophe Colomb (1856), Christophe Colomb le serviteur de Dieu (1884), Satan contre Colomb (1876), and Histoire posthume de Colomb (1885), in which he claims that Columbus was directly inspired by God in his voyages, and that he should be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. To this latter end he was made commissioner to the Holy See by the Queen Regent of Spain in 1893.

ROSEMARY (OF. rosmarin, romarin, Fr. romarin, from Lat. rosmarinus, ros marinus, rosemary, sea-dew, from ros, dew, and marinus, marine, from mare, sea; influenced by popular etymology with rosa maria, rose of the Virgin Mary), Rosmarinus. A genus of plants of the natural order Labiatæ. Only one species is known, Rosmarinus officinalis, an erect evergreen shrub of 4 to 8 feet high, with linear leaves and pale bluish flowers, growing in sunny places, on rocks, old walls, etc., in the Mediterranean region. It is generally cultivated as an ornamental and aromatic shrub. An essential oil, oil of rosemary, obtained from the leaves, is frequently used as a perfume and as a principal ingredient in Hungary water. Spirit of rose

mary, made by distilling rosemary with rectified spirit, is used to perfume lotions and liniments. Wild rosemary is Ledum palustre.

ROSEN, rō'zen, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (180537). A German-English Orientalist. He was born in Hanover, was educated at Göttingen and at Leipzig, where he devoted himself to the study of Semitic languages, and in 1824 went to Berlin, where he studied Sanskrit under Bopp, and in 1827 published his Radices Sanscrita. He studied in Paris for a short time under De Sacy, and during 1829 and 1830 was professor of Oriental literature in University College, London. He translated and edited the oldest of extant Arabic mathematical works, The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa (1831), during the next few years wrote a portion of the Oriental articles for the Penny Cyclopædia, undertook the revision of the Sanskrit-Bengali dictionary of Sir Graves Haughton (1835), and compiled for the British Museum the Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts (1839), which was pubappointed professor of Sanskrit at University College and was busy preparing his collection of hymns of the Rigveda. Poverty and overwork

lished after his death. In 1836 he had been re

hastened his end. His unfinished work on the Vedas was published by the Asiatic Society under the title Rigveda-Sanhita, Liber Primus Sanscrite et Latine (1838).

ROSEN, GEORG (1820-91). A German Orientalist and historian, brother of Friedrich August Rosen. He was born in Detmold, studied in Berlin and in Leipzig, and having attracted the attention of the Prussian Gov. ernment by his Rudimenta Persica (1842), was sent with Koch to the East (1844). For thirty years he was in the German consular service, at Constantinople, at Jerusalem, and, until 1875, when he retired to his native city, in Belgrade. He wrote: Ossetische Grammatik (1846); Tutinameh, a translation of a series of Oriental tales (1858); Das Haram zu Jerusalem und der Tempelsplatz des Moria (1866); Geschichte der Türkei 1826-56 (1866-67); Die Balkan-Haiduken (1878); and Bulgarische Volksdichtungen (1879).

ROSENBERG, rō'zen-běrк, ADOLF (1850-). A German art historian, born at Bromberg, Posen. After graduating in philology and archæology in Berlin, he studied art, traveling extensively, and in 1875 became associated with the editorial department of Die Post in Berlin. His writings comprise: Sebald und Barthel Beham, zwei Maler der deutschen Renaissance (1875); Die Berliner Malerschule (1879); Rubensbriefe (1881); Die Münchener Malerschule (1887); Aus der Düsseldorfer Malerschule (1890); Geschichte der modernen Kunst (2d ed. 1894); Der Kupferstich in der Schule und unter dem Einfluss des Rubens (1888). He also contributed largely to Dohme's Kunst und Künstler and to the series of monographs edited by Knackfuss. With Hugo Licht he published Die Architektur Berlins (Berlin, 1877) and Die Architektur Deutschlands (ib., 1878-82).

ROSENBUSCH, ro'zen-bush, KARL HEINRICH FERDINAND (1836—). A German mineralogist, the practical founder of scientific petrography. He was born in Einbeck, Hanover, and studied at Freiburg. He was professor at Strassburg and then went to Heidelberg. There he became head of the Geolog

ical Institute in 1889. His great contributions to petrography have been a new classification and a wider use of the microscope. His chief works are Mikroskopische Physiographie der Mineralien und Gesteine (3d ed. 1892) and Hilfstabellen zur mikroskopischen Mineralbestim mung in Gesteinen (1888).

ROSENHEIM, roʻzen-him. A town in Upper Bavaria, situated on the Inn, 40 miles by rail southeast of Munich (Map: Bavaria, E 5). It has a number of interesting old churches and saline springs in the vicinity. Its chief manufactures are machinery, matches, cement, and metal articles. The trade is principally in wood. Population, in 1900, 14,246.

ROSENKRANZ, rō'zen-kränts, KARL (180579). A German philosopher, born at Magdeburg, and educated at Halle, where he subsequently was professor (1831-33). In 1833 he became profescentre' group of Hegelians. Besides his works sor at Königsberg. He belonged to the so-called in general literature he labored on a revision of Hegel's system. Among his works are Psychologie (3d ed. 1863); Hegels Leben (1844); Goethe und ihre Geschichte (1855); Wissenschaft der und seine Werke (1847; 2d ed. 1856); Die Poesie logischen Idee (1858-59). See Quäbicker, K. Rosenkranz (Leipzig, 1879).

ROSENTHAL, ro'zen-täl, ISIDOR (1836-). A German physiologist, born in Labischin, Prussia, and educated in Berlin. There he was assistant to Du Bois-Reymond in 1859-62 and docent in 1862-67. In 1872 he left the chair of physiology in Berlin to become professor at Erlangen, where he was long head of the Physiological Institute. He edited the Centralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenschaften (1869-80), the Biologisches Centralblatt (1881 sqq.), and the German edition of the "International Science Series" to which he contributed a volume, General Physiology of Muscles and Nerves (1881). His other works include: Electricitätslehre für Mediziner (1862); Bier und Branntwein in ihrer Bedeutung für die Volksgesundheit (1881; 2d ed. 1893); and Vorlesungen über öffentliche und private Gesundheitspflege (1887; 2d ed. 1889).

ROSENTHAL, MORITZ (1862-). An Austrian piano virtuoso, born at Lemberg. He studied under Karl Mikuli of Lemberg, Rafael Joseffy, and Franz Liszt. At the age of thirteen he gave concerts in Vienna, Warsaw, and Bucharest; but two years afterwards retired and studied at the University of Vienna. In 1882 he made successful concert tours throughout Europe, and in 1887 made his first tour of the United States, after which he achieved great success in the principal art centres of England, France, Germany, and Russia. In 1896-97 he made a second tour of the United States.

ROSENTHAL, TOBY EDWARD (1848-). An American figure painter, born in New Haven, Conn. He studied in San Francisco under Fortunato Arriola, and in Munich under Raupp and Piloty. Excepting occasional visits to America, he lived principally in Munich. His works are executed in a romantic, rather conventional style, with agreeable color. They include: "Morning Prayers in the Bach Family" (Leipzig Museum, 1870); “Trial of Constance de Beverly" (1883); "Elaine" (1876); and "Dancing Lesson During the Empire" (1886).

ROSENTHAL-BONIN, HUGO (1840-97). A German novelist, born in Berlin. After studying there and in Paris philosophy and the natural sciences, he traveled extensively as a merchant, then settled in Switzerland and in 1871 at Stuttgart, where he became associate editor of Ueber Land und Meer and in 1889-94 edited Vom Fels zum Meer. His best known novels include: Der Bernsteinsucher (1880), Die Thierbändigerin (1884), Schwarze Schatten (1884), and Das Haus mit den zwei Eingängen (1888). The collections of stories Der Heiratsdamm und Anderes (1876) and Unterirdisch Feuer (1879) were translated into most of the European languages.

ROSE OF JERICHO, RESURRECTION PLANT (Anastatica hicrochuntica). A small Arabian herb of the natural order Cruciferæ. After flowering the leaves fall off, and the branches become incurved toward the centre, so that the plant becomes almost globular. In this state it is often blown about by the wind. When it happens to be blown into water, the branches expand again, the pods open and let out the seeds. If taken up be

d

ROSE OF JERICHO.

d, Dried condition.

first American saint.

fore it is quite withered, the plant retains for years its hygroscopic property of contracting in drought and expanding in moisture. ROSE OF LIMA, SAINT (1586-1617). The She was born at Lima, Peru, April 20, 1586, and from an early age gave herself to a life of extraordinary austerities and self-mortifications. At the age of 20 she took the veil as a sister of the Third Order of Saint Dominic. She died at Lima, August 24, 1617. In 1669 she was named patron of "America and the Indies," and was canonized by Clement X. in 1671. Her day is August 30. The chief source for her life is the Vita Sancta Rosa by the Dominican Hemsen (German trans., 2d ed., Regensburg, 1863).

ROSE OF SHARON. A name variously applied to the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), to Polyanthus Narcissus (Narcissus Tazetta), and, in America, to the Syrian hibiscus (Hibiscus syriacus). See CROCUS; NARCISSUS; HIBISCUS.

ROSE'OLA (Neo-Lat., from Lat. roseus, rosy, from rosa, rose). A name given to an eruption accompanying several diseases, such as erythema

and German measles or rubeola. There is a roseola ab ingestis which is due to intestinal or gastric disturbances, and which resembles very closely the eruption of scarlet fever.

A

ROSE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. school of engineering at Terre Haute, Ind., founded in 1874 by Chauncey Rose (q.v.) and opened in 1883. Five parallel courses of study are offered, in mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering, architecture, and chemistry, each occupying four years. The five courses are identical during the first term of the freshman year, after which each student must elect between two groups. The degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred on all graduates, and that of Master of Science for at least one year's graduate work. The degree of Mechanical, Electrical, or Civil Engineer is granted to holders of the Master's degree, after two years in the practice of their profession. In 1903 there were 205 students and a faculty of 20 instructors. The institute occupies ten acres and has four buildings, valued with the grounds at $185,000. Its library contained 11,000 volumes. The productive funds amounted to $600,000, and the gross income was $50,000.

ROSE QUARTZ. A variety of quartz, usually crystallized, but sometimes found massive. It has a delicate pink or flesh color, due to the presence of minute quantities of manganese or titanium oxide. It is valued as an ornamental stone, and the larger pieces are made into vases, while the smaller fragments are used for jewels, seals, etc. The variety possessing a bright red color is sometimes called 'Bohemian ruby.'

ROSES, WARS OF THE. The series of civil wars in England between the rival houses of Lancaster and York in the latter half of the fifteenth century. The struggle owed its name to the fact that the badge of the House of Lancaster was a red rose, and that of the House of York a white rose. The House of Lancaster had obtained the throne of England in 1399 by an act of Parliament, which had deposed Richard II. and given the crown to his cousin Henry IV. During the reigns of Henry IV. and Henry V. there was no open discontent, for the country was prosperous and under the latter King the military successes in France pleased the national pride. But when Henry V. died in 1422 he left as heir a child of nine months, hood, proved to be weak physically and mentally. Henry VI., who, when he grew to manMoreover, the country was exasperated by the loss of the French possessions (see HUNDRED YEARS' WAR), and the poor were in dire distress on account of the excessive taxation. Under such circumstances the people began to look to Richard, Duke of York, who, descended from Lionel, the second son of Edward III., had, if hereditary right was to be regarded, better claims to the throne than Henry VI., descended from John of Gaunt, the fourth son of Edward III. The first armed demonstration was Jack Cade's Rebellion (1450), which began in Kent and was directed against the favorites of Henry VI. The chief demand of the insurgents was that the government should be placed in the hands of the Duke of York. This rising was easily suppressed, but in 1453 Henry VI. became insane, and in 1454 the Duke of York was declared Protector. Henry VI., however, soon recovered his reason, and