ROSCIAD, rōsh'î-ăd (from Lat. Roscius, name of a famous Roman comedian), THE. A satire in verse by Charles Churchill (1761) on the London actors of that day. All but Garrick, Mrs. Pritchard, Mrs. Cibber, and Mrs. Clive were severely handled.

ROS'CIUS, QUINTUS (?-B.C. 62). The greatest

comedian in ancient Rome. He was born at Solonium, a village near Lanuvium. Many of the Roman aristocracy befriended him, and the dictator Sulla, as a token of favor, presented him with a gold ring, the symbol of the equestrian order. Among his most admiring and affectionate patrons Roscius also numbered Cicero, who, at the commencement of his career, received lessons in the art of elocution from the great comedian. So sensible was Roscius of the distinction he enjoyed in sharing the intimacy of the great orator, that he came to look upon his art as one of no small importance and dignity, and wrote a treatise on the comparative methods and merits of eloquence and acting. Cicero's friendship was of use to him in another way, for on his being sued at law by C. Fannius Charea for the sum of 50,000 sesterces (about $2000), Cicero defended him before the judex Piso (probably B.C. 68) in his extant oration Pro Q. Roscio Co

modo. He died B.C. 62.

ROS'COE, Sir HENRY ENFIELD (1833-). An English chemist, born in London, grandson of William Roscoe, the historian. He studied at the University of London and at Heidelberg, where, in association with Bunsen, he published several memoirs on chemical subjects. He was made professor of chemistry in Owens College, Manchester, in 1858, and Fellow of the Royal Society in 1863. He was one of the first to make exact measurements of the chemical action of light; for this and other valuable scientific achievement, he received, in 1873, the Royal Medal of the London Society. In 1896 he was made vice-chancellor of the University of London. Dr. Roscoe's published works include: a text-book entitled, Lessons in Elementary Chemistry, which has passed through many editions and been translated into several foreign languages; Lectures on Spectrum Analysis (1869; 4th ed. 1885); John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry (1895), etc. Jointly with Schorlemmer he published an exhaustive Treatise on Chemistry in 8 volumes (1877-98 and a later edition). He was one of the editors of Macmillan's series of Science Primers and himself wrote the Primer of Chemistry.

ROSCOE, WILLIAM (1753-1831). An English historian, born near Liverpool. In 1769 he entered the office of a Liverpool attorney, and in 1774 he began the practice of law. Meanwhile he diligently studied the classics and the Italian language and literature. In 1777 he published a collection of his verse, containing the first protest against the slave-trade, of which, throughout his life, he was a strenuous opponent. In 1796 was published the first volume of his Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, Called the Magnificent. This work proved very popular; several English editions appeared, and it was translated into German, French, and Italian. In 1805 appeared his second great work, the Life and Pontificate of Leo X. This work was received with much commendation, though its tone and spirit, espe

cially with reference to the Reformation, was severely criticised. During the later years of his life he devoted himself much to the study of botany, and in honor of him a rare genus of monandrian plants received in 1826 the name Roscoea. Consult Henry Roscoe, Life of William Roscoe (London, 1833).

ROSCOE, WILLIAM CALDWELL (1823-59). An English poet and essayist. He graduated from the University of London (1843) and was called to the bar (1850). Owing to ill health, he soon retired to Wales, but he kept up his literary connection in London. His critical essays were written mostly for the National Review, edited by his brother-in-law, R. H. Hutton. They are still of interest. After experimenting with a drama called Eliduc (1846), founded on a lai of Marie de France, Roscoe produced a fine study in Elizabethan tragedy, Violenzia (1851), and wrote considerable occasional verse, some of which is beautiful. His finest powers are seen in the sonnet "To My Mother." Consult his Poems and Essays, with memoir by Hutton (London, 1860), and the reissue of the poems by his daughter, Elizabeth M. Roscoe (ib., 1891).

The

ROSCOM/MON. An inland county of Connaught, Ireland, bounded on the east by the river Shannon (Map: Ireland, C 3). Area, 949 square miles. The surface, which belongs to the central plains of Ireland, is level, with undulations rising in the south and on the north. principal rivers are the Shannon (q.v.) and the Suck. The soil is fertile in the central district, which is known as the 'plain of Boyle' and which Some portions is celebrated for its sheep. produce good cereal crops; but the chief industry of the Roscommon farming population is the feeding of sheep and cattle, especially the former. The capital is Roscommon (q.v.). Population, in 1841, 254,550; in 1851, 174,570; in 1891, 116,552; in 1901, 101,640.

ROSCOMMON. The capital and assize town of Roscommon County, Ireland, 16% miles westsouthwest of Longford (Map: Ireland, C 3). Population, in 1901, 1891.

ROSCOMMON, WENTWORTH DILLON, fourth Earl of (c.1633-85). An Irish poet. He was born in Ireland and was the son of the third Earl of Roscommon and nephew of the Earl of Strafford. After the impeachment of his uncle he was sent the Protestant university. After the Restoration to Caen, Normandy, where he was educated at he held various Court positions, married a daughter of the Earl of Burlington, and devoted himself to literature. His works, commended by Johnson, and praised by Pope as the only pure writings of a dissolute reign, include an Essay on Translated Verse (1660); Horace's Art of Poetry Translated into English Blank Verse (1684); paraphrases of various psalms; a translation of Dies Ira, and a collection of prologues and epilogues to plays. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

ROSE (AS. rose, from Lat. rosa, from Gk. pódov, rhodon, Æolic ẞpódov, brodon, rose; connected with Av. varo da, plant, Pahlavi vartā, Pers. gul, rose), Rosa. The popular name for a genus of plants of the natural order Rosacea, consisting of more or less erect climbing or trailing woody shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves. The flowers, borne solitary or in

are in some cases not well distinguished from varieties. Roses are natives of all the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere and thrive even in some of the colder regions. They have long been among the chief favorites in flower gardens. Countless single and double flowered varieties have been produced by cultivation by crossing and variation. These may be divided into two large classes, summer roses, or those blooming but once each year, usually in early summer, and perpetual or autumnal roses, which bloom more than once during the same season, many of them producing flowers continuously from early summer until late in the fall.

The summer roses include the Provence, damask and French, alba, Ayrshire, brier, multiflora, evergreen, and pompon garden groups. The Provence group consists of large-flowered varieties with a branching or pendulous growth and wrinkled leaf, and includes the moss, pompon, and sulphurea forms. The damask and French group presents firm and robust growing plants producing large flowers and downy leaves. This group includes the hybrid French, hybrid Provence, hybrid Bourbon, and hybrid China roses. The varieties of the alba group are large-flowered, have a free growth, and are spineless. The leaf is characterized by a whitish upper surface. The other groups of summer roses have small-flowered double or single blossoms. The Ayrshires are climbing varieties producing their flowers singly. The briers generally have a short-jointed growth and include the Austrian, Scotch, sweet, and Penzance briers, and the prairie and the Alpine roses. The multiflora group has a climbing growth and produces its flowers in clusters. This group includes some of the polyantha varieties. The evergreen group, including the sempervirens, Wichuraiana, Cherokee, and Banksian roses, is distinguished by its more or less shiny and persistent foliage. The pompons, as the name indicates, are of a dwarf growth.

In the summer and autumn flowering class the large-flowered groups comprise the hybrid perpetual, hybrid tea, moss, Bourbon, Bourbon perpetual, and China roses. All except the China group, which includes the tea and Lawrenceana varieties, have rough foliage. The small-flowered groups in this class include the musk, Ayrshire, polyantha, perpetual brier, and evergreen roses. The musk rose group, to which the noisettes belong, and the Ayrshire and polyantha groups have deciduous foliage and climbing habit. The perpetual briers, including the rugosa, lucida, microphylla, berberidifolia, and Scotch roses, are dwarf and bushy. The evergreen group in this class comprises the Macartney and Wichuraiana forms, in which the foliage is more or less persistent. The rose succeeds in warm, sunny, protected spots in most soils, but a friable, wellmanured deep soil with a permeable subsoil is best adapted to the production of vigorous plants. Hybrid perpetuals prefer a strong, rich clay or loam, while tea roses are often grown in gravelly and sandy soil. Good drainage is always necessary. Roses are propagated from seeds, buds, layers, cuttings, and grafts. New varieties are

grown from seeds. The most common method of propagation is by cuttings from nearly mature shoots which are started in sand under glass with low bottom heat. In budding the cultivated varieties are budded on manetti and multiflora stocks which are specially grown for this purpose in Europe. For grafting the stock used is Rosa Watsoniana, a Japanese species. Pruning in rose culture is practiced for the purpose of removing the dead wood, giving the plant a symmetrical form, and encouraging the development of flower buds.

Rose-growing under glass has become a very important industry. The three-quarter span rose house extending from east to west with the long span to the south is most in use. A moderately stiff loam taken from an old pasture, well rotted and pulverized, and mixed with about one-fourth its bulk of well-decomposed cow manure, makes a good soil for indoor rose culture. The benches should be four inches deep and well drained. The plants are generally kept in position by being tied to supports. The surface of the soil is very lightly stirred to kill all sprouting weed and grass seeds. Sometimes a light mulch of three or four parts of well-rotted cow manure and one part of soil is applied in August and again in January. During hot weather the temperature of the house is lowered by syringing several times a day and by the use of the ventilating arrangements. Ventilation is very beneficial and should be given whenever the weather permits. Propagation by cuttings is readily accomplished in rose houses because the conditions are all under con. trol. Various varieties seem to require slightly different treatment, especially with respect to temperature. Such differences make necessary the separation of certain varieties. More than 100,000,000 cut roses are sold annually in the United States.

The influence of climate on rose culture is apparently greater than the influence of soil. A mild sunny climate is most favorable. The pleasant climatic conditions of Cannes and the Riviera in Europe and of southern California have made rose culture in those regions famous.

In landscape gardening the rose has a narrow range of application, since few species and

SWAMP ROSE (Rosa Carolina).

varieties retain their foliage well enough to be valuable in picture composition. The free-growing unsupported bushy forms are, however, often trained as pillars and the climbing sorts over

trellises, walls, arches, arbors, etc. But it is as a cut flower that the rose is eminent; it is far more useful for personal adornment and house decoration than for beautifying the garden.

ROSE DISEASES. Among the diseases occurring on roses grown outdoors are: Leaf-blight (Actinonema rosa), which produces black enlarging spots upon the upper surfaces of the leaves, which turn yellow and fall; leaf-spot (Cercospora rosacola), which forms dark red or nearly black spots with distinct grayish-brown centres as they grow older; mildew (Sphærotheca pannosa), which checks the growth of the young shoots and dwarfs the leaves, while a white powdery growth covers the leaves and stunts the plants; and rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), which attacks all the green parts of the plant, causing reddish or yellow spots which increase in size until the leaves fall off. All diseased parts should be collected and burned and the plants well sprayed throughout the season with a clear fungicide (q.v.). Of these diseases, leaf-blight and mildew occur in greenhouses, and may be treated with powdered or evaporated (not burned) sulphur.

Consult: Bailey, Cyclopedia of American Horticulture (New York, 1900-02); Ellwanger, The Rose (ib., 1893); Hole, A Book About Roses (London, 1894); Jekyll and Mawley, Roses for English Gardens (ib., 1902); Hatton, Secrets of Rose Culture (Huntington, N. Y., 1891). A list of books in different languages on roses and their culture is given by Vergara in Bibliografia de la rosa (Madrid, 1892).

ROSE, ORDER OF THE. A Brazilian civil and military order of merit with six classes, founded in 1829 by Dom Pedro II. The medallion on the six-armed cross of white enamel bears the initials P. A. with the inscription Amor e Fidelidade; on the reverse are the date of foundation and the names Pedro-Amelia in reference to Pedro's marriage with Princess Amalie of Leuchtenberg. The ribbon is pink with two white stripes.

ROSE, CHAUNCEY (1794-1877). An American philanthropist, born in Wethersfield, Conn. He removed to the West in 1817 and settled in Terre Haute. He was active in promoting many industrial enterprises, chief among which was the building of the Indianapolis and Terre Haute Railroad. Having come into possession of his brother's estate, of the value of about $1,600,000, he resolved to carry out his brother's wishes expressed in a defective will by devoting the money to philanthropic enterprises. He gave large sums both from this estate and from his own fortune to schools, hospitals, asylums, and other charities in New York, Terre Haute, and elsewhere. His chief benefaction was made to the Rose Polytechnic Institute at Terre Haute, which he organized in 1874.

ROSE, GEORGE (1817-82). An English humorist who wrote under the pseudonym "Arthur Sketchley." He was born in London. After receiving his degree from Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1848, he took orders in the Anglican Church. In 1855 he went over to the Church of Rome. From 1858 to 1863 he was tutor to the Duke of Norfolk. Turning to literature, he produced several light comedies, which met with success. He became widely known for his numerous monologues on current topics purporting to be the views of Mrs. Brown, an illiterate old

woman. They bore titles such as "Mrs. Brown's Visit to the Paris Exposition" (1867), on "The Alabama Claims" (1872), and on "Home Rule" (1881). They were begun in Routledge's Annual (1866), and continued in Fun. Rose traveled round the world, reading from these monologues. As a result of a visit to the United States (1867) he published the next year The Great Country. He also wrote two novels, A Match in the Dark (1878) and A Marriage of Conscience (1879). He died in London, November 11, 1882. ROSE, rō'ze, GUSTAV (1798-1873). A German mineralogist, born in Berlin. He was a brother of Heinrich Rose, and, like him, studied in Berlin, and under Berzelius in Stockholm. He was ap pointed curator of minerals in the museum of Berlin University in 1822, professor in 1826, and director of the Mineralogical Museum in 1856. Rose accompanied Humboldt through Siberia in 1829, and, with Mitscherlich, examined Vesuvius and Etna in 1850 and the extinct volcanoes of Southern France in 1852. He attempted to show a close relationship between electrical polarity and crystal form, and therefore urged that the formation of crystals was in no way causally connected with physical surroundings. This system is set forth in his Krystallochemisches Mineralsystem (1852). His other works include: Elemente der Kristallographie (1833; continued by Sadebeck and Websky); Beschreibung und Einteilung der Meteoriten (1864); and Kristallisation der Diamanten (1876).

ROSE, HEINRICH (1795-1864). A German chemist. He was born in Berlin. He studied chemistry in Berlin, in Stockholm under Berzelius, and in Kiel, and became professor in Berlin in 1823. He devoted himself to analytical chemistry, and may be considered its founder. He made especial study of the rarer elements, was first to isolate many substances, and in 1844 discovered the metallic element niobium or columbium. Rose made valuable contributions to Poggendorff's Annalen and wrote a standard Handbuch der analytischen Chemie (1851, and after). Consult the biography by Rammelsberg (Berlin, 1866).

ROSE, HUGH HENRY, Baron Strathnairn. See STRATHNAIRN.

ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795-1838). A Church of England theologian, and one of the founders of the Tractarian movement. He was born near London, at Little Horsford, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; ordained deacon in 1818 and priest a year later; and became in 1818 curate of Buxsted, Sussex, and in 1821 of Horsham, Sussex; prebendary of Chichester, 1827-33; rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk, 1830, and of Fairstead and Werley in 1833, leaving the last for Saint Thomas, Southwark, 1837. In 1833 he was made professor of divinity in the University of Dublin, but ill health compelled his resignation the next year; in 1836 he became principal of King's College, London, but again ill health shortened his service, and he left England in October and died in Florence. He published Christianity Always Progressive (1829), Notices of the Mosaic Law (1831), The Gospel an Abiding System (1832). He was a fine Greek scholar; but his memory survives rather from his association with the great leaders of the Oxford Movement (q.v.) in its earlier stages. Consult his biography in Burgon, Lives of Twelve Good Men (London, 1888).