Rochester several concerns that rank among the largest in the world in their respective lines. These include a preserving establishment, a button factory, lubricating oil works, a cider and vinegar plant, and a manufactory of folding-box machinery.

Rochester is a city of the second class and as such is governed under the regular charter provided by legislative enactment. This charter became operative on January 1, 1900. The government is vested in a mayor and common council elected every two years, and in various administrative departments, for further explanation of which see paragraph on Administration under ALBANY. The comptroller, treasurer, police justice, assessors, and supervisors are chosen by popular election; other officials are appointed by the mayor. The city clerk is elected by the common council. The city spends annually for maintenance and operation about $2,916,350, the principal items being: schools, $703,285; interest on debt, $319,000; municipal lighting, $225,000; the fire department, $244,387; the police department, $204,800; streets, $190,000; ash and garbage removal, $111,000; water-works, $110,000; charitable institutions, $95,000. The net debt of the city in 1902 was $10,246,018; the assessed valuation of real and personal property, $116,448,973. The water-works, which have cost $7,463,129, are owned and operated by the municipality. There are in all 348 miles of mains. Two systems are in operation-a gravity system for drinking-water, deriving its supply from lakes some 30 miles south of the city, and a direct pumping system taking water from the Genesee River. The direct system is used for manufacturing purposes, for the fire department, etc. These works have a daily capacity of 7,000,000 gallons. In connection with the gravity system are a storage reservoir and a distributing reservoir, possessing capacities respectively of 63,500,000 and 22,500,000 gallons.

The population of Rochester, in 1820, was 2063; in 1850, 36,403; in 1870, 62,386; in 1880,

89.366; in 1890, 133,896; in 1900, 162,608. The

total, in 1900, included 40,748 persons of foreign birth and 601 of negro descent.

Rochester was permanently settled in 1810 on land owned by Nathaniel Rochester, William Fitzhugh, and Charles Carroll, all of Maryland. The first frame dwelling house was built two years later. Until 1822 the village (incorporated in 1817) was known as Rochesterville, and in 1834 the city of Rochester was chartered. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 gave a great impetus to the growth of the place. Rochester was the centre of the Anti-Masonic excitement from 1826 to 1835, William Morgan having been a resident of the city before his abduction from Batavia. (See ANTI-MASONS.) In 1849 the famous 'Rochester Rappings' attracted widespread attention and gave rise to modern spiritualism in the United States. Before the Civil War, Rochester, being the home of Myron Holley and Frederick Douglass, was prominent in the anti-slavery struggle, and it was here that Seward, in 1858, made the famous speech in which he spoke of the impending 'irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces.' Consult: Parker, Rochester, A Story Historical (Rochester. 1884); History and Commerce of Rochester (New York, 1894).

VOL. XVII.-14.

ROCHESTER. A borough in Beaver County, Pa., 25 miles northwest of Pittsburg; on the Ohio River, at its junction with the Beaver, and on railroads of the Pennsylvania system (Map: Pennsylvania, A 3). It has valuable advantages as an industrial centre, being situated in a district producing gas, oil, coal, fire clay, and building stone. The manufactures include glass (tumblers, cut glass, bottles), pottery, brick, stoves, flour, and lumber products. Population, in 1890, 3649; in 1900, 4688.

ROCHESTER, HENRY WILMOT, Earl of (c.1612-58). An adherent of Charles I. and Charles II. For his part in the plot against the Long Parliament he was expelled from the Commons. In the Civil War he sided with the King, and defeated Waller at Roundway Down in 1643, and again in 1644 at Cropredy Bridge, but because of his intrigues and the hostility of Prince Rupert and of Lord Digby was deprived of his command. He retired to France and became an intimate friend of Charles II., whom he rescued several times by his skillful disguises. He was made Earl of Rochester in 1652, was very successful in diplomatic errands to the Continent, and took part in most of the Royalist plots against Cromwell.

ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, second Earl of (1647-80). An English poet, wit, and courtier. He was born at Ditchley, Oxfordshire. He entered Wadham College, Oxford, when only twelve years old; and at fourteen, by titular privilege, was, with other persons of rank, made M.A. by Lord Clarendon. After traveling in France and Italy, he became attached to the Court, and rose high in favor with Charles II., who made him comptroller of Woodstock Park. His wit and love one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber and of pleasure made him a favorite of a dissolute the King, and was committed to the Tower, for court; he, however, incurred the displeasure of the forcible abduction of a celebrated beauty and heiress, Miss Mallett, who was rescued by her friends, but whom he subsequently married before he was twenty years old. He wrote prose and verse with facility, and Anthony Wood speaks of him as the greatest scholar among the nobility of his day; but as he grew older he gave less of his time to study, and more to wine and vicious companions. His health became undermined by excess and he died at the age of thirtytwo. Bishop Burnet wrote an interesting account of his death under the title of Some Passages of the Life and Death of John, Earl of Rochester (1681), from which it appears that he sincerely repented his dissolute course. His published works include many love-songs, an elegant Imitation of Horace on Lucilius, a Satire Against Man, in which he is much indebted to Boileau, and an Essay on Nothing.

ROCHESTER, LAURENCE HYDE, Earl of (1641-1711). An English statesman, son of the historian Clarendon. He entered Parliament at the Restoration, acted on several diplomatic missions, and in 1679 became First Lord of the Treasury and Privy Councilor. In 1681 he was made Viscount Hyde. In the same year he negotiated the secret subsidy from France and in November became Earl of Rochester. On the accession of James II. he became Lord Treasurer. On account of his opposition to the King's Catholic policy, and for his stand as an English churchman, he

was dismissed in 1687, with a large pension. In 1689 Rochester was in ill favor with Mary owing to his support of the suggestion of a regency, but regained her favor by his later diplomacy, was readmitted to the Privy Council in 1692, and in 1700 became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and practically Premier. After William's death Anne's trust in him was undermined by the Marlboroughs, and he returned to power again only in 1710. Rochester edited his father's History of the Great Rebellion (1702-04).

ROCHESTER, NATHANIEL (1752-1831). An American soldier and manufacturer, born in Westmoreland County, Va., whence he early removed to Granville County, N. C. Rochester was a member of the Committee of Safety in 1775, and of the Provincial Congresses in 1775 and 1776. During the Revolutionary War he superintended the manufacture of arms at Hillsboro, and at its close removed first to Philadelphia and afterwards to Hagerstown, Md. In 1802 with Carroll and Fitzhugh he bought the Hundred Acre Tract,' now in the centre of the city of Rochester. He removed to Dansville, N. Y., in 1810 and established a paper mill, and again removed to Bloomfield. In 1817 he was secretary of a convention at Canandaigua to urge the completion of the Erie Canal. In 1818 he removed to the village of Rochesterville (the future Rochester), which had been named in his honor. He succeeded in securing the passage of the bill creating the new county of Monroe in 1821. Consult Rochester, Early History of the Rochester Family in America (Buffalo, 1882).

ROCHESTER, UNIVERSITY OF. A collegiate institution at Rochester, N. Y., established in 1850 under Baptist auspices. Since 1900 women have been admitted as students. The work of the university is arranged in three courses-classical, philosophical, and scientific-leading to the bachelor's degree. In 1903 the students numbered 245 and the faculty 20. The campus and five buildings with equipment, including a library of 38,595 volumes, were valued at $501,568; the college property was estimated at $1,357,263; the endowment was $765,000, and the income $51,009. ROCHE-SUR-YON, rôsh'sur'yôN', LA. The capital of the Department of Vendée, France, picturesquely situated on a hill on the right bank of the Yon, 38 miles south of Nantes (Map: France, E 5). It was a village of 800 inhabitants when Napoleon I. selected it for the capital of the department and named it Napoléon-Vendée. Its feudal castle was dismantled by order of Louis XIII. Its ruins formed a quarry for the building of the modern town for which Napoleon I. decreed an appropriation of 3,000,000 francs. There are an equestrian statue to Napoleon I. and a museum containing some good paintings. Population, in 1900, 13,629.

ROCHOW, rōkō, EBERHARD VON (1734-1805). A German philanthropist and educational reformer, born in Berlin. His military career having been cut short in the earliest campaigns of the Seven Years' War by wounds in each hand, he devoted himself to popular education, and in 1773 built а school at Rekahn, and another at Krahne in 1799. In both he was greatly assisted by Bruns. Rochow favored State schools and compulsory attendance. His method, especially adapted for country schools, founded

on a fairly correct idea of the growth of the mental faculties, and urging that only the actually useful should be taught, was set forth in 1772 under the title Versuch eines Schulbuches für Kinder der Landleute, and the system was put into practice in his juvenile writings, of which Der Bauernfreund (1776) is best known. Rochow's correspondence was published by Jonas (Berlin, 1884) and selections from his works by Gansen (Paderborn, 1894). Consult Pohlisch, Die pädagogischen Verdienste des Domherrn von Rochow (Zwickau, 1894).

ROCK (AS. rocc, OF. roc, roche, Fr. roche, from ML. roca, rocca, rock; probably from Ir., Gael. roc, Bret. roch, rock). A portion of the solid earth. Rocks are composed of mineral matter, although some have an organic origin. In contrast with minerals they are more complex, being aggregates of minerals, usually, though not always, containing a number of different mineral species. This number may be ten or more, though in rare cases rocks represent a single mineral; and there are seldom more than two or three component minerals which are present in large quantity.

ROCKS CLASSIFIED GENETICALLY. As respects their origin rocks fall into three grand divisions, viz.: (1) Sedimentary, clastic, or aqueous rocks; (2) massive or igneous rocks; and (3) metamorphic rocks. Of these divisions the first includes the more diverse types and no single name has been found sufficiently comprehensive to include them all. The most abundant and widely distributed class within this division is that of the true sedimentary or clastic rocks, which are made up of sediment or detritus deposited in water. If laid down upon the ocean bottom rocks of this class are described as marine, examples of which are mud-stones or shales (q.v.), and some limestones (q.v.); if deposited along shore, littoral, of which conglomerate (q.v.) and sandstone (q.v.) are examples; and if deposited in lakes, lacustrine, or if in streams, fluviatile, as, for example, silt. Water in the form of ice has likewise been largely instrumental in transporting and depositing rock materials such as gravel, sand, and clay. Again, water confined within the outer zone of the earth's crust through solution and subsequent deposition in crevices and other openings has produced the rocks known as veins (q.v.) or veinstones, which, though comparatively small in bulk, are yet of great importance as the repository of the valuable metals. These are the aqueous rocks in the restricted sense. regions the wind has been an important agent in transporting rock material and producing deposits which are designated æolian accumulations (q.v.). Such a deposit is that of the loess (q.v.) of China.

In arid

Massive or igneous rocks are the product of consolidation from cooling of a molten mass or magma. The consolidation may have occurred below the earth's surface either in subterranean reservoirs-batholites (q.v.), laccolites (q.v.), or bosses-producing rock masses more or less equally developed as respects their several· dimensions; or the consolidation may have occurred within a fissure forming a comparatively thin rock wall bounded by plane surfaces-dike (q.v.). In either of the above cases the rock formed is said to be of intrusive origin. If the molten mass reached the surface of the earth

before consolidation and was poured out either as a broad layer (sheet) or as a stream, the rock produced is described as of extrusive, effusive, or volcanic origin. See IGNEOUS ROCKS.

The division of metamorphic rocks is composed of types developed from processes of alteration out of originally igneous or sedimentary rocks, but it includes not only those rocks which may be traced to the one class or the other, but also those the origin of which is in doubt. Together the several types of this division are described under the name crystalline schists, of which gneiss (q.v.), schist (q.v.), and phyllite are the most abundant members. See METAMORPHIC ROCKS.

Unaltered sedimentary rocks are further subdivided into those of mechanical, chemical, and organic origin. Of the first mentioned class are the greater number-the true sediments and the æolian deposits. Sand and gravel, greensand, loess (q.v.), clay, breccia (q.v.), conglomerate (q.v.), graywacke (q.v.), and shale (q.v.) have this derivation. Of chemical origin are the siliceous sinters such as are to-day forming about the geysers in the Yellowstone National Park; the calcareous sinters of caverns in limestone, including stalactites, travertine (q.v.), veinstones, deposits of gypsum (q.v.), and limonite (q.v.), and the many rocks of concretionary structure known as oölite (q.v.). Of organic origin are chalk (q.v.), flint (q.v.), shell limestone, and chert (q.v.). Marl (q.v.), cement rock, lithographic stone (q.v.), and the several varieties of peat (q.v.) and coal (q.v.) have also an organic origin. The larger masses of compact limestone (q.v.) and magnesian limestone or dolomite (q.v.) are known to have an organic and generally also a marine origin, but the exact manner of their formation is a problem regarding which there are many opinions. The calcareous ooze which is now forming over the deep-sea bottoms is composed almost entirely of the tests of pelagic organisms, whereas such structures are found in the rocks only in chalk, a formation of comparatively rare occurrence. It has been sug gested that the compact limestones which are so generally composed of crystals of calcite are produced from the resolution of the remains of these organisms now collecting upon the sea bottom, perhaps even at the bottom of the ocean in the layers beneath the deposit of ooze. It is certain that a deposit of compact limestone is forming directly from water in the Everglades of Florida; and it is inferred that this process is a more or less widely distributed one. Limestones may, however, form from the evaporation of an inclosed sea, as has happened in past geological ages within the area of the Western United States.

MECHANICAL SEDIMENTS CLASSIFIED ON BASIS OF COMPOSITION. The great class of mechanical sedimentary rocks are classified on the basis of their dominant constituent as arenaceous or

siliceous rocks, argillaceous rocks, and calcareous rocks. The first mentioned rocks contain much quartz or silica; those of the second class abound in clayey material, the base of which is a silicate of alumina and hydrogen (kaolin or china clay) (q.v.), while the class of the calcareous rocks are essentially composed of carbonate of calcium, or of calcium and magnesium in the form of the minerals calcite, aragonite, or dolomite. Arkose, graywacke, sandstone, conglomer

ate, sand, and gravel are the more abundant siliceous sedimentary rocks. Representatives of the argillaceous rocks are argillite or mudstone, shale, clay, mud, and silt. Marl and calcareous shale are calcareous-argillaceous sediments and form a transitional member connecting the argillaceous with the calcareous sedimentary rocks. Under the calcareous sediments are included limestone and dolomite, chert, etc. See ARENACEOUS ROCKS; ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS; CALCAREOUS ROCKS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Diller, "The Educational Series of Rock Specimens," Bulletin No. 150, United States Geological Survey (Washington, 1898); Kemp, Hand-Book of Rocks for Use Without the Microscope (New York, 1896); Harker, Petrology for Students (Cambridge, England, 1895). ROCK BADGER, or ROCK RABBIT. See HYRAX.

ROCK BASS.

(Ambloplites rupestris) of the Northern States A gamy and excellent bass and Mississippi Valley, called also 'redeye' and goggle-eye.' It is a foot long, olive green, with a brassy tinge and much dark mottling, and a black spot on each scale, forming interrupted the blotched. These bass are found in clear streams stripes, young irregularly barred and and lakes, where they keep about rocks or sunken logs. See Plate of BASS.

ROCK BUTTER. A name given to a variety It is a yellowish of the mineral halotrichite. butter-like substance that is found as an efflorescence or exudation from some alum slates, notably those at Hurlet and Campsie, near Glasgow, Scotland, and at Rossville, Richmond County, N. Y. It is called also mountain butter. The name has likewise been applied to certain varieties of the mineral chrismatite.

ROCK-COCK.

A South American bird, more usually called cock-of-the-rock (q.v.). It is a type of the genus Ruficola, but was formerly included among the related pipras.

ROCK-CRAB. An indefinite general name for a variety of crabs customarily living on rocky bottoms, as, along the New England coast, the Jonah crab. The name belongs rather to the family Cancridae, in which belong more common edible crabs than to any other group.

ROCK CRYSTAL. A colorless, transparent The name is variety of crystallized quartz. applied chiefly to the massive varieties, such as also includes the small distinct crystals which Brazilian pebble, which is used for lenses; but it are sold as imitations of the diamond and are

called variously Bristol diamonds, Lake George diamonds, etc. The name is likewise sometimes extended to the violet variety of quartz or amethyst, to the red variety or Bohemian ruby or Silesian ruby, to the yellow variety or citrine or false topaz, and to the brown variety or smoky quartz. Specimens are sometimes found containing inclusions of hair-like or needle-like crystals of other minerals such as actinolite, asbestos, epidote, göthite, hornblende, rutile, tourmaline, etc., which are called variously by the hair-stone, Venus's hair-stone, etc. names of Cupid's arrows, Cupid's nets, Thetis's

ROCK-DOVE. A wild dove of Western Europe (Columba livia). See PIGEON.

ROCKEFELLER, JOHN DAVISON (1839—). An American capitalist, born in Richford, Tioga

County, N. Y. When twelve years old he was taken by his parents to Cleveland, Ohio, where he was educated in the public schools, and at sixteen became a clerk in a commission house. In 1858 he embarked in the commission business himself with a partner named Clark. Both members of the firm were resourceful and clever at driving bargains, and their success was immediate. In 1862 they became associated with Samuel Andrews, an expert oil refiner, and, under the firm name of Andrews, Clark & Company, engaged extensively in the oil business. William Rockefeller, a brother, was admitted to partnership, and a new company, William Rockefeller & Co., was formed, which, in 1865, built, at Cleveland, a large refinery, known as the Standard Oil Refinery. The next extension was the formation of an eastern branch at New York, with Henry M. Flagler as an additional partner. In 1870 the several firms were combined under the name of the Standard Oil Company, with a capital of $1,000,000. Of the combination John D. Rockefeller was the president and controlling spirit. From this time on all his energies were bent toward obtaining control of the oil business of the entire country. To accomplish this it was necessary to obtain control not only of the output of the oil fields, but of the means of transportation, and Rockefeller devised a systematic scheme of making arrangements with the railroads whereby the Standard Oil Company, by a system of rebates, should be given preferential shipping rates, that would, in time, render competition next to impossible. With this end in view a cooperative concern known as the South Improvement Company was organized, but so great was the opposition that it was soon dissolved, and less open methods to the same end were adopted. Gradually the Standard Oil Company absorbed or drove out of business most of its principal rivals, and its influence or alliance with the railroads became closer. In 1882 John D. Rockefeller organized the Standard Oil Trust, but after a ten years' existence it was dissolved. Since then the various companies have been operated separately, but all are under the management of Rockefeller, whose control of the oil business is as complete as though he had but one company to look after. In the intervals of a busy career Rockefeller found time to devote to religious, benevolent, and educational institutions, particularly those connected with the Baptist Church. In 1892 he founded and endowed the University of Chicago, the full title of which is "The University of Chicago, founded by John D. Rockefeller." To this institution in 1903 he had given in all more than $6,500,000. He also gave largely to other institutions. His gifts for education, which aggregate a greater sum than has ever before been contributed by a single per son to such purposes, have been mostly conditional upon the raising of a similar amount by

the institution benefited.

ROCKET. See ARTILLERY; PYROTECHNY; SIGNALING AND TELEGRAPHING, MILITARY; SIGNALS, MARINE.

ROCKET. See DAME'S VIOLET.

ROCKFISH. The name of a variety of fishes which haunt rocky places. In the Eastern States the term is applied to (1) the striped bass (Roccus lineatus), (2) the rock bass (q.v.), (3) the yellow-finned grouper (Myctioperca vene

nosa) of Florida and southward, which is about three feet long and clear olive green, with light green and orange-brown markings, and (4) to a familiar killifish (Fundulus majalis).

On the Pacific Coast 'rockfish' is a general name for a large group of marine shore-fishes of the family Scorpænidæ, of which about thirty genera and 250 species are known. Many bring forth their young alive, the fry at birth being about a quarter of an inch in length. The typical rockfishes of California are those of the genus Sebastodes, of which 56 species are recognized by Jordan and Evermann, who monographed the group with much detail in their Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, 1898). On the average they are about 15 inches long and weigh 2 or 3 pounds. Most of them are of brilliant hues, with striking markings. Nearly all of these fish are fair eating and furnish the principal part of the marine market supply of California. Consult: Goode, Fishery Industries, sec. i. (Washington, 1884); Eigenmann and Beeson, "Revision . . . of the Subfamily Sebastinæ," in Proceedings of the National Museum, vol. xvii. (Washington, 1894); Jordan and Evermann, American Game and Food Fishes (New York, 1902). Compare ROSEFISH; GROUPER.

ROCK/FORD. A city and the county-seat of Winnebago County, Ill., 87 miles west by north of Chicago, on Rock River, here spanned by sev eral bridges, and on the Chicago and Northwestern, the Illinois Central, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads (Map: Illinois, C 1). It is divided by the Rock River and covers a total area of about eight square miles. In the eastern section are the handsome building and grounds of Rockford College for Women. A public library with more than 35,000 volumes occupies a fine structure, the gift of Andrew Carnegie. Memorial Hall and the City and Saint Anthony's hospitals are among other prominent features of the city. The Ransom Medical and Surgical Sanitarium is two miles distant to the north, and the Broughton Sanitarium is at the city limits on the south. Good water-power and excellent transportation facilities have contributed largely to Rockford's industrial and commercial importance. In the census year of 1900 there was invested in the various industries The total

capital amounting to $27,971,613. production was valued at $48,871,596. Furniture, hosiery and knit goods, foundry and machineshop products, agricultural implements, clothing, and harness constitute the leading manufactures, The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. The city spends annually for maintenance and operation Schools, $105,000; streets, $58.000; water-works, about $378,000, the principal items being: $53.000; fire department, $36,000; municipal lighting, $22.000; interest on debt. $20.000; police department, $20.000. Rockford was settled in 1834, laid out in 1836, and chartered as a city in 1852. It was enlarged by the annexation of suburbs in 1890. Population, in 1890, 23,584; in 1900, 31,051.

ROCKFORD COLLEGE. An undenominational institution for the higher education of women at Rockford, Ill., founded in 1849. had in 1902 property valued at $173,000, with grounds and buildings worth $135,000, an endow

It