Rioja contains copper, sulphur, silver, gypsum, salt, graphite, and coal, the mineral most exploited being copper. The population in 1895 was 69,502. The capital is La Rioja, situated at the foot of Mount Belasco, and connected by rail with Catamarca and the southeastern provinces. It contains a college and a normal school, and had a population in 1895 of 6627.

RIOJA, FRANCISCO DE (c.1584-1659). A Spanish poet, born in Seville. He distinguished himself as a classical scholar at the university of his native town, and afterwards took orders and became canon in the Seville Cathedral. The Count of Olivarez, a friend of Rioja, called him to Madrid about 1614, and he remained at the Court some time. After the death of Philip III. he returned again and was made royal librarian and chronicler by Olivarez, whom he afterwards followed into exile (1643). His last years were spent in Seville and Madrid, where he was a member of the Inquisition. The best edition of his works is that of Barrera, who published the Poesías (1867), and Adiciones á las poesías de D. Francisco de Rioja (1872).

RIOM, rê-ôn'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Puy-de-Dôme, France, picturesquely situated on a hill, 9 miles north of Clermont-Ferrand (Map: France, K 6). It is built of dark lava, and its domestic architecture of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and of the Renaissance period, and its churches, Saint Amable dating from the eleventh century, NotreDame-du-Marthuret from the fifteenth century, and the fourteenth-century Sainte-Chapelle, are of especial interest. Linen, leather, and brandy are manufactured. Riom was the capital of Auvergne during the fourteenth century. Population, in 1901, 11,061.

RION. A river of Caucasus, Russia, rising in the Government of Kutais. It flows in a western direction, passes Kutais, and enters the Black Sea at Poti. Total length, about 200 miles. It is navigable for 50 miles. The Rion is the ancient Phasis.

RIO NEGRO, rē'ô nã'grô (Sp., black river). The largest north tributary of the Amazon. Its upper course is generally considered to be the Guainia, which rises in the southeastern part of Colombia and flows east to the Venezuelan boundary, then southeast into Brazil (Map: Brazil, E 4). Here it is joined by the Uapés, which rises on the eastern Cordillera of the Andes in the central part of Colombia, and flows in an east-southeast direction until it joins the Amazon through a great inland estuary 50 miles above the mouth of the Madeira. The largest tributary is the Rio Blanco or White River, which rises on the border of Guiana and flows south to the main stream. In Venezuela the Guainia receives the Cassiquiare, an arm sent out by the Orinoco. The total length of the Rio Negro with the Capés is about 1400 miles. The whole river system flows through a vast forest region which is but little explored. The upper courses are navigable for long distances. At its mouth in the Amazon it is 11⁄2 miles wide, and 100 feet deep at low water, so that ocean steamers can at all times go directly to Manãos, the great outlet for the rubber collected along the banks. Consult Wallace, Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (London, 1889).

RIO NEGRO. A river of Argentina, forming the conventional northern boundary of Patagonia (Map: Argentina, E 12). It is formed by two headstreams, the Limay and the Neuquen, both of which rise on the eastern slope of the Andes. It flows southeast into the Atlantic Ocean, and its length up to Lake Nahuel-Huapi (q.v.) is about 600 miles, through nearly the whole of which distance it is navigable, though there are dangerous reefs in several places. On its lower course there are several settlements, chief of which is Viedma.

RIO NEGRO. A territory of Argentina, in Patagonia, bounded by the Territory of Pampa on the north, Chile and the Territory of Neuquen on the west, the Territory of Chubut on the south, and the Province of Buenos Ayres and the Atlantic Ocean on the east (Map: Argentina, D 12). Its area is estimated at 75,924 square miles. The southwestern portion belongs to the region of the Andes, while the remainder is occupied by a plateau. The chief rivers are the Rio Negro and its tributary the Limay, and there are also a number of lakes. A very small portion of the territory is cultivated; the raising of sheep, cattle, and horses is the leading industry. Population, in 1895, 9241. Chief town, Viedma.

RIORDAN, ri'ôr-dan or rer'dan, PATRICK WILLIAM (1841-). A prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born at Chatham, New Brunswick. He studied at Notre Dame, Ind., and at Paris and Louvain, Belgium, in which latter country he was ordained priest in 1865. Returning to America, he became one of the faculty of the Theological Seminary of Saint Mary's of the Lake, Chicago, as professor of ecclesiastical history and canon law. Somewhat later he gave instruction in dogmatic theology. He was pastor at Woodstock, Ill., in 1868, and the same year removed to Joliet, Ill., where he remained until 1871, when he assumed the rectorship of Saint James's Church, Chicago. In 1883 he was appointed titular Bishop of Cabasa and coadjutor with the right of succession to the See of San Francisco. The following year the Archbishop, Joseph S. Alemany, resigned, and Monsignor Riordan became Archbishop.

RIOT (OF. riot, ryot, riote, riotte, Fr. riotte, It. riotta, riot; of unknown etymology). A form of criminal offense against the public peace, consisting in the assembly of three or more persons with intent mutually to assist each other against any one who shall oppose them in the execution of some enterprise of a private nature, and afterwards actually executing the same in a violent and turbulent manner to the terror of the people, whether the act intended were itself lawful or unlawful. (Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown, ch. 65.) At common law the offense, unless it resulted in some more serious crime, was a misdemeanor; but in case the riot caused loss of life or serious bodily injury, the rioter might be punished for the felony committed.

If the riotous enterprise is of a public nature, in that it is directed toward the Government with the purpose of overthrowing or destroying it, the offense is treason (q.v.). The assembly need not be planned by the rioters in advance. It is enough to constitute the crime if there is the actual assembly resulting in the tumultuous execution of the private enterprise. The crime may be committed also if the rioters do not specifically

intend to terrify others, if such is the natural or necessary consequence of their riotous acts. When there is an assembly of three or more persons for some riotous purpose under such circumstances as to give rise to a reasonable apprehension on the part of others of a breach of the peace, although no actual public disturbance does result, the offense is known as unlawful assembly. If some steps are taken toward the execution of the unlawful or riotous purpose which, however, fall short of actual public disturbance, the offense is known as a rout. Thus if these persons assemble for the purpose of assaulting another in the public street of a city, they are guilty of unlawful assembly. While on their way to the place of attack or making other active preparations for the attack they are guilty of rout, and upon the execution of their purpose by committing the public assault they are guilty of riot.

The definition of the crime and its punishment are now generally regulated by statute.

RIOT ACT. An English statute, 1 Geo. I., st. 2, c. 5 (1715), which provided that if twelve persons or more were unlawfully assembled and disturbing the peace, any sheriff, under-sheriff, justice of the peace, or mayor, might by proclamation command them to disperse, and that if they refused to obey and remained together for the space of one hour after such proclamation, all participating in the assembly were guilty of felony. The statute has not been generally re-enacted in the United States, where the usual provision of the criminal law and police regulations have been found an adequate protection against rioters.

RIPARIAN RIGHTS. The legal rights of owners of land containing a watercourse or bounded by one, to its banks, bed, and waters. By the common law, in the absence of express limitations to the contrary, an owner of land immediately adjacent to a non-navigable stream owns the bed of the stream usque ad filum, that is, to the middle thread or centre of the stream. A riparian owner has the right to make a reasonable use of the waters of a stream adjoining his property. This right is liberally construed, but will not extend to using all the water, even though he consume it all without waste. He cannot divert the stream, or so pollute its waters as to interfere with the rights of those below him on the stream. The most effective remedy of a riparian owner where another makes an unreasonable or unlawful use of the waters of the

stream is by injunction, and this gives ample op: portunity for a court of equity to consider all the circumstances. See such titles as RIVERS; FILUM AQUÆ; ACCRETION; ALLUVION; WATER RIGHTS, etc.

RIP'LEY. A town in Derbyshire, England, 10 miles northeast of Derby (Map: England, E 3). It has manufactures of silk and lace, and mines of coal. Population, in 1901, 10,100.

RIPLEY, ELEAZER WHEELOCK (1782-1839). An American soldier, prominent in the War of 1812. He was born in Hanover, N. H., graduated at Dartmouth in 1800, studied and practiced law, removed to Portland, Me., was one of the representatives of the District of Maine in the General Court of Massachusetts in 1810-11, serving as Speaker in the latter year, and in 1812 was elected to the State Senate. On the outbreak of

the War of 1812 he entered the United States Army as a lieutenant, and by successive promotions became a colonel in March, 1813, a brigadier-general in April, 1814, and soon afterwards, by brevet, a major-general. He was wounded in the attack on York (now Toronto), Can.; led the Second Brigade of General Jacob Brown's army in the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane; and after the latter battle, both Brown and Scott being wounded, he exercised the chief command. He occupied and fortified Fort Erie, distinguished himself in the defense of that fort on August 15, 1814, and on September 17th was severely wounded while leading a sortie. FORT ERIE.) He resigned from the army in 1820, removed to New Orleans, La., practiced law there, was elected to the Louisiana Legislature, and from 1835 until his death was a member of Congress.

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RIPLEY, GEORGE (1802-80). An American scholar and critic, born in Greenfield, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1823, was an instructor there, studied theology, and was ordained in 1826. He remained in Boston until 1841, busying himself with philosophical speculations, was gradually drawn into the Transcendental circle, wrote on metaphysics and education, and endeavored to further the knowledge of Continental literatures by a series of translations. ing his pulpit, he became a prime mover in the socialistic experiment of Brook Farm (q.v.). When this association failed (1847) Ripley went to Flatbush, L. I., and in 1848 he settled in New York City. He was the joint editor with C. A. Dana (q.v.) of Appleton's New American Cyclopædia (1857-63), and of the new edition of that work (1873-76). He also worked on the staff of The Tribune, chiefly as literary critic, and brought its reviews up to a high standard. His first wife died in 1861, and in 1865 he married a German of Parisian education, after which he traveled much, and became the centre of a brilliant literary circle, exerting thus the most genial and helpful influence of his life, greater in what he inspired others to do than in what he himself accomplished. The translations of Foreign Standard Literature (14 vols., 1838-42) were his most important publications and in their time had great influence. Consult: Frothingham, George Ripley, in the "American Men of Letters" (Boston, 1882); Swift, Brook Farm (New York, 1900), which has a bibliography; and see TRANSCENDENTALISM.

RIPLEY, HENRY JONES (1798-1875). An American Baptist divine and biblical scholar. He was born at Boston, Mass., and educated at the Boston Latin School and Harvard College. After finishing his theological course at Andover in 1819 he became an evangelist among the Southern slaves. One year excepted, he continued these labors until 1826, when he entered the faculty of the Newton Theological Seminary, as professor of biblical literature and pastoral duties. From 1860 to 1865 he was engaged in private literary work at Newton and gave instruction to freedmen preachers at Savannah, Ga. In 1866 he returned to Newton Seminary as librarian, and from 1872 to 1875 served as associate professor of biblical literature. His writings include: A Memoir of Rev. Thomas S. Winn (1824); Christian Baptism (1833); Sacred Rhetoric (1849); Exclusiveness of the Baptists (1857); Church Polity (1867).

RIPLEY, JAMES WOLFE (1794-1870). An American soldier, born in Windham County, Connecticut. He graduated at West Point in 1814, was commissioned second lieutenant of artillery, and was assigned to duty on the northern frontier, where he took part in the defense of Sackett's Harbor. In 1817-18 he served under Jackson during the Seminole War and the invasion of Florida, and in 1832-33 commanded the Government forces in Charleston Harbor, at the time of the Nullification movement in South Carolina. In 1832 he was promoted to be captain and in 1838 to be major of ordnance. In 1848 he was raised to the rank of brevet lieutenant

In

colonel. In 1854 he was transferred to the Watertown Arsenal, and in 1861, after being assigned to various other duties, he was commissioned brigadier-general and appointed chief of ordnance of the United States Army. As the Federal forces had then no heavy rifled cannon, he immediately ordered the conversion of old smooth bores and the manufacture of Parrott guns. 1863 he was retired from active service, and was appointed inspector of fortifications on the New England coast, a position which he continued to fill until within a year of his death. At the close of the Civil War in 1865 he was brevetted majorgeneral in the Regular Army 'for long and faithful services.'

RIPLEY, WILLIAM ZEBINA (1867-). An American economist and sociologist, born at Medford, Mass. He studied civil engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but then devoted himself to economics, studying that branch for two years at Columbia, where in 1893 he became lecturer in sociology. In 1895 he was named professor of economics and of sociology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His publications include A Financial History of Virginia, 1609-1776 (1893) and the Lowell Lectures, Races of Europe (1900). He was vicepresident of the American Economic Association in 1898 and in 1900-01, and in the last year was made special agent on transportation to the United States Industrial Commission.

RIPON, rip'on. An episcopal city in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 22 miles northwest of York (Map: England, E 2). The marketplace is spacious, and has in its centre an obelisk 90 feet high. The cathedral, the oldest part of which dates from the twelfth century, is cruciform, measures 270 by 87 feet, and is surmounted by two uniform towers, and also by a central tower. The Saxon crypt dates from the seventh century. Trinity Church is a fine cruciform edifice in early English. The principal industries are machine-making, tanning, malting, and brass and iron founding. There are also several flour-mills and varnish factories. Ripon was formerly noted for its woolen manufactures, and for the true steel of Ripon rowels' or spurs. The place received the name of Inhrypum from a monastery established in 660; in 678 it was created a see. It suffered from the Danes, Normans, and Scots, and during the Civil War was occupied by the Parliamentarians, but was retaken by the Royalists in 1643. Population, in 1901, 8225.

RIPON. A city in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, 22 miles west by north of Fond du Lac, on the Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul railroads. It is the

seat of Ripon College, opened in 1853, and has a public library. The centre of a productive region, Ripon has flouring mills, grain elevators, creameries, a wood-working factory, wagon and buggy works, knitting mills, pickling works, and glove and mitten manufactories. Ripon was settled in 1844 and incorporated in 1858. Population, in 1900, 3818. Consult Mapes, History of the City of Ripon (Milwaukee, 1873).

RIPON, FREDERICK JOHN ROBINSON, Earl of (1782-1859). An English statesman. He was born in London, the son of Baron Grantham, and was educated at Harrow and at Saint John's College, Cambridge. He became private secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Hardwicke, and in 1806 was elected to the House of Commons. He became a Lord of Admiralty in 1810, and Privy Councilor in 1812. In the latter year he became vice-president of the Board of Trade. chequer and in that office carried through many important financial reforms. In 1827 he was promoted to the House of Lords with the title of Viscount Goderich, and in the same year, after having been for a short time Secretary of State for the Colonies, he was called to form a Cabinet. His administration was feeble, and in June of 1828 he retired. He served in Lord Grey's Cabinet (1830-34) as Secretary of State for the Colonies, and was an advocate of the second Reform Bill. He became Lord Privy Seal in 1833 and was created Earl of Ripon. In 1834 he hastened the fall of the Cabinet by his resignation, and he continually attacked the financial policy of the Melbourne Cabinet. In 1841 he was made president of the Board of Trade and in 1843 became president of the Board of Control of Indian affairs, from which he retired in 1846. His son, GEORGE FREDERICK SAMUEL ROBINSON, First Marquis of Ripon (1827-), was born in London; served in the diplomatic corps; entered the House of Commons as Viscount Goderich in 1852; became Under Secretary for War in 1859 and Secretary in 1863; was made Secretary of State for India in 1866, and was Lord President

In 1823 he was made Chancellor of the Ex

of the Council from 1868 to 1873. In 1871 he was chairman of the joint committee on the Treaty of Washington. From 1880 to 1884 he was Viceroy of India, and made himself very unpopular among the English and greatly loved by the natives because of his favoritism for things Hindu. He was Secretary for Colonies from 1892 to 1895.

RIPON COLLEGE. A coeducational, undenominational institution at Ripon, Wis., founded in 1851 as Brockway College and opened in 1853. The present name was assumed in 1863. It was founded by the Winnebago Convention of Presbyterian and Congregational Churches. This Convention relinquished control, giving it into the care of an independent board of trustees in 1868. The larger part of the institution is the college proper, in which the B. A. degree is given on completion of four years' work in any of a number of groups of studies. There is also a preparatory school and a conservatory of music and art. The college has a library of 11,000 volumes, an endowment of $212,000, an income of $20,000, and six buildings valued, with the grounds, at $150,000.

RIPPERDA, rêp-pěr'dá, JOHN WILLIAM, Baron, later Duke of (1680-1737). A political

adventurer. He was born in Groningen, Holland, and at an early age entered the Dutch army. In 1715 he became Ambassador to Madrid; there he followed his friend Alberoni and turned Cath

olic. He was thereupon intrusted by the Spanish Government with the direction of commerce and industry, and became a favorite of King Philip V. and his consort, Elizabeth Farnese. In November, 1724, Ripperda went to Vienna and there concluded in 1725 a treaty of alliance between Spain and the Emperor Charles VI. Upon his return to Madrid in December, 1725, Ripperda was created duke and made Prime Minister. But neither Spain nor Austria was able to fulfill the terms of the treaty, and in consequence Ripperda was dismissed from office on May 14, 1726. He feared for his life and fled to the palace of Stanhope, the English Ambassador, and disclosed diplomatic secrets. The Spanish authorities thereupon seized him and confined him in the citadel of Segovia. He escaped after two years, went to Holland, and became a Protestant again. After a life of adventure in several countries, he appeared in the service of the Sultan of Morocco, and became a devout Mohammedan. He led an army against Spain, but was defeated at Ceuta in 1733, and was exiled to Tetuan, where he died. Consult: Moore, Lives of Cardinal Alberoni and the Duke of Ripperda (London, 1814); Syveton, Une cour et un aventurier au XVIIIème siècle: baron de Ripperda (Paris, 1896); Philippson, The Age of the European Balance of Power (Eng. trans., Philadelphia, 1902).

RIPPLE MARKS. Undulatory marks seen on the sand of the seashore or on the surface of

sand dunes and often on the surface of snow drifts. Similar undulations also occur on soft bottoms at a depth of many feet beneath the

surface of lake or sea water. In the former cases the ripple marks are produced essentially by the action of the wind, which is thrown into an undulatory motion by the slightest obstacle; when such motions are set up, the snow or sand that is carried by the wind is deposited in such a way that the ripples reproduce the movements of the air. At the bed of an ocean or lake the movement of the water may produce ripples by a precisely analogous process. Tidal sand ripples, cloud ripples, and wind ripples are shown by photographs in Nature for April 25, 1901.

RIP'PON, JOHN (1751-1836). An English Baptist minister. He was born at Tiverton, became a Baptist minister in London, 1773, and so continued till his death there. He edited The Baptist Annual Register (1790-1802), which has numerous biographical sketches of denominational interest, and he left behind him many works which were purchased by the British Museum in 1870. His most noteworthy service was as editor of a hymn book (London, 1787; 31st ed. 1844), which was long in use and which has been pronounced one of the most important and influential ever made.

RIP VAN WINKLE. A character in one of the tales in Washington Irving's Sketch Book (1819), a good-natured, intemperate Dutchman, who sleeps for twenty years in the Catskill Mountains, and returning to his home finds everything changed. The first dramatized form of the story was produced in 1828, followed by many others, until in 1866 Boucicault, with sug

gestions from Joseph Jefferson, produced the version which Jefferson made famous, first performed in London in 1865.

RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, THE. A history of Holland by John Lothrop Motley (1856), from the abdication of Charles V., 1555, to the assassination of William of Orange in 1584. The story is told with dramatic intensity, being almost an epic with William of Orange, for whom Motley was an unqualified partisan, as hero.

RISH'ANGER, WILLIAM (c.1250-c.1312). An English chronicler, born probably in the village of Richangles in Suffolk. He joined the Benedictine monks of Saint Albans Abbey about 1271. His chronicle Narratio de Bellis apud Lewes et Evesham, continues the history of Matthew Paris, and gives a valuable account of the Barons' Wars from 1258 until 1267, with high praise for Simon de Montfort. It was edited by J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps for the Camden Society in 1840. Other works credited to him include Willelmi Rishanger Monachi S. Albani Chronica (1272-1806)—the last part of which he could not have written. It was edited by Riley for the Rolls Series, in 1865.

RISHI, ri'shê; Skt. pron. r"shê (Skt. ṛṣi, seer; connected with Av. ǝrǝši, uprightness). The title given to the poets of the Vedic hymns, who were supposed to have received their divine inspiration through the sense of sight. The Sanskrit texts generally give seven as the number of these sages, although the Puranas (q.v.) mention nine, and Manu (q.v.) enumerates ten. At a later period the term was applied to certain classes of ascetics. In the Hindu system of astronomy, the seven rishis form the constellation of Ursa Major.

RISING SUN, ORDER OF THE. A Japanese civil and military order with eight classes, founded by the Mikado Mutsu Hito in 1875. The decoration consists of the national emblem, a rising sun composed of 32 white rays, with a central red medallion, and is suspended by green leaves and three blossoms of the Paulovnia from a white ribbon edged with red.

RISK (OF., Fr. risque, Sp. riesgo, risk; prob

ably connected with Sp. risco, steep rock, Lat.

resecare, to cut off, from re-, back again, anew + secare, to cut). In insurance law, this word is used to describe (1) the obligation of an insurer; (2) the chance or hazard that the peril insured against may occur and the insurer be held liable; (3) the probable or anticipated cause from which the loss may occur and against which the insured person is indemnified; and (4) the property or person which is the subject of the insurance. See INSURANCE.

The term is also employed in connection with the law of sales, both of real and personal property, to describe the chance that the goods may be destroyed before delivery. See SALE,

RISTIČ, ris'tich, JOHN (1831-99). A Servian statesman, born in Kraguyevats. He studied at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Paris, and began his official career in the Ministry of the Interior, under Prince Alexander Karageorgevitch. In 1858 he was made secretary to the embassy sent to Constantinople by Milosh Obrenovitch and became Servian representative at the Porte (186167). In the latter year he was appointed Servian

Minister of Foreign Affairs, and when Michael Obrenovitch was assassinated he was the envoy sent from the provisional Government at Belgrade to bring Prince Milan from Paris. From 1868 to 1872, during the minority of Prince Milan, he was a member of the council of regency. In 1872 73 he was Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He held the same offices in 1875 and 187680 as leader of the Liberals in alliance with the radical Nationalists. In this capacity he guided the national policy during the wars with Turkey in 1876 and 1877-78, the ultimate result of which was that Servia secured absolute independence and added territory. He went out of office in 1880, but remained the leader of the Liberal party in the national Parliament and was an active supporter of a Pro-Russian policy, In 1887-88 he was once more Premier. Ristič was at the head of the regency from King Milan's abdication (1889) to King Alexander's assumption of power (1893). He died in Belgrade, September 4, 1899. He was the author of several works on the foreign policy of Servia.

RISTORI, rê-stō'rê, ADELAIDE (1822-). A celebrated Italian tragic actress. She was born at Cividale, where her parents were strolling players. At the age of fourteen she was playing in Francesca da Rimini, and in a few years she became the leading Italian actress, a universal favorite because of her beauty and grace as well as her talents. Her marriage in 1847 with the Marquis Capranica del Grillo (who died in 1861) temporarily interrupted her dramatic career; but after two years she returned to the stage, and appeared at Rome in Alfieri's tragedy of Myrrha. The French attack on the city caused her for a time to desert the theatre for the hospital, where she employed herself assiduously in nursing the wounded. After having acted for several years at Rome and Turin with immense success, she presented herself before a French audience in 1855, when Rachel was in the height of her fame, a proceeding considered as a challenge by the first Italian actress to the first French actress. Even in Paris she obtained a triumph, notably in Legouvé's Medea, which had been rejected by Rachel. Two of her other great rôles were Schiller's Mary Stuart and Giacometti's Elizabeth. In London, in 1856, she met with great success as Lady Macbeth. She visited the United States in 1866, 1875, and 1884-85. Consult her autobiography, Ricordi e studj artistici (Turin, 1887; Eng. trans., Studies and Memoirs, a Biography, Boston, 1888); Boutet, A Ristori (Rome,

1899.

RITARDANDO, rē'tär-dän'dô. A term in music, indicating that the passage to which it applies is to be played slower and slower, with a steady retard.

RITCHIE, rich'i, ALEXANDER HAY (1822-95). An American engraver and painter, born in Glasgow, Scotland. He was a pupil of Sir William Allen at the Royal Institution, Edinburgh, and came to the United States in 1841. He worked both as a painter and as an engraver in Canada for a short time, and then settled in New York City, where he was elected to the National Academy in 1871. His mezzotint engravings are particularly well known. They include plates after Huntingdon's "Lady Washington's Recep tion Day" and Darley's "On the March to the Sea." His oil paintings include "Mercy Knock

ing at the Gate" (1860); “Fitting Out Moses for the Fair" (1862), and several portraits.

RITCHIE, ANNA CORA MOWATT (1819-70). An American actress. She was the daughter of Bordeaux, France. S. G. Ogden, of New York, but was born at She was married at fifteen years of age to James Mowatt, a New York lawyer. After appearing in private theatricals, then in public readings, she studied for the stage and made her début in The Lady of Lyons at the Park Theatre in 1845. Later she toured with E. L. Davenport in the United States and went with him to England, where she appeared in 1847 ing lady at the Marylebone Theatre, acting with in Manchester, then in London, and became leadhim through many engagements. Her husband having died abroad, she returned to America, and in 1853 retired from the stage. In 1854 she married W. F. Ritchie, editor of the Richmond Examiner. He died in 1868, and she thenceforth resided in England and corresponded for American newspapers. She was the author of several plays, among them Fashion (produced in 1845) and Armand (1847), and a number of novels, of which may be mentioned The FortuneTeller (1842), Evelyn, or a Heart Unmasqued (1845), and Fairy Fingers (1865). also her Autobiography of An Actress (Boston, 1854).

Consult

RITCHIE, ANNE ISABELLA (1838-). An English author, the eldest daughter of Thackeray. She was born in London, and was educated in Paris. She married her cousin, Richmond Ritchie, in 1877. Her works consist of novels and critical studies, written in a graceful, lucid style, which show skill in character drawing, and which are full of discriminating touches and keen observation. They include The Story of Elizabeth (1863), The Village on the Cliff (1865), and a notable edition of the works of Thackeray (1898).

RITCHIE, CHARLES THOMSON (1838-). An English statesman, born in Dundee. He became a well-known merchant in London, from 1874 to 1885 sat in Parliament for the Tower Hamlets as a Conservative, and from 1885 to 1892 for Saint In 1885-86 he was secreGeorge's-in-the-East.

tary to the Admiralty, in 1886-92 president of the Local Government Board, in which capacity he accomplished important reforms in provincial administration, and in 1895-1900 was president of the Board of Trade. He became Secretary of 1902, Chancellor of the Exchequer, which office State for the Home Department in 1900, and, in he resigned in 1903. In 1895 he was elected member for Croydon.

RITCHIE, DAVID GEORGE (1853-1903). A Scotch philosopher, born at Jedburgh, and educated at Edinburgh University (1869-74) and at Balliol College, Oxford (1874-78). He was fellow of Jesus College from 1878 to 1894, being tutor at that college from 1881 and at Balliol from 1882 to 1886, and in 1894 became professor of logic and metaphysics at Saint Andrews. For the year 189899 he was president of the Aristotelian Society. Ritchie contributed several articles on Greek philosophy to Chambers's Encyclopædia and on various subjects to Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy; edited Early Letters of Jane Welsh Carlyle (1889); and published Darwinism and Politics (1889), Principles of State Interference (1891), Darwin and Hegel (1893),