thickly studded over with the heads of stout nails. From the middle of the building rose a solitary massive chimney-stack."

Castle Frank was to be a place of great hospitality, and indeed both at Castle Frank and Navy Hall the doors were ever open and all visitors were bountifully received. The Iroquois at Niagara gave Simcoe the title of Deyonguhokrawen, which, being interpreted, means, "one whose door is always open." And the Indians were not the only ones to be impressed by the Governor's hospitality. The American commissioners who came to Canada with regard to the boundary difficulty were his guests at Navy Hall, and afterwards spoke with enthusiasm of the reception their ancient enemy gave them. He was, indeed, a veritable knight of the old school.

The most critical question that presented itself during his period of government was the contention that continued between the Indians and the Americans with regard to the Indian territory in the United States. An unwise move on his part might have precipitated a war, but with such diplomacy did he act that he was able to hold comparatively aloof and at the same time keep the respect of his Indian allies. Yet he showed no fear of the Americans and when ordered by Lord Dorchester to proceed to the foot of the Maimi rapids and to erect a fort on the disputed territory he unhesitatingly did so, notwithstanding the clamour that was raised by the Americans with regard to the action on the part of the British. He was careful at all times to protect English interests and to prevent American aggression; however, the danger that had been threatening ever since he came to the country was to come to an end, and by a treaty concluded between England and the United States the former agreed to evacuate the territory in dispute.

Soon after this Simcoe was forced by the needs of the home government to leave Canada. St. Domingo demanded the presence of a strong man and an experienced soldier, and on December 3, 1796, Major-General Simcoe (he had received this rank in 1794) was appointed official governor of that place and commander-in-chief of the army, with the local rank of lieutenantgeneral. It must have cost him a good deal of pain to leave Upper Canada. His work there was really just begun. Yonge Street had been opened up to

Lake Simcoe, and he no doubt soon hoped to see it completed, and Dundas Street well under way.

Besides this he was creating a Royal Navy" on the lakes, and already had a number of gunboats on Lake Ontario, and had planned for ten more for that lake and an equal number for Erie; but duty demanded his presence elsewhere, and he went to St. Domingo with the hope of speedily recovering the ground the British troops had lost in that island.

General Simcoe arrived at St. Nicholas Mole at the beginning of March, 1797, and immediately went to work to seek a remedy for the evils he found existing. He made but little headway; the force under his control was altogether inadequate for the situation and he returned to England to secure reinforcements or to abandon the task which had been assigned him. His efforts bore little fruit as Britain at that time had her resources severely taxed by the critical state of affairs in Europe owing to the ambition of the great Napoleon, and could not waste her energies on St. Domingo. That his services in the island were not without appreciation is evident from the fact that in October, 1798, he was made a lieutenant-general in the British army.

In 1801, there was a rumor throughout the British Isles that the French were preparing to invade Great Britain; the country naturally became much excited, and along the coast anxious eyes were turned towards France. Tidings of gigantic preparations being made to invade England were wafted across the channel. Strong men were needed in the sea-port towns and the command of Plymouth was entrusted to General Simcoe.

We hear little more of Simcoe until August, 1806, when the English government learned that the French were about to invade Portugal with an army of thirty thousand men. The authorities thereupon resolved to send an army to the Tagus, and this military force was entrusted to Lord St. Vincent and Lieutenant-General Simcoe. These distinguished officers had full power conjointly with Lord Rosslin to negotiate with the Court of Lisbon. This was to be General Simcoe's last commission. On the voyage to Portugal he was taken seriouly ill and was forced to make a speedy return to England. When the ship that brought him back reached Torbay he was moved to Topham. He had only a few days to live and died on the 25th of October, 1806. He was

still in his prime and his loss to England was a great one. He was a man of unsullied career, and of fine military knowledge and of great daring. Besides these qualities he possessed a diplomacy which made him an excellent ruler; certainly Canada has not had among her makers a nobler or more unselfish man, or one who was to do more for the true development of the country than the first governor of the Province of Upper Canada.

THE BUILDING OF THE "GRIFFIN"

La Salle built this boat and launched it on the lake, near Fort Niagara. It was the first boat
to spread sails on Lake Erie,

CHAPTER X.

JOSEPH BRANT,

Famous Indians in Canadian History-Joseph Brant a Celebrated Chief—Little Known of His Early Life-His Father a Mohawk Warrior-His Life Intimately Associated with the Life of Sir William Johnson-Brant's First Military Experience at Crown Point-Serves Under Sir William Johnson at Niagara-The Education of Joseph Brant at Moor Charity School, Lebanon, Connecticut-A Diligent Student-In the Pontiac War-Translates the Gospel of St. Mark and the Anglican Prayer Book into the Mohawk Language-Appointed Chief of the Six Nations-Leaves the Mohawk Valley on Outbreak of Revolutionary WarVisits England-Returns to Canada-At the Battle of the Cedars-His Raids Along the Susquehanna-At the Battle of Oriskany-Campbell Misrepresents Him in His "Gertrude of Wyoming"-A Description of Brant by an American Prisoner-The Mohawk Valley Left Desolate-Brant and His Followers Settle Along the Grand River-A Second Visit to England-An Amusing Incident at a Fancy-Dress Ball-The First Church Erected in Upper Canada-The Indians Dissatisfied-Brant's Words with Regard to the Indian Land Grants-Brant Employed in Negotiations Between the United States and the Indians-A Friend of Governor Simcoe's-Hospitably Entertains Visitors at His Home-His Noble Dying Words—A Mighty Force in Keeping the Indians of Canada Loyal to Great Britain.

COM

Three

OMPARATIVELY few Indians stand out prominently in Canadian and American history. Tribes have come and gone, have roamed through the forest and over the vast western plains, but only at long intervals has a commanding figure arisen to stamp history with his name. chieftains, however, figure conspicuously in the history of Canada-Pontiac, Brant and Tecumseh. Of Pontiac, probably the greatest among North American Indians, a savage capable of uniting in a common cause the Indians from the great plains of the west and those dwelling by the rivers of the southern states, there is nothing to be said here as he figured not as a maker of Canada, but as one who sought to destroy English power along the St. Lawrence. Tecumseh, on account of the active part he took in the war of 1812, will be dealt with in a separate study. Joseph Brant, Thayendanegea, however, is of more importance to the student of Canadian history than either of the other chieftains mentioned. He was the friend of the English from first to last, and at the most critical time in the history of England's great colony,

Canada, stood by her through evil report and good report and made great sacrifices on England's behalf.

Of the early life of Joseph Brant but little is known; even his birthplace and parentage are uncertain. He was very probably born on the banks of the Ohio river, and his boyhood days were spent in the Mohawk valley. Historians differ as to who was Brant's father, but on the whole it is generally believed that he was the son of the celebrated warrior, Nickus Brant, a full-blooded Mohawk of the Wolf tribe. His father was doubtless a chieftain and Brant from his earliest days could look forward to being a leader among his people. From his boyhood days his life was intimately associated with the life of General William Johnson, who did so much by his bravery, and skill as a general, and his diplomacy in dealing with the Indians to win the west for England during the French wars and who kept the flag of England from being driven from the western country during the Revolutionary war.

As a

When General William Johnson made his celebrated attack on Crown Point in 1755, he had in his force three sons of Nickus Brant, the youngest of these was Joseph, who at that time could not have been over thirteen or fourteen years old. In this fight old Chief Hendrick was slain and his place among the Indians of America was probably taken by Brant's father. result of the expedition against Crown Point Johnson was knighted and received from his king the very handsome gift of £5000. Four years later, in 1759, in the final conflict between the French and English for supremacy in North America, Sir William Johnson was to play an important part. Niagara was then in the possession of the French; it was one of the most important and strongly fortified positions in the west and a considerable army was sent against it under General Prideaux. With a force of about 2000 men this distinguished English general left Oswego on July 1. As he journeyed towards the French fort he was joined by Sir William Johnson with some 600 warriors of the Six Nations. Other Indians joined the expedition and by the time Niagara was reached Johnson had under his command a body of probably over one thousand Indians. Young Joseph Brant was one of the most reliable red men in the force. Shortly after they reached Niagara General Prideaux was killed by the premature bursting of a