BOTANY.

FINAL HONOURS.

Ecology II.

1. Discuss (1) the relations of temperature to the production of leaves, flowers, and fruits; (2) the meaning and duration of acclimatization; (3) the intensity of light for optimum development, (4) adaptations for securing enough illumination.

2. Discuss the conditions of soil most favourable for plant growth, and the effect of each factor.

3. Describe:-graft hybrids and vegetable chimeras; mycorrhiza; viviporous plants; autoparasitism.

4. Compare the advantages of (1) vegetative reproduction, (2) asexual spore reproduction, (3) sexual reproduction, (4) alternation of generations.

5. Compare reaction structures with congenital structures, and advantageous reaction with adaptation to environment.

BOTANY.

FINAL HONOURS.

Microtechnique.

1. What method would you use for the following materials: (a) Oedogonium capilliforme, (b) Strobilus of Equisetum hiemale, (c) Stem of Tilia americana, (d) Sorus of Polypodium vulgare, (c) Leaf of Carex scoparia, (f) Pileus of Coprinus comatus, (g) Capsule of Mnium cuspidatum, (h) Leaf of Acer spicatum, (i) Rhizome of Pteris aquilina, (j) Flower-bed of Trillium grandiflorum, (k) Root-tip of Ranunculus acris, (m) Seed of Polygonum acre, (n) Thallus of Peltigera canina, (o) Root of Quercus alba, (p) Penicillium glaucum?

2. In what cases would you use the celloidin method in preference to the paraffin method; and in what cases the paraffin in preference to the celloidin?

3. What would determine whether you would (a) not stain at all, (b) use a single stain, and (c) double stain?

4. Name (a) three good combinations of stains for woody stems, (b) Two stains for use with celloidin sections in the matrix.

5. Outline briefly your treatment of material from collection until embedded in celloidin.

6. What are the causes of, and the remedies for, the following difficulties:-(a) Paraffin sections will not ribbon, (b) Sections become cloudy in final xylol, (c) Paraffin sections become extremely brittle.

BOTANY.

PRELIMINARY HONOURS.

Anatomy.

1. Describe briefly the stages in mitosis.

2. Tell of the methods by which latex vessels arise, and name plants which illustrate your answers.

3. Describe the formation of the annual cylinder in exogens.

4. Describe the structures used in leaves for (1) water conduction, (2) food transfer.

5. Describe the mechanical supporting tissues in monocotyledonous stems.

6. What are the differences between (1) spring wood and summer wood, (2) sapwood and heartwood, (3) phloem and xylem, (4) epidermis and endodermis, (4) exarch and endarch bundles.

7. Explain the structure of the stele of a root near the tip, and show how it becomes like the stem by secondary thickening.

8. Of bast fibres, tell of their origin, structure, occurrence, qualities, and purposes in stems.

9. Describe carefully the origin, structure and efficiency of (1) epidermis, (2) cork.

10. Trace the development of the stele of an exogenous stem from the primordial meristem.