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matter almost of indifference which side
should be touched-and a point on the
Wabash, near the Miamis Portage; almost
certainly the south-west end of this portage.
After it struck the Wabash, it continued
along that river to its junction with the Ohio,
and thence down the course of the Main
River to the Mississippi. Northward of the
Ohio, this line does not appear to have
followed the Mississippi. The French
memorial of the 13th September, without
the aid of the marked map, throws only an
obscure light on this point, when it pro-
poses
that, "The intermediate savage
nations between the lakes and the Mis-
sissippi, and within the line traced out,
shall be neuter and independent, under
the protection of the King, and those
without the line, on the side of the Eng-

quois word which means, I am informed, a slowly flowing river. Vaudreuil, even in his letter of denial, admits that Canada went in this direction to the Miamis portage, between the Illinois and the Ouabache rivers, the course taken by La Salle in his voyage of discovery to the Mississippi. Red Lake, another point which the line struck, must be sought out. There are two lakes that bear that name; one north and the other west of Lake Superior. Isaac Long, in the map attached to his travels, (my copy is a French translation) places one of these lakes about due north of Lake Nipegon. It has disappeared from some later maps, and is apparently replaced by "Long Lake;" but in one published by the Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge it appears much farther west than Long placed it. It received the name of Red Lake, accordinglish, shall be likewise neuter and indepento a legend which he preserves, from some Indian hunters having shot a colossal animal which had moved with slow and heavy tread along its margin, which they believed to be Matchee Manito, or the evil spirit, and of which the blood, when the monster received its death wound, coloured the waters of the lake. A line striking so far north obviously could not be the one intended to designate the western boundary of Canada. The other Red Lake is one of the sources of Red River. It is situated not at its southern extremity but at the source of one of its eastern branches. Its longitude appears, on some maps, to be a little west of the north-west corner of the Lake of the Woods; on others it appears on the same meridional parallel.

On the line agreed to by the French and English Governments we have one certain point, and another which may be approximately fixed, the point on Red Lakea body of water so small as to make it a

Ouabach is in the upper end, somewhat out of position. Bellecocq, translating from the English, in the second year of the French Republic, writes it Wabac.

dent, under the protection of the King of England." The line at the first definite point where we can trace it, is drawn from Red Lake southward till it strikes the Wabash, and proceeds down that river and its parent stream, the Ohio, till the Mississippi is reached. East of this line the intermediate savage nations must be sought. With anything outside of it we have, for the present purpose, nothing to do. The object of carrying this line down the Ohio must have been to obtain a southern boundary. If it had been intended, at that time, to make the Mississippi the western boundary, the line would have been produced westward from Red Lake, and the course of the river followed to the junction with the Ohio, whence the western boundary would have been traced. But all this is really of very little importance. The essential point is to know that the western boundary of Canada went as far as Red Lake. The map on which it was traced, unless some casualty has befallen it, ought to be found in the British archives; and it might be useful as showing the exact point at which Red Lake was touched.

The definitive treaty of Peace, Feb. 10, 1763, irrevocably fixed the limits between the French possessions and those of His Britannic Majesty, by a line drawn along the "middle of the Mississippi river, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence by a line in the middle of that stream, and of lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, to the sea." All the French possessions on the left side of the Mississippi, except the town and island of Orleans, 'were ceded to England. In this cession was included more than Canada. The seventh article contains a preamble which explains the reason for including a part of Louisiana: "In order to establish peace on solid and durable foundations, and to remove for ever all causes of dispute in relation to the limits between the French and British territories, on the continent of America." The designation of the limits of Canada, on the west, at the capitulation of Vaudreuil, and in the subsequent correspondence between the two courts, was not new. The map of the Academy of Sciences, (1718) makes Canada or New France extend to the head waters of the rivers that run into Lake Michigan and Green Bay (Baye des Puans of the French); and it includes in Louisiana all the territory west of this point, of which the rivers empty into the Mississippi.*

The grant of Louisiana, made to Crozat, by Louis XIV, Sept 17, 1712, was not quite so extensive. It gave him the right of exclusive trade in all the French territories, bounded by New Mexico, on the side of the Spanish, and by Carolina on the side of the English; the Mississipi from the sea to the Illinois; the Wabash and Ohio, being the northern boundary, and the Illinois being excluded on the north. Under the Crozat monopoly, which proved not less intolerable to the inhabitants than profitless to the

M. Garneau's reading of this map agrees with my own that it claims as "Louisiana, du côté de l'est toutes terres dont les eaux tombent dans le Mississippi."

grantee, expeditions were sent out into Illinois in search of mines.*

After Crozat's dream of establishing an empire in the valley of the Mississippi, and possibly making his daughter the wife of a Medici, and the Mississippi company with Law and his paper bubbles had come on the scene, the limits of Louisiana were extended on the north. An arrêt issued on the 27th September, 1717, detaching the Illinois from Nouvelle France and incorporating it with Louisiana.*

Then were established, substantially, the limits of Canada, on the west, which Vaudreuil is alleged to have traced on the capitulation of Montreal, and which were certainly agreed upon in the course of the same year between the Governments of France and England.

Great Britain having once become possessed of the country as far west as the Mississippi, the competence of Parliament to extend the government of Canada to that limit cannot be questioned. Did it do so in the Quebec Act? This is certainly doubtful; more than doubtful I think. When the line of boundary prescribed in that statute struck the Ohio, it went westward along that river to the Mississippi; from the junction of the Ohio with the Mississippi, it went "northward" till it intersected the southern boundary of the Hudson Bay Territory. In the first case, it was to follow the course of the river; in the second, it was simply to go "northward." By the Proclamation of 1791, Canada was to include all the territory west and south of a line drawn due north from Lake Temiscaming till it reached the southern border of Hudson's Bay Territory, commonly known How are we to know these as Canada. The concurrence of the western limits? Governments of France and England in a western line of Canadian boundary is the

*Charlevoix, Tome 4, P, 170. *Charlevoix, T, 4, P, 194.

best evidence we can have. It is, besides being official, the boundary which the previous owner of the country admitted, and which the new owner insisted on. That line touches at Red Lake; and if Red Lake be taken as a determinate point to which the line of the Quebec Act must be drawn, in its "northward" course, all difficulty vanishes, and there is a perfect accord between the line agreed upon between the French and English Governments and the Quebec Act and the Proclamation of 1791.

I think, then, it is a legitimate conclusion from all the facts, that Red Lake indicates the western boundary of Ontario; that all the country south of the Hudson Bay Territory, and north of the United States' boundary line, east of this point, to the meridian of Lake Temiscaming, belongs to Ontario; and that the northern boundary of Ontario must, under the tenth article of the Treaty of Utrecht, be found on the height of land which separates the Arctic and the Atlantic water-sheds.

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DR. REINHARD.

(Translated for the Canadian Monthly, from the German of Kleimar.)

CHAPTER I.

"I only wanted to speak with him once more, just once," she continued: "to solve a

AH, is that you, Doctor?" said a young mystery to which his last words had given

"I was told, Miss Eva, that I shouid find you in the garden," he replied; so I came here and interrupted your cogitations. Will you forgive me ?"

"Forgive you!" she said smiling. "Do you know that at this moment I was thinking of you, and that I-but tell me first if you have seen my aunt, and how you found her ?"

"The good lady is much better, and in a few days I shall be able to discontinue my visits," he answered, as he led the young lady back to her place. He held her hand in his, and the manner in which she allowed it to remain there, showed that she looked upon him as an old acquaintance. "So you were thinking of me, Miss Eva," he continued, with a softness in the tone of his question. "But then your thoughts were not of a pleasant nature, for your look was sad when I approached you."

me.

"O, they were mingled with many remembrances," she replied. "This is my father's birthday. A year ago he was with A few months afterwards you led me away from his sick bed, when the news of his illness had called me home from my cousin's. I saw him then for the last time, and he died that night."

"I know it, I know it," said the Doctor, mastering his emotion with a great effort, as he saw the tears trickle down Eva's face.

existence in my breast-one which I dare not mention to you."

He did not reply, and she marked the shade of trouble which for a moment came over his countenance. Suddenly she turned her face towards his and said:

is

"I do not know why it is that my heart

so open at this moment, that I should speak to you so frankly, more frankly than I have done since my father's death. Perhaps it is because you were my father's friend and can solve the mystery. Do not interrupt me, for I must now tell you what has tormented me so long. I know I can put full confidence in you."

"That you can," said the Doctor, warmly. "Now for it! When I saw my father, and knelt crying at his bedside, he told me with his feeble voice, as he laid both his hands upon my forehead, 'never forget to love and be grateful to Doctor Reinhard as our dearest friend, for he saved my fortune and my honour!"

"They were feverish thoughts, fancies of a weakened imagination, of a dying man, which, in health he would never have repeated!" exclaimed the Doctor, much moved.

"No, no! At that moment he could not be considered a dying man; he was in full possession of his faculties, and if you had not entered just then and forbidden him to speak, I should have received an explana"His death took me by surprise. I awoke tion of his words. You led me out of the and found myself an orphan," was her mourn- room, and I never again saw him alive. And ful rejoinder. now, Doctor, you owe me an explanation, "Poor child!" said the Doctor, in a voice and you must tell me the meaning of those of deep sympathy. words. I must know for what and how to

show my gratitude to you, as it was my father's will," she said, with deep emotion.

He rose and took both her hands as he exclaimed "Eva, you owe me no debt of gratitude. I give you my word that it was only his imagination, weakened by illness, that made him suppose that I was the saviour of his honour, which was as stainless as that of the best man in the world. No human being would have ever dreamed of impugning it. You must put aside every thought which could cast a doubt upon it. Such thoughts are disrespectful to his memory."

She gave him a pleasant look-" The portrait of my father lives enshrined in my memory, but since his death a cloud has covered it that has prevented me from always seeing the dear features clearly. If I cannot thank you for anything else, I shall thank you for having chased away this cloud. For this I shall always be grateful."

"I wish you would allow the matter to pass from your memory entirely, Eva; for you must know I came to hear what you have to say on a very different subject."

She looked at him with wondering expectation. He again took her hand and went on in a tone of emotion.

"Eva, since the death of your father, your aunt's house has been your home. Could you make up your mind to leave this home, to belong to one whose heart has beat for you since your childhood?"

had never been deceived in him, for she always received from him comfort and sympathy. And now, suddenly, this man stood before her pleading as a lover, and thus placed himself beneath her, since from her he was to hear the words on which depended his happiness for life. Her mind could not take it in, and he marked at once the paleness that came over her cheeks. Her silence troubled him, and he continued in a nervous voice. "Have I been mistaken Eva, in supposing your heart to be free, or is it that you feel you cannot love me? If it is so, say one word and I retire; for I desire your happiness as much as my own."

While he spoke, she had regained her composure, and now for the first time ventured to raise her eyes to his; she saw his fixed upon her-those earnest eyes-with a wonderful softness of expression. Her heart seemed changed; a feeling came over her never experienced before. Why could she not love this man above all others, since he was better and nobler than all other menhim whom she had known since her father's death. The words of her departed father, too, suddenly crossed her mind. Was not the time now come for her to prove that she regarded his will as sacred?

"Speak, Eva," continued the deep voice of the Doctor, "has your heart been given to another man ?"

"No," she replied, in confused accents, "it is still my own." She could say no

She made no answer, but her hand trem- more. bled in his.

"Eva, I am myself the man, who loves you, whose highest wish is to call you his own, and who now asks you, can you and will you give him your hand?"

For a moment she stood astonished, almost petrified by his proposal, which took her so completely by surprise. In this man, whose age was double her own, she had seen only a fatherly friend, the friend as he had been of her father. She had trusted him with all her troubles, little and great, and

"What did I hear ?" cried the Doctor, deeply moved. In lieu of an answer she laid her hand in his.

"You will give it me, Eva?"

"Yes," she replied in a low tone.

He made a movement as though to clasp her in his arms, but checked the impulse, and said, with a voice almost inarticulate with emotion.

"No, no, Eva, you ought not and you must not decide so quickly. It would be wrong in ine to ask an answer now, when

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