で

impart to the place an air of life and activity which con- | on the road to Pau; and that of Sainte Catherine trasts remarkably with the ordinary dulness of Beaucaire. south-west, on the road to Lourdes and Argellez. Tarascon has a communal college or high school and The population of the commune, in 1826, was 8712; a public library of 2000 vols. it was the birth-place of 1831, 9706; in 1836, 12,630. There are copper-mil Leon Ménard, the antiquary. The town was for a long manufactories for copper utensils, paper-mills, and ta time after the Revolution the seat of a subprefecture, yards; the town is the general mart for the supply of → or capital of an arrondissement; but about the time of department; there is a considerable market every fortr the first restoration of the Bourbons, the subprefecture for agricultural produce of every kind and for cattle, m was removed to Arles. frequented by the Spaniards, who make large purchases live stock. There is a marble-quarry near the town.

Tarbes has a subordinate court of justice and a comme cial court, some fiscal and other government offices There is another town in France called Tarascon, in the communal high school with a library, and school builé: department of Ariège, and on the river Ariège above Foix: of good architecture; a free school of drawing and ar it is from its position sometimes distinguished as Tarascon-tecture; an hospital; a society of agriculture; and a gove sur-Ariège. D'Anville is disposed to identify it with the ment stud, for which there are two large ranges of stab Tarusconienses of Pliny (Hist. Nat., lib. iii., c. 5, 6), which and a handsome riding-school, just outside the town. others would fix at Tarascon on the Rhône. Tarasconsur-Ariège is a small place, a mart of the ironstone dug in the adjacent Pyrenees. The population is probably

and twelve pounds. Without any explanation, as if it were | been fallow; and at the same time it is left as clean, by matter of notoriety, he contrasts suttle and averdupois careful hoeing, as the best fallow would have made it. weight, the former having 100 pounds to the hundred- There are a great many species of tares or vetches, for weight, the latter 112. In the rougher sort of goods, at the terms are synonymous, many of which have been prothe same period, the tare was (as appears by the tables posed to be introduced into general cultivation; but none they give) very often 12 pounds in 112: perhaps then the seem, on the whole, to be so well adapted to our climate hundredweight of 112 pounds was only an allowance for as the common tare: some have biennial and some pethe weight of the box, barrel, or other package. rennial roots. The Vicia biennis has a strong stem and large leaves, and grows four or five feet high; but it is not so succulent as the common sort. It might, perhaps, by cultivation and early cutting, become a useful early fodder, and it may be worth while to make some experiments with it. There are several species of tares which grow wild in bushes and hedges; but they have never been cultivated in the fields, perhaps from the difficulty in collecting the seeds, which shed as soon as they are ripe. Of these, the Vicia craca appears most deserving of attention. It bears its blue flower on stems or spikes longer than the leaves, which are downy. It is very common in France among wheat; and, although a decided weed there, it is not much dreaded by the peasants, as it improves the fodder greatly. It has the appearance of great luxuriance in its growth, where it meets with a proper support. If it were mixed with some plants with a strong stem, such as the Bokhara clover (Melitotus arborea altissima), which itself affords much fodder, it might probably be cultivated to great advantage.

TARES are a most important green crop in the improved systems of agriculture, especially on heavy soils, where they thrive best. When sown in autumn, with a small sprinkling of wheat or rye, they cover the ground in spring, and supply abundance of fodder in summer. A good crop of tares is fully equal in value, if not superior, to one of red clover: it comes off the ground in sufficient time to give the land a hasty summer tillage, which is so useful in destroying weeds, and to allow turnips to be sown in the same season. They smother annual weeds if the crop is plentiful, which should always be secured by an abundant manuring: thus they are a good substitute for a summer fallow in heavy soils, and amply repay the labour and manure bestowed upon them.

We shall only notice one more of the wild tares, which is an annual; it is called the yellow tare (Vicia lutea). It grows in stony soils and among bushes, is very branching, and rises from one to two feet high. From some experiments made by the Agricultural Society of Versailles several years ago, it would appear that this tare might be cultivated with great advantage, and is even superior to the common sort, because it can be cut two or three times during the summer, and affords a very good pasture in winter, which does not stop its vegetation: it will even bloom in a mild winter. Although short, it is so thick upon the ground, that its first cut is as heavy as that of the common tare, which is seldom worth cutting a second time.

There are many species and varieties of tares; but that which is found the best adapted for agricultural purposes is the common tare (Vicia sativa), of which there are two principal varieties, very slightly differing in appearance, one of which is hardy, and will stand the severest winters: the other is more tender, and is therefore only sown in In the south of France there is a white perennial vetch spring; but it has the advantage of vegetating more or tare, called Vicia pisiformis, which is cultivated for its rapidly, so that spring tares sown in March will be fit to white seeds, of which soups are made, as with the pea and cut within a fortnight or three weeks after those which lentil. It grows in very light soils; and, although indiwere sown in autumn. By sowing them at regular inter-genous to a southern climate, it is said not to be impatient vals from September to May, a succession of green tares of frost. It has been called by some the Canadian lentil, in perfection, that is, in bloom, or when the pods are or the white tare. formed, may be cut for several months, from May to October. A prudent farmer arranges his crops so that he shall have artificial green food for his horses and cattle at least six months in the year, by having tares fit to cut between the first and second cut of clover. When there are more tares than is absolutely required for this purpose, and the weather permits, they make excellent hay; or, if the weather is not favourable, they are cut and given to sheep, which are folded on the portion already cut. It is an advantage to have portable racks for this purpose, that the fodder may not be trod under foot and wasted; or the tares may be placed between hurdles, tied two and two, which form extemporaneous racks. It is prudent to raise sufficient seed for another year; but a crop of seedtares raised for sale is seldom profitable, as they greatly exhaust the soil: and the price varies so much in different seasons, that it becomes too much of a speculation for a farmer. The difficulty in distinguishing the seed of the winter tare from the spring variety is so great, that it should either be raised at home, or only purchased from neighbours, or from the most respectable seedsmen. It is a common practice with dealers to mix the seeds of the winter tares, after the time of sowing is past, with spring fares, which are in request at a later period. The inconvenience of this is, that they do not vegetate equally, and consequently the winter tare is not in bloom when the spring tare is fit for the scythe. Foreign tares, which are imported in large quantities, are often the growth of southern climates, and will not stand the winter; or they have been raised from seed sown in spring, so as to be really spring tares. The difference is probably more owing to habit than to any real botanical distinction between them. When spring tares are sown in autumn instead of winter tares, they may occasionally stand the frost, if not very severe; but, in general, they rot on the ground and never recover; whereas the real hardy winter tares, whose vegetation is slower, seem insensible to the severest frosts.

In the early part of summer green rye and tares, mixed, are sold at a great price in large towns, for horses which have worked hard and been highly fed in winter. They act as a gentle laxative, and cool the blood: near London, where every produce is forced with an abundance of manure, tares are often fit to cut early in May, and the land is immediately ploughed and planted with potatoes, or sown with mangel wurzel or ruta baga, which come off in September or October, in time for wheat-sowing. Thus two very profitable crops are raised during the time that the land, according to the old system, would have

Tares should be sown on land which is well pulverised. If after wheat, the stubble should be ploughed in with a deep furrow after a powerful scarifier has gone over the land several times to loosen it: five or six cart-loads of good farm-yard dung should be ploughed in. The tares should be drilled or dibbled, and the surface well harrowed. The intervals should be hoed early in spring: this will accelerate the growth, and insure a complete covering of the ground. As soon as the tares show the flower, they may be cut daily till the pods are fully formed; after this, any which remain uncut should be made into hay or given to sheep; for if the seeds are allowed to swell, the ground will be much exhausted. Another piece should be ready to cut by this time, and thus there may be a succession of tares and broad clover from May to November. Tares may be sown as late as August, on a barley or rye stubble, for sheep-feed early in winter, or to be ploughed in to rot in the ground where beans or peas are intended to be sown early in spring : this is perhaps the cheapest mode of manuring the land, the only expense being the seed; for the tillage is necessary at all events. In light soils, tares and buckwheat sown together immediately after barley or rye harvest, will produce a considerable crop of vegetable matter, which may be ploughed in in November. In favourable seasons, wheat may be sown immediately after, without fearing the effect of two white crops following each other; for the tares and buckwheat intervening, by their shade, and the two ploughings of the ground, one when they are sown, and the second when they are ploughed in, will entirely destroy all weeds, and give to the soil that improvement which will enable it to bear as good a crop of wheat as it would have done had it been sown the year after on a clover ley. Clover, which could not be sown with the barley, fror the foul state of the land, may be sown among the wheat in the next spring, when it is hoed for the

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second time. This is held out as a hint to show how an
accidental interruption in a rotation may be remedied
without any loss of crop or great deviation. As no rule
is without exception, so no rotation can always be strictly
adhered to; and those crops which admit of being sown
at different times of the year are of the greatest use as sub-
stitutes for others which could not be conveniently sown
In
without materially altering the succession of crops.
the common course of cultivation of heavy soils, where
occasional fallows are necessary to clean the land, one-
half of the land which requires fallowing may be sown
with tares; and thus the clean unproductive summer fal-
If the
low will only return at every second rotation.
tares have been manured, or if they are fed off with sheep
folded upon the land, the wheat or other crop which is
sown after them will be as good as on a clean fallow, or
after a good crop of clover. This alone would make tares
a valuable crop; and they may be compared in their effect
on heavy lands to turnips on lighter soils.

The seeds of the tare are occasionally ground into meal and made into bread. It is a very poor food; and when there is more seed than can be profitably disposed of, it may be given to pigs: but poultry, especially pigeons, are very fond of it. When given to horses, the seeds of tares are found very heating; and although they produce a fine glossy coat, they are not to be recommended for this purpose.

TARENTUM. [TARANTO.] TARGUMS, or CHALDEE PARAPHRASES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. During the Babylonish captivity, the language of the Jews was affected by the Chaldee dialect spoken at Babylon, to such an extent, that npon their return they could not understand the pure Hebrew of their sacred books; and therefore, when Ezra and the Levites read the law to the people, they found themselves obliged to add an explanation of it, undoubtedly in Chaldee. (Nehem., viii. 8.) [HEBREW LANGUAGE; ARAMAEAN LANGUAGE.] In course of time such explanations were committed to writing, and from their being not simple versions, but explanatory paraphrases, they were called by the Chaldee word Targum (), which signifies an explanation.'

60

There are ten Targums extant:-1. The Targum of Onkelos, on the Pentateuch, is the most antient. Önkelos is supposed to have lived at Babylon. The Babylonish Talmud makes him a contemporary of Gamaliel, at the No critics place very beginning of the Christian æra. him lower than the second century. His language approaches nearer than that of the other Targums to the pure Chaldee of the books of Daniel and Ezra. He folfows the Hebrew text so closely, that his work is less a paraphrase than a version, and he is free from the fables which prevailed among the later Jews.

2. The Targum of Jonathan Ben Uzziel, on the Prophets, is by many ascribed to an author contemporary with Onkelos, or even a little older, namely, Jonathan the son of Uzziel, a disciple of the elder Hillel. The mention of his name in the Talmuds proves him to have lived earlier than the fourth and fifth centuries. But Jahn points out certain internal marks, from which he concludes that this Targum was compiled, towards the end of the third century after Christ, from other paraphrases, some of which at least were considerably older. The Jews make Jonathan contemporary with the prophets Malachi, Zechariah, and Haggai, and relate marvellous stories respecting the composition of his Talmud.

This Targum is more paraphrastic than that of Onkelos; its dialect is not so pure; the version is not so accurate, and indeed varies in accuracy in different parts; but it is free from the fabulous stories of the later Talmuds. It comprises the Prophets, in the Jewish sense of the word, namely, the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the twelve minor Prophets.

3. The Targum of the pseudo-Jonathan, on the Pentateuch, is so called from its having been erroneously ascribed to Jonathan Ben Uzziel. In purity of dialect, in its general style, and in its mode of exposition, it is far inferior to the Targum of Jonathan. It abounds in silly fables, and displays great ignorance of Hebrew on the part of its author. From internal evidence, such as its mention of the Turks and Lombards, it is evident that it could not have been written earlier than the seventh, or perhaps the eighth, century.

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4. The Jerusalem Targum, on the Pentateuch, of which however it omits large portions, and sometimes explains only single words, is evidently later than that of the Its dialect is pseudo-Jonathan, which it generally follows closely, occasionally departing from it for the worse. very impure, abounding in Greek, Latin, and Persian words. The other Targums scarcely deserve a separate notice. An account of them, and lists of the editions and Latin versions of the Targums, will be found in the works quoted at the end of this article. Taken together, the Targums form a paraphrase of the whole of the Old Testament, except the books of Daniel, Ezra, and Nehemiah, which called the less for such an exposition, as they are to a great extent written in Chaldee.

(Prideaux's Connection, pt. ii., bk. viii.; the Introductions' of Horne and Jahn.)

TARIFA, a small sea-port town situated in the narrowest part of the Strait of Gibraltar, on a point of land projecting into the sea; in 36° 3' N. lat. and 5° 36′ W. long. The Arabs called it Jezirah Tarif (the Island of Tarif), because a Berber, named Tarif Ibn Malek Al-ma'feri, who was the lieutenant of Músa Ibn Nosseyr, landed on the little island facing the port with a small force, two years before the final conquest of Spain by the Arabs. [MOORS.] Tarifa is now a dependency of Cadiz, the same name. In 1295 it was besieged by the Africans which has been made of late the capital of a province of under Abú Yúsuf, but it was stoutly defended by Don Alonso Perez de Guzman el Bueno,' the progenitor of the dukes of Medina Sidonia, who would not surrender that fortress to them, notwithstanding they threatened to behead his only son, which they did before his eyes. In 1340 a great battle was fought near Tarifa, between Alphonso XI. of Castile and Abu-l-hasan, sultan of Fez and Marocco, when the former was victorious.

TARIFF, a table of duties to be paid on goods imported or exported. The principle of a tariff depends upon the commercial policy of the body by which it is framed, and the details are constantly fluctuating with the change of interests and the wants of the community, or in pursuance of commercial treaties with other states. The British tanff has undergone six important alterations within the last sixty years, namely in 1787, in 1809, 1819, 1825, 1833, and 1842. The act embodying the tariff of 1833 is the 3 & 4 Wm. IV., c. 56. Its character has been described in the Report of a Committee of the House of Commons in 1840, on the Import Duties, as presenting neither congruity nor unity of purpose: no general principles seem to have been applied. The tariff often aims at incompatible ends: the duties are sometimes meant to be both productive of revenue and for protective objects, which are frequently Hence they sometimes inconsistent with each other." operate to the complete exclusion of foreign produce, and in so far no revenue can of course be received; and sometimes, when the duty is inordinately high, the amount of revenue becomes in consequence trifling. An attempt is made to protect a great variety of particular interests at the expense of the revenue and of the commercial intercourse with other countries. The schedules to the act 3 & 4 Wm. IV., c. 56, contain a list of 1150 articles, to each of which a specific duty is affixed. The unenumerated articles are admitted at an ad valorem duty of 5 and of 20 per cent, the rate having previously been and 50 per cent. In 1838-9, seventeen articles produced 944 per cent. of the total customs' duties, and the remainder only 54 per cent., including twenty-nine, which produced 3 per cent. The following table of the tariff of 1833, showing the duties received in 1838-9, is an analyss of one prepared by the inspector-general of imports for the parliamentary committee to which allusion has beca made:

No. of Articles,
349

1. Articles producing on an average}
less than 241.

2. Ditto less than 240/.
3. Ditto less than 7137.
4. Ditto less than 2,2907.
5. Ditto less than 22,1807.
6. Ditto less than 183,8647.
7. Ditto less than 2,063,885

8. Articles on which no duty has }

been received.

8,030

The new tariff, which is on the point of becoming law, contains very numerous alterations. Cattle and fresh meat" are admitted, for the first time, on payment of duty; and the reduction of duty on salt-meat is considerable. Time will be required to show the result of the various changes which it contains. The heads of the tariff are comprised under nineteen heads, and the articles enumerated are as many as those in the tariff of 1833. TARIK. [RODERIC.]

TARLTON, RICHARD, a comic actor of great celebrity in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was born in the hundred of Condover, in Shropshire. The date of his birth is not known. He died in 1588, and was buried (September 3) at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, London.

Tarlton was especially distinguished for his performance of the clowns of the old English drama, in which he is spoken of as having been unrivalled, and seems besides to have been one of those clowns who spoke more than was set down for them: he was famous for his extempore wit, which indeed must have been an important addition to the dull and vulgar speeches generally assigned to the clowns before Shakspere's time-he interlarded with his wit the lean and hungry prose. Dr. Cave, De Politica,' Oxford, 4to., 1588, says (we translate Cave's Latin), We English have our Tarlton, in whose voice and countenance dwells every kind of comic expression, and whose eccentric brain is filled with humorous and witty conceptions.'

Stow mentions that Tarlton was one of the twelve actors whom Queen Elizabeth, in 1583, constituted grooms of the chamber at Barn Elms: he seems indeed to have been one of her especial favourites; for Fuller says, that when | Queen Elizabeth was serious (I dare not say sullen), and out of good humour, he could undumpish her at his pleasure. Her highest favourites would, in some cases, go to Tarlton before they would go to the queen, and he was their usher to prepare their advantageous access to her.' One of Tarlton's last performances was in The Famous Victories of Henry V.;' this was in 1588, at the Bull in Bishopsgate Street, to which theatre he seems to have been generally attached. Of this play, which is a much earlier one than Shakspere's Henry V., a full account is given in the introductory notice to Henry VI., Parts I. and II.,' in Knight's Pictorial Shakspere.' It is one of theSix Old Plays,' printed by Nichols in 1779.

Tarlton is known to have written at least one play, The Seven Deadly Sins,' which, though never printed, and now lost, was much admired. Gabriel Hervey, in his Four Letters and certaine Sonnets especially touching Robert Greene and other Parties by him abused,' 4to., 1792, speaks of a work written by Thomas Nashe, 'right formally conveyed according to the stile and tenour of Tarlton's president, his famous playe of The Seven Deadly Sinnes, which he designates as a most deadly but most lively playe.'

There is a portrait of Tarlton, in his clown's dress, with his pipe and tabor, in the Harl. MS. 3885; and a similar portrait of him (probably the one is a copy of the other) in the title-page of a pamphlet called Tarlton's Jests,' 4to., 1611. A copy of the former portrait is given in Knight's Shakspere,' at the end of 'Twelfth Night.' The peculiar flatness of his nose is said to have been occasioned by an injury which that feature received in parting some dogs and bears.

on the north and north-east by that of Aveyron, on the south-east by that of Hérault, on the south by that of Aude, on the south-west and west by that of Haute Garonne, and on the north-west by that of Tarn and Garonne. The form approximates to that of a parallelogram, having its sides respectively facing the north-east, south-east, south-west, and north-west. The extreme length from north-west to south-east, from the neighbourhood of Penne on the Aveyron to the border of the department of Hérault, near St. Pons, is 65 miles; the extreme breadth, from the neighbourhood of Valence to that of Puy-Laurens, is 46 miles. The area is estimated at 2222 square miles, which is somewhat under the average area of the French departments, and rather greater than the conjoint areas of the two English counties Surrey and Sussex. The population, in 1826, was 327,655; in 1831, 335,844; and in 1836, 346,614, showing an increase in five years of 10,770 persons, or above 3 per cent., and giving 156 inhabitants to a square mile. In amount and density of population it is below the average of the French departments, and is very far below the county of Surrey alone in amount, and in density of population below both Surrey and Sussex. Alby, the capital, is on the Tarn, 339 miles in a straight line nearly due south of Paris, or 482 miles through Orléans, Châteauroux, Limoges, Cahors, Montauban, and Toulouse; a very circuitous route, but the only one laid down in Reichard's Road-book.

The department is very mountainous in the south-east part, where it comprehends a portion of the Cévennes. A range of hills branching off from this chain, and running nearly parallel to it, crosses the north-west part of the department, skirting the valley of the Tarn; and there are some other ranges of less elevation and importance. The peak of the Cévennes, which overlooks the town of Sorèze, in the south of the department, has an elevation of 1760 feet. The eastern side of the department, bounded by a line drawn southward or south by east from the junction of the Viaur and the Aveyron, is chiefly occupied by the granitic or other primary or by the earlier secondary formations: west of this boundary-line the tertiary formations prevail; only on the banks of the Cerou and the Aveyron in the northern part, and about Puy-Laurens in the southern part of the department, the secondary formations, which lie between the cretaceous group and the new red-sandstone group, crop out from beneath the tertiary rocks. The mineral productions are of no great importance. There was, in 1834, only one coal mine worked; it gave employment to 273' workmen within the mines and 42 others, making a total of 315: the quantity of coal produced was 19,933 tons, and the total value 13,152., or 138. 9d. per ton on the average. The quantity produced in 1835 was 18,420 tons. There were, in 1834, two iron-works with three forges for the manufacture of wrought-iron: the ore was converted directly into malleable iron, and charcoal was the only fuel employed. Lead and copper ore are said to be found, but no mines are now worked. There are marble-quarries, plaster-pits, and pits for porcelain and potters' clay.

The department belongs entirely to the basin of the Garonne. The Tarn, one of the principal feeders of that river, touches the border of the department just above the junction of the little river Rance, and flows along the border till that stream (which belongs altogether to the Baker's Biographia Dramatica, by Reed and Jones.) department of Aveyron) joins it; it then quits the border TARN, a river in France, belonging to the system of and flows westward to Alby and then south-west to the the Garonne. It rises near Mount Lozère, one of the Cé-junction of the Agout, shortly after which it quits the devennes, in the department of Lozère, and flows first west to partment to enter that of Haute Garonne: the navigation Sainte Enimie in the same department, 27 miles, and then commences at Gaillac, or, according to some authorities, south-west 27 miles to Milhau, in the department of Avey- at Alby. Just above Alby the Tarn has a fall, or rather a ron; from thence west-south-west 88 miles, by Alby and series of falls, over the steep face of a limestone rock, in Gaillac, department of Tarn, to St. Sulpice; and from which it has worn a number of channels, which so divide thence 48 miles north-west and west by Montauban (de- the stream, that when the water is low it may be crossed partment of Tarn and Garonne) into the Garonne, below by leaping from one prominence to another: this fall is Moissac. The navigation is marked in Brué's map of called Saut du Sabot or Saut du Tarn. The tributaries of France as commencing at Gaillac, and has a length of the Tarn which belong to this department are the Aveyron, about 60 miles other authorities make the navigation the Tescou, and the Agout. The Aveyron has only a small Commence at Alby, and this statement agrees with the part of its course in this department, and another small official accounts, which assign to the river a navigation part along the border; its affluent the Viaur has part of of 90 miles. It has several tributaries, but none of them its course along the border; but the Cerou and the Verre, are navigable. [FRANCE; GARONNE; TARN (depart- two other affluents of the Aveyron, belong to this department); TARN ET GARONNE.] ment almost entirely. The Agout rises in the department of Hérault, but belongs almost entirely to this department

TARN, a department in the south of France, bounded