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better on plains than hills, and in moist than dry places. The trees may be propagated by seeds, which should be sown as soon as they are gathered; but this is a very slow process, and the more frequent mode of propagating them is by layers. In France a tree is cut down to the roots, and the shoots are encouraged to grow, and in the course of two or three years they may be planted in the positions in which they are to stand. Lime-trees will bear transplanting at a greater age than most trees; when large trees are transplanted, they should have their roots cut round three or four feet from the stem the year before they are taken up. This stunts their growth, and makes them bear removal better.

(Loudon, Arbor. et Frut. Brit., vol. i. and iv.; Bischoff, Lehrbuch der Botanik; Koch, Flora Germanica; Hooker, British Flora; Don's Miller's Dict., &c.)

TILIACEÆ, a natural order of plants belonging to the syncarpous group of polypetalous Dicotyledons. This order consists of trees or shrubs, seldom of herbaceous plants, with simple, toothed, alternate leaves, furnished with stipules. The flowers are axillary. The calyx consists of four or five sepals, which are valvular in aestivation; the petals four or five, with mostly a little pit at their base; the stamens are hypogynous, mostly indefinite, with oval or roundish two-celled anthers bursting lengthwise; the disk is formed of glands, which are equal in number to the petals and opposite to them; the ovary is single, composed of from four to ten carpels, with a single style and stigma divided into lobes according to the number of the carpels; seeds numerous, with erect embryo, and abundant albumen. This order is nearly allied to Sterculiacea and Malvacea, from which it differs in its glandular disk, distinct stamens, and two-celled anthers. The species, of which there are about two hundred and fifty, are arranged in thirty-two genera, and are generally diffused throughout the tropical and temperate parts of the globe.

Tiliaceæ possess no active properties; they abound in a mucilaginous wholesome juice. The fibres of the inner bark are very tough, and are used for a variety of economical purposes. [TILIA.] The wood is generally white, light, and tough; that of Grewia elastica is used for making bows in India. The Trincomalee-wood used at Madras for making the Massoola boats is the produce of Berrya Ammonilla. The Corchorus olitorius is cultivated in Egypt for use as a pot-herb.

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Tilia alla.

1, entti ag, with flowers and leaf; 2, section of ovary, showing the cells; 3, single flower. 4, stamens.

'TI'LIQUA, Mr. J. E. Gray's name for a genus of SauHans. [SCINCOIDIANS.]

TILLAGE, applied to arable land, is the stirring and preparing of the surface of the soil, so as to render it fit

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for the vegetation of the seeds committed to it: its object also is the destruction of noxious weeds.

The whole art of cultivation consists in tillage and menuring, and the profit of the husbandman depends on the perfection of the tillage and the economy of labour in preducing the effect. A defect in tillage will cause a great deficiency in the crops in ordinary years. To ensure good crops, the soil should be in such a state that the ra and dews may readily be diffused through it, without giving it a wet appearance, or evaporating too rapally. It requires great knowledge and experience to give any particular soil the exact portion of tillage which is suited to it. A fine garden-tilth, as it is called, is the most perfect for light soils which have been long cultivated and manured; when they can be brought to such a state that after continued rains the surface dries without forming a crust, and crumbles of its own accord, the tillage has been good; and the deeper this soil is stirred, the more it wi.. produce but where clay abounds in the soil, which in dry weather can be readily pulverised by crushing the dry clods, and be reduced to the finest powder, too much tillage may do more harm than good. The fine clay is soon converted into mud at the surface by the least rain, because it is not sufficiently porous to let the water through it; it dries into a hard crust, which effectually precludes the access of air, and consequently stops the vegetation of the seed. It is only by abundant manuring with orgame matter, especially of anímal origin, that this natural tendency in clays to cohere can be overcome; and until this is effected it is best to stir clay soils as deep as possible by means of subsoil-ploughs, but they should not be pul verised so that the water cannot run down between the lumps and clods, and especially the surface should be let in such a state of roughness that heavy rains cannot cover it with a coat of mud. The clods which are left on the surface imbibe the moisture more gradually, and in drying fall to pieces, by which the young plants are invigorated, and, as it were, moulded up. This is particularly the case in winter after a frost, as all clay-land farmers are well aware. It is very easily ascertained whether a soil will bear much tillage or not. It is only necessary to try some of it in a large pot or box; make the surface very fine by breaking the clods, then water it abundantly, and let it dry in the sun; if a crust is formed in drying, that soil wil not bear too much harrowing and pulverising, and should be left in a moderately rough state after sowing or drilling the seed; but if, after it dries, the surface is loose and porous, then the finer the tillage the better the seed wi vegetate. The whole depends on the ready admission of air or its exclusion. When grass-seeds are sown, the sur face should be well pulverised; but this cannot be safely done if the soil is apt to run together when much rain fala soon after the seed is sown. Some plants, like beans, will force their way through a very hard surface; but smal seeds are too weak to do so, and their growth is entirely stopped by the least crust on the surface. Besides the preparatory tillage of the soil before sowing the seed, there is a great advantage in the stirring of it as the plants are growing. On this depends all the merit of the row-culture for every kind of plant, especially those which have esonlent roots or extensive foliage, and which are chiefly cultivated for the sustenance of cattle. The effect of deep tillage is here most remarkable. If rows of turnips or cab bages be sown at such a distance that a small plough or other stirring implement can be used between them, and the intervals be stirred more or less, and at different depths, it will be found that the deeper and more frequent! the tillage, until the foliage covers the whole interval er the bulbs swell to a great size, the heavier and more abundant the produce will be. It is worth while to try the experiment:-Sow Swedish turnips or mangold-wurzel in rows three feet apart: let some of the rows be merely kept clear of weeds by surface-hoeing, and the plants be thinned out to the distance of a foot apart: let other intervals be stirred to different depths; some three inches, some six inches, and some nine inches or more. The result will be, that the first rows will appear to have been sown much too far from each other, not half the ground being covered with the foliage of the plants; the others will be covered more and more as the tillage has been deeper, and the l mpletely cover the whole m tervais. The r to the richne

I be in exact proportion the weight of the deeply

the garden, more perfect instruments will be used; such as can be directed with great accuracy between parallel rows of growing plants without danger of injuring them. When the width of the stetches or beds accurately corresponds with the width of the instrument, so that the wheels will run in the intervals and the horses step in the same, the soil may be tilled perfectly, although the rows of plants have but a small interval between them: and the largest field will thus present to the eye extended seed-beds or equal rows of growing plants, as we are accustomed to see in a kitchen-garden. The result will be the same as when for the sake of experiment we sow the common grains and leguminous plants of the fields in a plot of garden-ground · in such case the produce is so far greater, that it quite baffles our calculation when extended to a large surface, and hence the incredible results which we continually meet with in the reports of experiments on some new produce lately introduced: everything is on a magnified scale, owing to superior tillage. No doubt many fields possessed of fertile soils might, by attentive tillage, be made as productive as the best garden-ground. The Chinese have, as we are told, already accomplished this by their incredible numbers and indefatigable labour; but science and mechanical contrivance are a substitute for millions of labourers when judiciously applied-as our manufactures fully prove. The same ingenuity applied to tillage might increase the produce of the earth, if not indefinitely, at least far beyond what we may now suspect.

tilled rows will far exceed that of any of the others, while | As the cultivation of the soil approaches more to that of the first will, by comparison, appear a poor and scanty crop, however clear of weeds the surface may have been kept. The soil best suited for this experiment is a good light loam on a dry or well-drained subsoil; for stagnant moisture under any soil will chill the fibres and check the growth of the plants, however dry the surface may be. It was this which led Tull, the father of drill husbandry, to the conclusion that tillage was all that the soil required to maintain perpetual fertility. He carried his conclusion too far; but we shall not be wide of the truth if we assert that with proper tillage the soil will be gradually improved, and a much smaller quantity of manure occasionally added to recruit the waste produced by vegetation will render the soil much more fertile than it would be with more manure and less tillage: and as tillage can be increased by mechanical contrivances where labourers are scarce, whereas the supply of manure must generally be limited, it follows that, as a general rule, the land should be well and deeply tilled, due attention being paid to the nature of the soil and its property of retaining or transmitting moisture. Very loose sands should not be much stirred until they are consolidated by the admixture of marl, clay, chalk, or well-rotten dung; but in all cases the manure should be mixed as intimately as possible with the soil, and as deep as the tillage has gone, not including the stirring of the subsoil; for the roots will always penetrate thus far, and find the nourishment which they require. Those plants which throw out roots from the bottom of the stem, as wheat, barley, and oats, require the surface to be most pulverised and enriched to allow these roots to spread; a spring tillage is therefore highly advantageous, which can only be given when the seed has been deposited in rows by drilling or in patches by dibbling. This last method is found to give much finer crops, from the circumstance that the hoe not only loosens the earth between the rows, but also between the different patches of the growing corn, by which the coronal roots are strengthened and the tillering of the stems so much encouraged, that it is not uncommon to see twenty, thirty, or more strong stems all bearing fine ears arising from one tuft of plants, the produce of one or more seeds, whose roots are matted together and send out fibres in every direction. The crowding of several plants does not prevent their growth, provided the fibres can spread around in a rich mellow soil, well pulverised, and admitting the air and moisture readily.

As a perfect tillage requires much labour and minute attention, and in many situations where the farms are large labourers cannot be procured at moderate wages, nor can they always be depended upon to perform the work with sufficient care, mechanical ingenuity has been taxed to nvent implements of tillage by which it may be more perfectly accomplished, and at a smaller expense, by using the power of horses instead of that of men, and making implements which will till a considerable breadth at once, and thus save time.

The old plough, and which, however it may be improved, still acts on the same principle of turning up a fresh portion of the soil, burying that which has for some time been at the surface, will probably always continue to be the chief implement of tillage; but the minuter operations, which are taken from garden culture, require particular contrivances to effect them by instruments. The harrows are but an imperfect substitute for the garden rake, and do not stir the soil to a sufficient depth. Other implements have therefore been invented, which by means of wheels can be regulated so as to act at a greater or less depth. These have received the different names of scarifiers, grubbers, cats'-claws, or cultivators, according to the fancy of the inventors. Many of these answer the purpose well, and save labour. They can be used in all directions so as to pulverize the soil to any degree. Heavy rollers with and without spikes around them are used when many clods require breaking; and, although not yet adopted in this country, the Belgian traineau, a strong frame of wood boarded over, and loaded with weights if required, is a most effectual instrument in levelling the surface and crushing clods, without pressing them into the soil as the roller frequently does.

It would be endless to enumerate all the implements of tillage which are daily invented: some of the most useful have been already described. [ARABLE LAND; PLOUGH.] P. C., No. 1541.

In the early ages of agriculture tillage was almost confined to the ploughing of fallows to clean the land, which was very imperfectly executed, and in ploughing the stubble of one crop to prepare for the seed of another, as long as the land would give a return for the labour. The idea of tillage for the sake of a permanent improvement of the soil was only entertained by a few men who reflected, and that of encouraging the vegetation while the crop was growing was not even thought of. The plough to stir and the harrows to cover the seed were the only instruments in use, and they were very rude of their kind. A return of three or four times the seed sown satisfied the farmer and the landlord; and yet the first was hardly repaid for his toil, and the landlord received for rent what now would scarcely satisfy the tithe-owner. The present state of agriculture may be contrasted with this, and perhaps hereafter the comparison may be as disadvantageous to us as it now appears in our favour when we look back a few centuries.

TILLA'NDSIA, the name of a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Bromeliaceæ. Linnæus says of the plants belonging to this genus, Tillandsiæ cannot bear water, and therefore I have given this name to the genus from a professor at Abo, who in his youth having an unpropitious passage from Stockholm to that place, no sooner set his foot on shore than he vowed never again to venture himself upon the sea. He changed his original name to Tillands, which means on or by land; and when he had subsequently occasion to return to Sweden, he preferred a circuitous journey of 200 Swedish miles through Lapland to avoid going eight miles by sea.' Dr. Elias Tillands, whose name and idiosyncracy have thus been perpetuated, was professor of physic at Abo, and died in 1692, at the age of fifty-two. He published in 1683 an alphabetical catalogue of plants in the neighbourhood of his residence, which was afterwards followed by wood-cuts of 158 of the plants in the catalogue.

The genus Tillandsia of Linnæus comprehends the plants described by Sloane as viscum caryophylloides, and by Plumier as Caragata, and is characterised by possessing a persistent calyx divided into three oblong, lanceolate, pointed segments; a corolla tubular, longer than the calyx, with the limb divided into three segments; six stamens not so long as the corolla, and inserted into it, and the anthers sagittate; the ovary superior, surmounted by a style with a trifid obtuse stigma; the fruit, a trilocular capsule containing several seeds, each of which is supported on a long stalk of aggregate fibres, which in the end constitutes a feathery wing. The species are most of them parasitical, and are natives of South America.

T. utriculata, the Wild Pine of the colonists of Jamaica, has linear, channelled, recurved, dilated leaves, inflated at the base; stem closely panicled. It is found growing on old and decaying trees in the forests of Jamaica. The stem is three or four feet high, and the leaves are a yard long, VOL, XXIV.-3 M

and placed within one another in such a way that the | a preference indicative of the bias of his mind to historical water which runs down them is retained in their expanded studies. He studied logic and ecclesiastical history under bases. The bases then swell out and form a reservoir or Nicole; and his questions on the latter subject at once bottle, which, being contracted at the neck, prevents the evinced the earnestness with which he pursued it, and pai heat of the sun from evaporating the water. These reser- the knowledge of his instructor to a severe test. He voirs will each hold about a quart of water, and during the studied the theology of Estius, from which, when about dry season they are the resort of all kinds of animals for eighteen years of age, he turned with much satisfaction to the sake of the water, and travellers are often able to ob- the study of the Scriptures themselves, and of the Fathers; tain a supply of water from this source when all others fail. and while thus engaged he began to collect the historical Dampier, in his Travels, gives the following account of notices of the Apostles and Apostolical Fathers, and to this plant:-The wild pine is a plant so called because it arrange them after the plan of Usher's Annales.' somewhat resembles the bush of leaves which surround the The tenderness of his conscience, and the strictness of his true pine-apple. The wild pines commonly grow from notions of duty, kept him for some time undetermined as to some bunch, knot, or excrescence of a tree, where they the choice of a profession. At the age of 23 he entered take root and spring upright. The root is short and thick, the Episcopal seminary of Beauvais, where he was received from whence the leaves rise up in folds one within the with such respect from his reputation for historical knowother, spreading often to the top of the tree. They are of ledge, that, fearing it might be a snare to his humility, le a good thick substance, and so compact as to catch and contemplated leaving it, but was persuaded to remain by hold the rain-water when it falls. They will contain a Isaac de Sacy, one of the members of the Society of Port pint, or a pint and a half, or a quart; and this water re- Royal, whom he had chosen for his spiritual guide. He freshes the leaves and nourishes the root. When we find remained three or four years in the seminary of Beauvais, these pines, we stick our knives into the leaves just above and then spent five or six with Godefroi Hermant, canon the roots, and let out the water, which we catch in our of that city. He was much respected and beloved by the hats, as I have done many times myself to my great relief.' bishop of Beauvais, Choart de Buzanval, and fearing will The seeds of these plants are furnished with wings, by that this estimation would make him vain, he suddenly which they are blown from tree to tree, on which they left the place and returned to Paris, where he remaned grow. Unless they possessed such means of transportation, two years with his intimate friend and school-fellur at they would fall to the ground, where, being parasitical, the Port Royal, Thomas du Fossé; but not finding in Parts young plants would perish. that retirement which he desired, he withdrew to St. Lara

T. usneoides, the Long-Moss Tillandsia, or Barbe desert, a country parish in the neighbourhood of that city. vicillard of the French, the Viscum_caryophylloides of In September, 1672, at the mature age of thirty-five, he Sloane, has a twisted, thread-shaped, scaly stem, much became subdeacon, and fifteen months afterwards deacon. branched, with channelled leaves. This plant is a native of The following extract from a letter addressed to his brother the forests of North America, from Virginia to Florida, Pierre Lenain, then or afterwards subprior of La Trappe also of the West India Islands and the Brazils. It has evinces at once his piety and his humility. After stating very minute roots, and its long wiry contorted stems creep that it was at the desire of Isaac de Sacy, his friend and over the stems and branches of old trees, sometimes hang-guide, that he had become subdeacon and was about to ing down in a bunch like the hairs of a horse's tail. The take on him the deaconship, he goes on, I assure you, my flowers are small and of a blue colour, and are developed dearest brother, that it is with great agitation and fear that at the ends of the branches. This plant grows on other I have resolved to comply with his wish, for I feel that I trees in dry and arid plains, as well as in alpine districts. am far from those dispositions which I myself see to be It attains a larger size in the more temperate localities. Its necessary for entering upon this office; and above all. I filamentous stems, when deprived of their bark, may be am obliged to confess that I have profited little from the used for the same purposes as horsehair, and are used in grace which I might have received from the order and this manner in America. They are also in some places duties of the subdeaconship. But on the other hand I made into cordage. The only preparation they require could not resist one whom I believe I ought to obey in previous to being used is being put into water for a fort-everything, and who, I am well aware, has the greatest night or more, according to the temperature, when, on love for me. I beg of you then, my dearest brother, to being taken out and dried, the bark easily separates from pray to God for me, and to ask him either to cause M. the fibres, and they are fit for use. In medicine this plant de Sacy to see things in a different light, or to give to me has been recommended as a remedy in hæmorrhoids, also such dispositions that the advice of my friend may be for as an effectual diaphoretic. my salvation and not for my condemnation.'

T. monostachya, Single-spiked Tillandsia, has the radicle leaves linear, channelied, recurved, broad, and sheathing at the base; the stem simple, clothed with imbricated scales; the spikes simple; the bracteas ovato-concave. This plant is a native of the West Indies. The flowers are of a snow-white colour, appearing in the axils of the bracts, which surround a rachis two or three inches long, and this arises from a mass of leaves arranged in the form of a rosette. As the leaves and bracts are coloured variously, green and red and white, the whole plant looks at a distance like a large flower; and when numerous upon the frees on which they grow, they produce a very handsome and remarkable appearance. The leaves of this as well as most of the other species serve as reservoirs for water. About thirty species have been enumerated by botanists: most of them are inhabitants of South America, especially of Peru, and of the grent forests of the Andes; two or three of the species have been found in the southern states of North

Amenca

TILLEMONT, SEBASTIEN LENAIN DE, an historical writer of con ideiable note, was born at Paris 30th November, 1637. He was the son of Jean Lenain, master of the requests and his wife Marie le Ragois. His excelwave of character was manifested very early; and even as a child he always abstained from those mischievous pranks in which children commonly indulge, When between mins and ten years of age he was placed under the charge the members of the religious Society then established n the vacant abbey of Port Royal, and under these inafracture he devoted himself to the exercises of learning mod party. This day ourite author, while at school, was Livy;

In A.D. 1676 he received priest's orders, at the further persuasion of De Sacy, who contemplated making him has successor in the office of spiritual director of the Beratdine nuns, now re-established in their original seat, the abbey of Port Royal, to the immediate neighbourhood of which establishment Tillemont removed. He was ho#ever, in 1679, obliged to remove, and he took up has residence at the estate of Tillemont, a short distance trum Paris, near Vincennes, which belonged to his family, and from which he took his name. In A.D. 1681 he visited Flanders and Holland; and in A.D. 1682 undertook the charge of the parish of St. Lambert, where he had formerly resided, but soon gave it up at the desire of his father, to whom he ever paid the greatest respect and obedience.

Having prepared the first volume of his great work on ecclesiastical history, he was about to publish it when it was stopped by the censor, under whose notice, as a work connected with theology, it had to pass, and who raised some objections of the most frivolous character. Tliemont refused to alter the parts specified, deeming them not justly within the censor's province; and chose rather to suppress the work, upon which however he continued to labour diligently, though without any immediate intention of publishing it.

This exercise of the censorship led to an alteration of his plan: he determined to separate from the rest of his work the history of the Roman emperors and other princes whose actions were Christian church volume of this exempt from t

in with the affairs of the it separately: the first eing theological, was ed in 1690, and was

received with general approbation. It excited a desire for the appearance of his Church history, and the chancellor Boucherat, in order to remove the obstacle to its publication, appointed a new censor. Thus encouraged, he brought out the first volume in 1693, under the title of Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire Ecclésiastique des Six Premiers Siècles.' A note to this volume, on the question whether Jesus Christ celebrated the Passover the evening before his death, in which he examined the views of Bernard Lami, a learned priest of the Oratory, on that question, involved him in a controversy with that writer, who read Tillemont's note before publication, and examined the arguments contained in it in a subsequent work of his own. Tillemont in consequence addressed to Lami a letter, which is printed at the close of the second volume of his Mémoires,' and is remarkable for its spirit of modesty and meekness. Lami replied, but Tillemont declined to continue the discussion, thinking that he had said enough to enable those interested in the question to form a judgment. Faydit de Riom, an ecclesiastic whom the Congregation of the Oratory had expelled from their body, a man of considerable talent, but of jealous disposition, published at Bâle, A.D. 1695, the first number (28 pp. 4to.) of a work, to be continued every fortnight, entitled Mémoires contre les Mémoires de M. Tillemont.' It contained several violent and unjust strictures on the work, to which Tillemont did not reply, though some of his friends with needless apprehension procured the stopping of Faydit's work, which never proceeded beyond the first number. Faydit repeated his attack in a subsequent work, but it produced little effect.

The remainder of Tillemont's life was passed in the quiet pursuit of his studies. He was attacked by a slight cough at the end of Lent, 1697, and in the course of the summer was seized with fainting, owing to a sudden chill while hearing mass in the chapel of Notre Dame des Anges: toward the end of September his illness increased so as to excite the anxiety of his friends. He consequently removed to Paris for the sake of medical advice; and there, after an illness which rendered his piety and submissiveness to the divine will more conspicuous, he breathed his last, on Wednesday, 10th January, 1698, aged sixty years. He was buried in the abbey of Port Royal, in which the Bernardine or Cistertian nuns, to whom the abbey had originally belonged, were now again established.

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ous and general history of the Church, but an assemblage of particular histories of saints, persecutions, and heresies, a description accordant with the modest title of the work, Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire,' &c. The author concerns himself chiefly with facts, without entering into questions of doctrine and discipline; and notices not all the saints in the calendar, but only those of whom there are some antient and authentic records. Each volume has notes of similar character to those given in 'L'Histoire des Empereurs.'

Tillemont supplied materials for several works published by others, as for the Life of St. Louis, begun by De Sacy and finished and published by La Chaise; for the lives or St. Athanasius and St. Basil, by Godefroi Hermant; of Tertullian and Origen, by Du Fossé, under the name of La Mothe,' &c.

(Vie de M. Lenain de Tillemont, by his friend Trouchay, afterwards canon of Laval, Cologne, A.D. 1711; Dupin, Bibliothèque des Auteurs Ecclésiastiques du Dixseptième Siècle; Biographie Universelle.)

TILLOCH, ALEXANDER, LL.D., was born at Glasgow on the 28th of February, 1759, and was educated with a view to following the business of his father, who was a tobacconist, and for many years filled the office of magistrate in that city. He was, however, more inclined to the pursuit of scientific knowledge than to the routine of business. His biographer states that in early life his attention was greatly attracted by the occult sciences, and that although he was not long subject to their delusions, he never was inclined to treat judicial astrology with contempt. One of the earliest subjects to which Tilloch applied himself was the improvement of the art of printing; his experiments have been alluded to in a previous volume. [STEREOTYPE, vol. xxiii., pp. 42 and 43.] After carrying on the tobacco business for a time in his native city in connection with his brother and brother-in-law, Tilloch abandoned it, and for several years exercised that of printing, either singly or in partnership with others. In 1787 he removed to London, where he subsequently resided; and in 1789 he, in connection with other parties, purchased the Star,' a daily evening newspaper, of which he became editor. This office he continued to hold until within a few years of his death, when bodily infirmities and the pressure of other engagements compelled him to relinquish it. The political opinions of Tilloch were temperate. For many years he devoted attention to means for the prevention of the forgery of bank-notes, and in 1790 he made a proposal to the British ministry on the subject, which met with an unfaFrench government, who were anxious to apply it to the printing of assignats; but, after some experiments had been made, and negotiations had been urgently sought by the French authorities, all communication on the subject was cut short by the passing of the Treasonable Correspondence Bill. In 1797 he presented to the Bank of England a specimen note, produced by block or relief printing, which was certified by the most eminent engravers to be impossible of imitation; yet nothing was done towards the adoption of his or of any similar plan.

The works by which Tillemont is known are, his Histoire des Empereurs,' and his Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire Ecclésiastique.' The first was published in 6 vols. 4to.; the first four during the author's life, at inter-vourable reception. He then offered his invention to the vals from 1690 to 1697: the remaining two after his death, in 1701 and 1738. The earlier volumes were reprinted at Brussels in 12mo., in 1707, et seq., and a new edition appeared at Paris, in 4to., in 1720-23, with the author's latest corrections. He explains his plan in the Avertissement' to the first volume: his intention was to illustrate the history of the Church for the first six centuries; but instead of commencing with the first persecutor, Nero, he goes back to Augustus, whose edict occasioned the journey of Joseph and Mary to Bethlehem, and thus determined the place of our Lord's nativity. The history ends with the Byzantine emperor Anastasius (A.D. 518). The style is unpretending, and consists for the most part of a translation of the original writers with slight modifications, and with such additions (marked by brackets) as were needed to form the whole into one continuous narrative, or such reflections as the author deemed requisite to correct the false morality of heathen writers. To each volume are appended notes relating to difficulties of history or chronology which require discusssion of a kind or extent unsuited for insertion in the body of the work. There is nothing,' says Dupin, which has escaped the exactness of M. Tillemont; and there is nothing obscure or intricate which his criticism has not cleared up or disentangled.'

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Considering that there was room for a new scientific journal, in addition to that published by Nicholson, Tilloch published, in June, 1797, the first number of the 'Philosophical Magazine,' a periodical which has ever since maintained a high reputation as a record of the progress of science, and a digest of the proceedings of learned societies at home and abroad. Of this work he was sole proprietor and editor until a few years before his death, when Mr. Richard Taylor, who succeeded him in its management, became associated with him. In the earlier numbers of the 'Star' Tilloch published several essays on theological subjects, some of which, relating to the prophecies, were subsequently collected into a volume by another person, and published with the name Biblicus; The Mémoires,' &c. extend to 16 vols. 4to., of which and in 1823 he issued an octavo volume entitled Dissertathe first appeared in 1693; three volumes more during tions introductory to the study and right understanding of the author's lifetime, in 1694-5-6; and the fifth was in the language, structure, and contents of the Apocalypse, in the press at the time of his death. These five volumes which he endeavours to prove that that portion of Scripture came to a second edition in 1701-2, and were followed was written much earlier than is usually supposed, and in 1702-1711 by the remaining eleven, which the author before most of the apostolical epistles. His views on this had left in manuscript. This great work is on the same and other points are discussed at length in a notice of this plan as the former, being composed of translations from work, published soon after his death, in the Eclectic the original writers, connected by paragraphs or sentences Review. The last work undertaken by Tilloch was a in brackets. Dupin characterizes it as being not a continu-weekly periodical entitled the 'Mechanic's Oracle,' devoted

principally to the instruction and improvement of the working classes. The first number appeared in July, 1824, and it was discontinued soon after his death, which took place at his residence at Islington, on the 26th of January, 1825.

Tilloch married early in life. His wife died in 1783, leaving a daughter, who became wife of Mr. John Galt. His religious opinions were peculiar, and he was one of the elders who acted as ministers of a small body who took the name of Christian Dissenters, and met for worship in a private house in Goswell Street Road. He was a member of many learned societies in Great Britain and elsewhere, and was proposed, about twenty years before his death, as a fellow of the Royal Society of London; but his name was withdrawn before coming to the ballot, in consequence of an intimation that he would be objected to, not on account of any deficiency in talent or character, but solely because he was proprietor of a newspaper. A memoir of Dr. Tilloch appeared in the Imperial Magazine' for March, 1825, from which, with the assistance of other obituary notices, the above account is condensed. This was reprinted in the last number of the Mechanic's Oracle,' with a portrait.

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TILLOTSON, JOHN, D.D. (born 1630, died 1694), a prelate and one of the most celebrated divines of the Church of England. He was born at Sowerby in Yorkshire, a member of the great parish of Halifax, of a Puritan family. His father, who was engaged in the clothing trade, belonged to that extreme section of the Puritans who were for establishing a general system of Independency, and he belonged himself to an Independent church, of which Mr. Root was the pastor. After having been a pupil in the grammar-schools in the country, the writers of his Life not having told us what schools they mean, but doubtless the grammar-school at Halifax was one, he became a pensioner of Clare Hall, Cambridge, in 1647, and a fellow of the college in 1651. It appears that he remained in the University till 1657. Puritanism was at that period in the ascendency at Cambridge; but Tillotson very early freed himself from his educational prejudices, became a great admirer of the writings of Chillingworth, and soon showed himself one of a class of persons who were then beginning to be considerable in England, who, taking their stand on the Scriptures, opposed themselves at once to Romanism on the one hand and to Calvinism on the other. This position he ever after maintained, and his celebrity arises principally from the ability with which he illustrated and defended, both from the pulpit and the press, the principles of Protestantism, and of a rational and moderate orthodoxy. It may be added also, that so much of the effects of his original Puritan education remained with him, that he was in politics a Whig, although it must be owned that he entertained and occasionally expressed notions of the duty of submission, which, if acted upon, would have maintained

the House of Stuart on the throne.

Before he entered holy orders, he was tutor in the family of Prideaux, the attorney-general to Cromwell. This led to his residence in London, and brought him into acquaintance with several eminent persons. He was thirty years of age before he received ordination, and the service appears to have been performed with some degree of privacy, as it is, we believe, not known when or where it was performed, and only that the bishop from whose hands he received it was not a bishop of the English church, but the bishop of Galway in Scotland, Dr. Thomas Sydserf. All the supposed irregularities and imperfections of his early religious history, for amongst other things it was even asserted that he had never been baptized, were brought before the public by the non-juring party, when they saw him elevated to the primacy, from which Sancroft had

retired.

It is said by his biographer, Dr. Thomas Birch, that he was not perfectly satisfied with the terms of ministerial conformity required by the act of 1662, which restored the Episcopal church of England; yet on the whole he judged it proper to accept of the terms, and to become a regular and conformable minister of that church.

He was for a short time curate at Cheshunt, and also for a short time rector of Ketton in Suffolk, a living to which he was presented by Sir Thomas Barnardiston, one of his Puritan friends. But he was soon called to a wider sphere of duty, being appointed, in 1664, the preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and lecturer at St. Lawrence's Church in

the Jewry. Here it was that those sermons were te which attracted crowds of the most accompliste i learned of the time, and which have been stuce D. studied by many succeeding divines of eminence, as at this day the basis of his fame.

The course of his preferment in the church d reign of Charles II. was-1669, a prebendary in th of Canterbury; 1672, dean of Canterbury; 1675 bendary in the church of St. Paul; a-1 1677 residentiary in the same cathedral. But as s William was established on the throne he was of St. Paul's and clerk of the closet; and in A he was nominated by the king to the ar Canterbury, an appointment which appears to he really received by him with reluctanes, and posed him to no small share of envy from 1.7 parties. The truth is, that besides his event= having been the ablest opposer both p irreligion, in a reign when the tendencies of persons in exalted stations were in one of these dich. he had a strong personal interest in the new kingtions, who is said, on credible authority, to have an

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that there was no honester man than Dr. T had he ever a better friend. He was archbishope; years and a half, dying at the age of sixty-fir interred in the church of St. Lawrence Jewry, who, been the chief scene of his high popularity.

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He died poor. He had survived both his chi but he left a widow, who was a niece of Crownstepdaughter of Bishop Wilkins, without a except the copyright of his works, which it is si 25007. The king granted her a pension, fi,st er fast afterwards of 2007. more, which she enjoyed t. 1 in 1702.

An account of the Life of Dr. Tillotson was 8vo., 1717. There is a much larger Lafe o Birch, prefixed to an edition of the works of T published also in an 8vo. volume, the set ind t which was printed in 1753, containing additi There is also an account of him in Le Neve's · Livret Protestant Archbishops of England.' Birch's e the Works is in 3 vols. folio, 1752.

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TILLY, or TILLI, JOHN TSERCLAS, Co. the son of Martin Tserclas, of Tilly. The Tr name is also written TSerclaes, were an o! family of Brussels; John, a member of this t quired, in 1448, the lordship of Tilly, in South P John Tilly was born in 1559, at the castle of Ty early entered the order of Jesuits, from whom he ar that spirit of fanaticism, of blind obedience, and lute command, which distinguished him dure life. He soon abandoned his ecclesiastical pr entered the army of Philip II., king of Spain a the Netherlands, and he learned the prin p under Alba, Requesens, the governor of the Net Don Juan of Austria, and Alexander Farnese. of the Spaniards against the Protestant inhalt:mtg northern Netherlands he acquired that hatred e! and that warlike enthusiasm for the Roman Catholie gion, which became one of the most prominent feat his character. Towards the end of the sixteenth ce he entered the service of the emperor Rudolph. II. distinguished himself, first as fieutenant-colonel, afterwards as colonel and commander of a remmin Walloons, in the wars against the Hungarian and the sultans Murad III. and Ahmed I. After the of Sitvatorok in 1606, between Rudolph II. and A he was appointed commander-in-chief of the ar Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, which was in a very ganized state. In 1609 Tilly commanded the exp against Donauwerth, an imperial town which hả: 1 put under the ban for having persecuted the R Catholics, and which surrendered to Tilly without dema The Liga, or the union of the Roman Cathole statem Germany, appointed him commander-in-chief of t troops, and he held this high office until his death Τ gained the first great victory in the Thirty Years' V which broke out in 1618. [THIRTY YEARS WAR having conquered the Upper Palatinate with the tra the Liga and those of the duke of Bavaria, he pa pom the Imperial generals to pursue the army of Ever king of Bohemia, instead of taking winter-q thus losing all the fruits of their conquests. Watare a

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