that as both species are inhabitants of Europe, the original The fossil remains of the mole have been found in the bone-caverns; as, for example, in the cave at Köstritz and at Paviland (see Buckland, Reliquiæ Diluviana). They have also been found in the bone-caverns in Belgium Bones of moles have been obtained from the brown clay of Norfolk: they were, we understand, first taken for the remains of lizards. The questions which arise upon this discovery are:1st. Were they true fossils of that formation or subsequently introduced? and this their condition might determine. 2nd. Are the fossil remains identical with the bones of the common mole? there is no portion of its labours, no peculiarity of its Thus we see that much may be said on both sides.' We have heard advocates for the mole declare that in great sheep-walks whence they have been rooted out, the whole character of the feed has been altered, and the exterminators have been obliged to introduce them again, and we have heard such stories denied. Too much stress however may be laid on its services as a destroyer of the earth-worm; for it may be well doubted whether it aids the agriculturist by the destruction of an animal that does so much for the soil. [LUMBRICUS, vol. xiv., p. 196.] Whatever may be the merits of the case, the persecution of these animals in cultivated countries amounts almost to a war of extermination. The numbers annually slaughtered are enormous. Mr. Bell states that Mr. Jackson, a very intelligent mole-catcher, who had followed the craft for thirty-five years, had destroyed from forty to fifty thousand. But all mole-exterminators must yield to Le Court, who, in no large district, took, in five months, six thousand of them. Moles are good swimmers, and their bite is very sharp: when their blood is up, their ferocity is great, and they keep their hold like a bull-dog. An inspection of the remains themselves might convey a solution of both these questions, and we are informed that the fossils are, through the kindness of Professor Sedgwick, about to be sent up to Professor Owen. But throughout this inquiry it will be necessary to bear mind that though this quadruped is a denizen of the earth, performing all its functions, with little exception, below the surface, and though we might for that reason be led to expect the frequent occurrence of its remains in a fossil state, true fossil bones of the mole have not hitherto been described. The danger to be guarded against with regard to those specimens found in the newer and superficial strata is that a burrowing animal may have penetrated into those fossiliferous beds subsequently tc their formation and the deposit of their organized contents. We therefore look forward to Professor Owen's opinion upon the condition of these remains and their specific distinction with much interest. TALUS, or TALUT, probably from taglio,' Ital., a cut, is a term used chiefly by writers on fortification, in speaking of a rampart or parapet, to signify a surface which is inclined to the horizon. Thus the upper surface of a parapet is called the superior talus or slope; and that surface of a rampart or parapet which is towards the country, or towards the town, is called the exterior, or the interior, talus of the work (fig. 2, BASTION). The superior talus of a parapet is usually formed in a plane which, if produced towards the country, would nearly meet the top of the counterscarp before it, in order that the defenders of the rampart may be able to fire into the covered way in the event of the latter being occupied by the enemy, their muskets being laid upon that slope. The exterior or the interior talus of any work of earth usually forms, with the horizon, an angle of 45 degrees; such being the inclination at which the surface of earth, of medium tenacity, will stand unsupported. TAMAN, a peninsula, or rather a delta-island, is formed by the main branch of the river Kuban, which empties itself into the Black Sea, and a small branch of the same river, which flows into the Sea of Azof north of the old fortress of Temruk. The western or large part of the island stretches between the sea of Azof on the north and the Black Sea on the south, and is bounded on the west by the As to the question whether the species under consider- Strait of Yenikale, the antient Bosporus Cimmerius, and ation is the aspalar (áømádať) of Aristotle, who describes the Bay of Taman. The island resembles the open claws his animal as blind, see the article MURIDE, vol. xv., p. 516. of a lobster, embracing the Bay of Taman. Its length is Geographical Distribution.-The common mole is found 57 miles, and its greatest breadth 22 miles, but the real throughout the greater part of the continent of Europe surface is far from corresponding to these dimensions, the and its larger islands. In Greece it is said to be compara- middle of the island being occupied by the large Temruktively rare. We are overrun with it in most parts of Eng- skoi Liman, or Lake of Temruk, and the whole of the reland and Wales, but it does not appear to have been found maining part being notched by creeks and bays in such in the northern extremity of Scotland, though it is fre- a manner as to present rather the skeleton of an island quent enough in the south. There is no record of its than a real island. The south-western part of Taman, having been seen in the Orkney Isles, Zetland, or Ireland. the antient peninsula of Corocondama (Pomp. Mela, The Prince of Musignano has well figured, in his ex-i. 19; Strabo, p. 494. Casaub.) presents a solid mess cellent work, Iconografia della Fauna Italica, the species traversed by several ranges of hills from 150 to 180 under consideration and the Talpa caca, which may feet high: they run from west to east, and near the vil be the Aspalar of Aristotle. In this last species the lage of Sennaya-Balka form a bifurcation. One branch middle incisive teeth are longer than the rest; in the com- runs between the Kubanskoi Liman, or the lake formed by mon mole they are all equal, and De Vaux states that the Kuban before it reaches the sea, and the lake of Tem there is some difference, though not great, in the habits ruk, and terminates in a slip of land which divides this and architecture of the two species. Mr. Bell suggests lake into two unequal parts." The other branch, the direc tion of which is north-east, forms the isthmus between the The Greeks knew this remarkable island under the name lake of Temruk on the east, and the bay of Taman on the of Eion (Hiwv), and founded several colonies in it. The west, and terminates before it reaches the isthmus between most considerable of them were-Phanagoria, a famous the lake of Temruk and the Sea of Azof. The north-commercial town, which contained a beautiful temple of western part of Taman, or the peninsula between the Sea Aphrodite of Apaturon (Strabo, p. 495. Casaub.); Kepos, of Azof and the bay of Taman, is no less elevated above or Kepi, a colony of the Milesians; Hermonassa, founded by the sea, but although it is a continuation of the mainland, the Ionians; and Achilleion: some ruins and marbles are it is separated from the eastern hills by a flat sandy isth- the only traces that remain of their antient splendour. The mus, which seems to have been covered by the sea at a island belonged for a long period to the kingdom of Bosperiod not very remote from our own times. All these porus, and was afterwards conquered by Pharnaces, the hills are mere masses of sand and pebbles cemented with son of Mithridates. At the beginning of the middle clay. The higher part of them is barren, but the slopes, ages it belonged to the dominions of the Goths, and and the low grounds between them and the sea or the afterwards of the Khazars, a Turkish people, renowned lakes, are covered with soil and fit for agriculture. They for their industry and commerce. It was then known also make rich pasture-grounds. The isthmus between under the name of Tamatarkha. In the tenth century a the Temrukskoi Liman and the bay of Taman, and princi- Russian prince founded there the petty kingdom of Tmupally that between the lake of Temruk and the Kubanskoi tarakan; the greater part of the inhabitants however were Liman, have a very pleasant aspect, being covered with Tsherkessians and Turks, and, from the time of the inthe neat farmhouses of the Cossacks; and on the meadows vasion of the Mongols, the Tartars remained the only masthere are numerous flocks of cattle, some of which are ters of it. Numerous old tombs still attest their long sent thither across the strait from the neighbouring coast residence on the island. They were at last driven out by of the Crimea. The eastern part of Taman is formed by the Russians, who repeopled the country with Cossacks in two flat and narrow isthmuses, and a somewhat broader order to defend it against the invasions of the Tsherkessians tract of lowland between the two branches of the beyond the Kuban. There are now only two towns: TmúKuban. The whole of this country is marshy, partly tarakán, the Tamatarkha of the middle ages and the Phacovered with pastures and partly with a luxuriant ve- nagoria of the Greeks; and the present town of Phanagoria, getation of rushes and reeds, which, in the neighbour- which was built by the Russians on the shore of the bay hood of Kaláus, as Dr. Clarke states, attain a height of Taman, three miles east from Tmútarakán, on account of from sixteen to twenty feet. Everywhere there is of its harbour being deeper than that of the latter town. a struggle between land and water; gulfs become creeks (Pallas, Bemerkungen auf einer Reise in den Südlichen and lakes, creeks are changed into marshes, and as soon Provinzen des Russischen Reiches; Dr. Clarke, Travels in as these get a continental aspect, the waters again swal- Russia. The best map of the island of Taman is contained low them up. In the rainy season, says Pallas, all this in the great Atlas of Russia published at St. Petersburg; country is overflowed by the waters of the Kuban, and the the map in Pallas's Bemerkungen is also good; that of higher part of Taman is separated from the continent by Dr. Clarke has some interest for lovers of antiquities, but an immense lake which extends from one sea to the is far from being geographically exact.) other; but notwithstanding the apparently overwhelming TAMA'NDUA. [ANT-EATER, vol. ii., p. 65.] power of the waters, the solid element makes constant TAMARICA CEA, a small natural order, belonging progress. Thus M. Dureau de la Malle is correct when, to the syncarpous group of polypetalous Exogens. The in his Géographie Physique de la Mer Noire,' he says species are either shrubs or herbs, having straight rodthat all the lakes on the shore of the Sea of Azof, which are like branches, with alternate entire leaves, resembling separated from the sea only by flat and narrow isthmuses, scales; the flowers are in dense spikes or racemes. have once been bays and gulfs, and that the barriers be- The calyx is 4-5-parted, persistent; the petals inserted tween them and the open sea are a deposit formed by into the calyx, both with imbricate æstivation; stamens the astonishing masses of mud and sand carried into this hypogynous, distinct or united, equal in number with the sea by the Don and its tributary rivers. As to the whole petals or twice as many; ovary superior, with a short style eastern part of the island of Taman, it is also a mere re- and 3 stigmas; fruit a capsule, 3-valved, 1-celled, witn cent production of the immense quantities of clay and numerous seeds, which are comose; embryo straight with mud which the Sea of Azof and the Kuban have depo- an inferior radicle. sited before the mouth of this river. The western and elevated part however in its whole geognostical structure belongs to the opposite continent of the Crimea, from which it has apparently been separated by the current of the Cimmerian Bosporus. Two characteristic peculiarities of this latter part are the Sewernaya Kossa, a long but very flat and narrow slip of land which stretches from the north-west extremity of the northern peninsula in a south-west direction to the middle of the mouth of the bay of Taman; and the cluster of small islands, the principal one of which was known to the Byzantines by the name of Atech, which extend from Point Yunaya north-west till they reach the centre of the strait. These islands will probably become a continuous land, and by joining the opposite Sewernaya Kossa, will separate the whole bay of Taman from the Bosporus. Numerous small craters are situated on the ridge of the hills around the Bay of Taman, as well as along the lake of Temruk. They present all the external appearances of volcanoes; though the matter which they throw out is not lava, but a thick mud of a deep black colour, which they discharge at irregular periods. The largest of these craters is situated on the southern extremity of the northwest peninsula, and a description of the most remarkable eruption of it is given by Pallas in the work cited below. This traveller attributes these phenomena to the burning of an extensive layer of coals, upon which indeed the whole island of Taman seems to repose. The apparition of an island, which, on the 5th of September, 1799, suddenly rose from the Sea of Azof, near the coast of Temruk, a phenomenon which was preceded and accompanied by a kind of earthquake, and all the other symptoms of a volcanic eruption, was undoubtedly the effect of the same subterraneous cause. The new island however soon disappeared in the sea. Tamarix germanica. a, cutting, showing the straight branches and scale-like leaves; b, single flower; c, flower with calyx and corolla removed showing monadelphous stamens: d, capsule with comose seeds escaping. This order is placed by De Candolle with those which have perigynous stamens, but there is no doubt now that it has hypogynous stamens, although closely related to the perigynous order Ilecebraceæ. It has also affinities with Portulaceae, Lythiaceæ, Onagracea, and Reaumuri acer. The species are found only in the Old World; the greatest number being met with in the basin of the Mediterranean. According to Ehrenberg, the order is bounded on the south by the 8th or 9th parallel of N. lat., and on the north by that of 50° and 55°, in Siberia, Germany, and England. The plants of this order are innocuous, and all are more or less astringent; and their ashes after burning are remarkable for possessing a large quantity of sulphate of soda. Myricaria Germanica is recommended as a diuretic. [TAMARIX.] TAMARINDS, Medical Properties of. Of the two varieties of the only species of this genus, the fruit is much larger in the East Indian than the West Indian. The shell being removed, there remains the flat square hard seeds, imbedded in a pulp, with membranous fibres running through it. In the East Indies the pulp is dried, either in the sun, and this is used for home consumption, or with salt added, and dried in copper ovens, which kind is sent to Europe. (Crawfurd's Indian Archipelago.) This sort, called natural tamarinds, is much darker and drier than the West Indian, which are called prepared tamarinds. The West Indian tamarinds reach maturity in June, July, and August, when they are collected, and the shell being removed, they are put into jars, either with layers of sugar put between them, or boiling syrup poured over them, which penetrates to the bottom. Prepared tamarinds therefore contain much more saccharine matter than the others. According to Vauquelin, prepared tamarinds contain per cent. citric acid 9:40, tartaric acid 155, malic acid 045, bitartrate of potash 3-25, sugar 25, gum 47, vegetable jelly (pecten) 6:25, parenchyma 34:35, water 27.55. This prepared pulp has a pleasant acid astringent taste, with a somewhat vinous odour. Europe, we are indebted to the Arabians. Dr. F. Hani ton, in his commentary on the Hortus Malabaricus, remarka on the specific designation of this plant, that it is a vie pleonasm, the fact of its being Indian being referred to in the generic name Tamar-Indus, whence our word Tamarind. The Indian Tamarind is distinguished by its elongated legumes, which are six times or more longer than they are broad. It is a native of various districts in the East Indies and also of the tropical parts of Africa. It forms a handsome tree with spreading branches bearing leaves of a light colour and flowers with a straw-coloured calyx and yellow petals, streaked with red: the filaments of the stamens are purple and the anthers brown. The timber of this tree is very firm, hard, and heavy, and is applied to many useful purposes in building. The second species is the Tamarindus Occidentalis, the West Indian Tamarind, which is distinguished from the other by possessing short legumes not more than three times longer than they are broad. It is a native of South America and the West India Islands, forming also a large spreading tree, with yellowish flowers streaked with red and purplish stamens. These plants may be grown in this country, by sowing the seeds, which can be easily obtained, in a hot-bed, and when the young plants obtain a height of two or three inches, planting them out in separate pots. For the medical and dietetic properties of the tamarind see Tama RINDS. TAMARIX, the name of a genus of plants, the type of the natural order Tamaricaceae. It has a 4- or 5-parted calyx; 4 or 5 petals; 4 or 5 stamens alternating with the petals, united at the base; a tapering ovary with 3 stigmas; erect tufted seeds, the tuft being composed of a number of hairs proceeding from the apex of the seed. The species have generally paniculated spikes of small flowers of a red colour. T. gallica, the French tamarisk, is a glabrous glaucous shrub, with minute acute leaves clasping the stem, with slender lateral spikes of flowers, five times longer than broad. This species is a native of France, and also along the Mediterranean: it is also a native of the coasts of Cornwall, Hampshire, and Sussex, in England. Ehrenberg has described a great number of varieties of this species, one of which, the T. g. mannifera, known by its glaucous powdery appearance, he says, produces the manna of Mount Sinai. This manna however does not contain any crystallizable mannite, but, according to Mitscherlich, consists of nothing more than a mucilaginous sugar. This is one of the species of this genus remarkable for the large quantity of sulphate of soda which its ashes contain. It presents an example of one of those natural combinations of gummy, saccharine, and acid principles which are of such great utility in hot climates. It is used not only in India, but in Africa, as a cooling article of food, and the travellers across the deserts carry it with them to quench their thirst. In Nubia it is allowed to stand in the sun tall a kind of fermentation takes place it is then formed into cakes, one of which dissolved in water forms a refreshing drink. In India a kind of sherbet is made with it, and by the addition of sugar it becomes a source whence vinegar is readily obtained. In the fevers and bilious complaints, and even dysenteries of these climates, it proves highly serviceable; in small quantity it acts as an astringent, but in larger it proves laxative. Boiling water poured over T. Indica, the Indian Tamarisk, is a glabrous greenish tamarinds yields a drink which is very grateful in the in-plant, with stiff twiggy branches; short ovate acute flammatory complaints of our own country, particularly in leaves with white edges; elongated spikes of flowers, with the bilious fevers of autumn. An agreeable whey may be bracts shorter than the flowers and longer than the pedimade with it, by boiling two ounces of tamarind-pulp with cels, and stamens longer than the corolla. This plant is a two pints of milk. Tamarinds are frequently given along native of the East Indies. It is subject to the attacks of with senna, but they are said to lessen its purgative pro-a cynips, which produce galls that possess astringent property. They form an ingredient in the confectio sennae perties, and, according to Dr. Royle, they are on this acand confectio cassiae. count used in medicine by the native doctors of India. The same property also renders them valuable in dyeing. Other Indian species of the Tamarisk produce galls, which are used for the same purposes as those of T. Indica. T. Africana, the African Tamarisk, is a glabrous glauscaly, simple, sessile racemes, with ovate chaffy bracts, and a 3-valved capsule. This is a native of the sands along the shores of the Mediterranean. It is found in Mauritiana, around the Bay of Naples, in Egypt, and in the Levant. It has very much the appearance of T. Gallica, but its flowers are larger, and bark darker. Like T. Gallica, its ashes yield a large quantity of sulphate of soda. The bark, as in most of the species, is slightly bitter and astringent, and has been used in medicine as a tonic. In times of scarcity in India the seeds are eaten, being first toasted and then soaked for a few hours in water, when the dark skin comes easily off; they are then boiled or dried, and taste like common field-beans. TAMARINDU'S, the name of a genus of plants belong-cous shrub, with lanceolate imbricated leaves, with dense, ing to the Rectembryous division of the natural order Leguminosse. It possesses the following characters:-calyx cleft, tubular at the base, the three upper lobes are reflexed, the two lower ones joined together, but usually indentate at the apex; petals 3, alternate with the three upper lobes of the calyx, the middle one cucullate and the lateral ones ovate; the stamens are 9 or 10 in number, two or three of which are longer than the others, united at the base, and bearing anthers, whilst the remainder are sterile; the fruit, is a legume seated on a pedicel, I-celled, compressed, with from 3 to 6 seeds, and the valves filled with pulp between the endocarp and epicarp, their inner and outer lining; the seeds are ovato-quadrate in form, possessing cotyledons, unequal at the base. There are only two species belonging to this genus, both of which are trees with abruptly pinnate leaves, bearing many pairs of small leaflets and racemes of flowers. a T. Orientalis, the Eastern Tamarisk, is a tree attaining height of from 10 to 20 feet: it is glabrous all over, with minute, distant, sheathing, mucronate leaves, with slender lateral spikes of flowers, and a 4-valved capsule. This is a native of Arabia, Persia, and the East Indies, and is one of the largest and most elegant of the species of the Tamarisk. One of the finest specimens of this tree existing is at Babylon. The T. Chinensis appears to be a variety of this plant. The Turarindus Indica, the East Indian Tamarind, was the earliest known, species, for a knowledge of which, in. Nearly all the species are clea it and delicate shrubs deserving a prominent position in the shrubbery. The hardy species do not require much care in their cultivation. They will grow in almost any soil or situation, and may be propagated by cuttings planted out in the open ground either in the spring or autumn, where they will readily strike root. Those requiring heat and protection thrive best in a soil composed of loam and peat, and may also be propagated by cuttings placed in sand under a hand-glass. TAMATIA, Cuvier's name for the Puff-Birds. Mr. Swainson, in addition to his description in the Zoological Illustrations, speaking of these birds in his Classification, says, that they sit for hours together on a dead or withered branch, from which they dart upon such insects as come sufficiently near, and that the Hermit birds (Monassa, Vieill.) have similar habits. [BARBETS, vol. iii., p. 434; KINGFISHERS, vol. xiii., p. 227.] TAMAULIPAS. [MEXICAN STATES.] TAMBOW, a province of Great Russia, is situated between 51° 30′ and 55° 20′ N. lat., and between 39° 40′ and 43° 40′ E. long. The area is 24,200 square miles, and the population 1,600,000. It is bounded on the north by Nischnei-Novgorod, and for a very small distance on the north-west by Wladimir; on the south by Woronesh; on the west by Riasan, Tula, and Orel (by the two last for a very small distance); and on the east by Penza. This government is a uniformly level country, without mountains, large rivers, or considerable lakes: on the north there are great forests and on the south extensive steppes. The soil in the northern half is sandy, marshy, and poor: in the southern part it mostly consists of loam or black mould, and is fertile and productive. The steppes produce excellent pasturage, and when they have been brought under cultivation, make good arable land: they are designated as steppes only because they are destitute of wood. The river Oka enters the government from Riasan, but passes only through one circle, where it is joined by the Mokscha, a considerable stream of which the Zna is a tributary. The Oka runs northwards to join the Volga. Another great Russian river, the Don, passes through a small part of the government. In the forests on the north there are marshes which might easily be drained. The mineral-waters at Lepetzk are celebrated and much frequented. The climate is temperate and healthy, but colder in winter than in Tula and Riasan, which seems to be owing to the slope of the open plains being towards the north. The northern part of Tambow has a poor soil, but the south is very fertile, and this province ought to be a corn country if a better system of cultivation were introduced. In the south the land does not require to lie fallow, and needs no manure, but acquires from the feeding of cattle sufficient strength to produce fresh crops, which generally yield from five to ten fold. In the north the land is indeed not manured, but after yielding five or six crops must be fallow for some years; and then it produces from three to five fold. All kinds of corn usually grown in Russia are raised, wheat, rye, oats, millet, and buckwheat, peas and other pulse; poppies, great quantities of hemp, but barley, flax, and hemp are cultivated only in some circles. Horticulture is in a very backward state, for though there are many gardens, only the most ordinary vegetables are cultivated; some hops are grown in the gardens, but there is little fruit, and that of the most ordinary kinds. Though the forests are so extensive, it is only in the northern circles that there is sufficient wood for fuel and building. The crown forests supply timber for the navy in their vicinity the inhabitants are for the most part carpenters, coopers, and cartwrights, or employed in making pitch, tar, lamp-black, and charcoal. The breeding of cattle is carried on to a very great extent in the fine pastures and meadows of the steppes. The steppe from Tambow to Nova Khopertskaja-Krepost is covered with immense herds of oxen and horses. Oxen are used for draught, and great numbers are fattened for exportation. Sheep and swine are bred in great numbers, but the wool of the sheep is coarse: of late years the breed has been improved by the importation of merinos. Domestic poultry suffices for the consumption of the inhabitants: there is little game, and fish is by no means plentiful. Among the wild animals are the marmot and the hamster. Great quantities of bees are kept. The mineral products are lime, freestone, iron, and some saltpetre. P. C., No. 1491. The manufactures of this government are unimportant : the peasantry barely make their own clothing: in some parts they manufacture wooden utensils, and agriculturat implements, which they take to the fairs. A great advance has however been made within the last twenty-five years. The brandy-distilleries are numerous. The export trade in the products of the country is very considerable. The principal articles are wheat (1,200,000 chetwerts, or 864,000 English quarters), cattle, honey, tallow (400,000 poods, or about 500 English cwt.), butter, cheese, wool, hemp, iron, brandy, hides, coarse cloth, and wooden wares. Properly speaking there is no great commercial town. Tambow, Selatma, and Morschansk alone have some commerce with foreign countries. The great majority of the inhabitants are Russians. There are some thousands of converted Tartars and Mordwins, and a few gypsies. These Tartars and Mordwins live in the same manner as the Russians, but retain their own dialect, and live apart from the Russians, and generally intermarry with their own people. The religion of the Mohammedan Tartars requires a different mode of life. Among these various nations the Tartars are the most civilised, have the most knowledge, and the purest morals, and enjoy the most prosperity. Education is at a low ebb. According to Schnitzler, only 1 out of 325 of the population receives any school instruction. The only printing-office belongs to the government. The Greek church is under, the bishop of Tambow and Schazk, who has in his diocese 739 parishes and 6 monasteries. The Mohammedan Tartars have their mosques, imams, and teachers. TAMBOW, the capital of the government, is situated nearly in the centre of the province, on the river Zna, in 52° 44' N. lat. and 41° 45′ E. long. It is a large town, with 20,000 inhabitants, and was founded in 1636, as a bulwark against the Nogay Tartars. Scarcely any traces of the antient fortifications now remain. There is nothing remarkable in the town, which has however been much improved in its appearance since the beginning of this century. Almost all the houses are built of wood: tne principal buildings are the monastery of Our Lady of Casan, in which there are two churches; seven stone and six wooden churches, the gymnasium, and the civil hospital. There is a military school, founded and endowed by the nobility in 1802, a seminary for priests, and a district school. The bishop resides in this city. The inhabitants manufacture shawls, kersey, sailcloth, cordage, and woollen cloth; and there is an Imperial alum and vitriol manufactory. The inhabitants carry on some trade, but their chief occupation is agriculture. The following are the other chief towns. Jelatma, the most northerly town in the government, situated on the left bank of the Oka, carries on by means of that river a very great trade with Moscow: it has ten churches, eight of which are of stone: the inhabitants, 6000 in number, have some manufactures of woollen cloth, vitriol, and sulphur. Koslow, situated on the Lesnoi Woronesh, has above 8000 inhabitants, who follow various trades and professions: near the town is the convent Troitzkoi, where a great annual fair is held. There are eight churches, of which five are of stone: the principal trade of the town is in oxen, salt meat, and hides. Lipetsk, on the Woronesh, near the north extremity of the government of that name, a town with 6500 inhabitants, is celebrated for its mineral-waters, which were first used in the reign of Peter the Great. Morschansk, a town of 6000 inhabitants, situated on the Zna, has manufactures of linen, sail-cloth, cordage, and tallow, and a brisk trade in corn, cattle, and honey. (Hassel, Geography; Stein; Hörschelman; Schubert; Schnitzler.) TÁMBURI'NÍ, PIETRO, born at Brescia, in 1737, studied in his native town, took holy orders, and was made professor of philosophy, and afterwards of theology, in the episcopal seminary of Brescia. After filling those chairs for twelve years, he was invited to Rome, where Clement XIV. (Ganganelli) made him director of the studies of the Irish College, in which situation he remained for six years. In 1778 he was recalled to Lombardy by the empress Maria Theresa, and appointed professor of theology in the university of Pavia, and at the same time director of the studies of the German Hungarian college in that city, and also censor of the press. In 1795 he was VOL. XXIV.-E made Professor Emeritus, with a pension. In 1797, when | the French invaded Lombardy, Tamburini was obliged by the new government to resume active duties at Pavia, as professor of moral philosophy and of jus naturæ,' an arduous tax in those times of confusion of ideas and of barefaced licentiousness. Tamburini boldly fulfilled his duties, and effected some good by proclaiming wholesome principles from his chair. Shortly afterwards his chair was suppressed, but he was appointed rector of the lyceum of his native town. Brescia. When Bonaparte assumed the government in France and North Italy, Tamburini was sent again to Pavia as professor of moral philosophy and of jus naturæ et gentium,' in which chair he continued for eighteen years, till some years after the Restoration, when the emperor Francis made him again Professor Emeritus and præsul of the faculty of law and politics in the university of Pavia. Tamburini was also a knight of the order of the Iron Crown. He died at Pavia, in March, 1827, at ninety years of age, a few days after the death of his brother professor, Volta. His remains were buried with the greatest honours, being followed to the grave by the whole of the professors and above six hundred students, with marks of sincere respect and deep regret. tically harmonize with the obedience which we owe to the authority of the see of Rome.' At the appearance of Tamburini's work it was stigmatized as Jansenistical, although the author has not gone perhaps so far as some of the French Jansenists, or as Bishop Ricci and his synod of Pistoia. [JANSENISTS ; Pius VI.] The reasoning is closely argumentative, and supported by numerous references. Several refutations of it were published at Rome and other towns of Italy. The other works of Tamburini are-1, Introduzione allo Studio della Filosofia Morale,' Milan, 1797; 2, Lezioni di Filosofia Morale e di Naturale e Sociale Diritto, 4 vol Pavia, 1806-12; 3, Elementa Juris Naturæ,' Milan, 113; 4, ⚫ Cenni sulla Perfettibilità dell' Umana Famiglia," Milan, 1823; in which the author refutes the exaggerated notions of indefinite perfectibility and universal happiness 13 human societies. The philosophy of Tamburini is of the Eclectic kind. (Defendente Sacchi, Varietà Letterarie, vol. i.; Maffei, Storia della Letteratura Italiana, b. vi., ch. 13; Antologia di Firenze, Nos. 39, 76.) TAME, River. [STAFFORDSHIRE.] TA'MIAS. [SQUIRRELS, vol. xxii., pp. 398, 399, &c.] TAMUS, the name of a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Dioscoreaceæ. This genus is diœcioas, the stamens growing on one plant, and the pistils on another. The flowers are alike in having a perianth, which is 6-parted, the calyx and corolla being undistinguishable. In the male flowers there are 6 stamens. In the temale flowers the remains are seen of 6 abortive stamens; the ovary is trilocular; the style trifid, with 3 stigmas; the fruit a berry. This genus is supposed to be the Ura Taminia of Pliny: hence its present name. Tamus communis, the common Black Briony, has undivided cordate, acuminate leaves, and is a very common plant in hedges and thickets throughout Eure. It is a frequent plant in England. It has a long wining stem, spreading in all directions, and reaching from branch to branch of hedges and thickets: its flowers are greenishwhite; the fruit is of a red colour, and hangs in bunches from its trailing branches. The berries are likely to be plucked and eaten by children: they are not however poisonous, although the whole plant contains a bitter acrid principle, which renders it unwholesome. This acrid The work for which Tamburini is mostly known is Idea della Santa Sede,' published anonymously at Pavia, in 1784. An extract from the author's preface will convey some idea of the nature of this work: It very often happens that to the most common and hacknied expressions a vague and indeterminate meaning is attributed. A word was originally fixed upon to signify a certain thing. The idea of it was perhaps clear and precise in its origin, but as in the course of time the ideas of men change, the word is still retained, though people attach to it different meanings. Hence obscurity and confusion and interminable disputes arise, and still the sound of the disputed word is kept up, without conveying any distinct idea of what it means. Numberless examples might be quoted of such an occurrence. For instance, in our own times everybody speaks of the Holy See, the Apostolic See, the chair of St. Peter, the Roman church, which are so many expressions signifying the same thing, and which in antient times expressed a simple and clear idea, but which now convey to the minds of people the most vague and indeterminate notions. Things the most disparate are identified people confound one subject with another, the see with the incumbent, the chair with the court of Rome, the court with the church; and from this medley arises a confusion of ideas through ¦ which every decree that proceeds from Rome becomes in-principle is destroyed by heat; and as the roots of this vested with the most respectable authority of the chair of St. Peter, of the Apostolic See, of the church of Rome-a confusion followed by the most pernicious consequences not only to local churches, but also to the universal church, and to the Apostolic See itself. In order to support certain decretals which emanated from Rome, some shortsighted theologians have attributed to the Roman See new prerogatives unknown to the earlier ages of the church, and they have had recourse to a supposed infallibility.... Other men have contested these prerogatives, and in the warmth of the controversy the real claims of the Holy See have been overlooked and forgotten.... One party has maintained that, on the plea of infallibility, every decision emanating from Rome ought to be received with b'ind obedience, whilst the other party has imagined that by overthrowing the privilege of infallibility every authority ascribed to it can be boldly denied. . . . Both these extremes proceed from the want of just and exact notions on the nature, the character, and the properties of the Holy See. The present work is intended to establish these notions. A little French book fell into my hands, entitled Dissertation Canonique et Historique sur l'Autorité du Saint Siege, et les Décrets qu'on lui attribue." In the first part the author has well explained the idea of the Holy See and of the Congregations sitting at Rome; and The town first comes into notice in the time of the in the second part he has maintained the primacy of that Heptarchy: several of the Mercian kings appear, from the see. I have adopted the most important principles of this date of charters granted by them, to have had their resthttle work, compressing or enlarging its various parts, and dence at Tamworth. In the Danish wars a fort was built fitting the whole to the wants of our times and country. here in the reign of Edward the Elder (A.D. 913 by his I have explained also the essential rights annexed to the sister Ethelfleda, lady of Mercia, who died at Tamworth, primacy of the Roman see, and have given some general A.D. 920, and Mercia passed under the direct dominion of rules in order to calculate the value and merit of the Edward, who received the submission of the Tamworth Roman decretals, and to make our own conduct prac-men, A.D. 922. Shaw (Hist. of Staffordshire) ascribes to plant contain a great deal of starch or fecula, a wholesome and nutritious food may be obtained from them by washing and boiling. On the surface of the roots are found blackish tubercles, which contain a larger quantity of acrid principle than the rest of the plant, and these should be removed previous to preparing the roots for eating. The young shoots of this plant taste, when boiled, like asparagus, and are eaten by the Moors with oil and salt. TAMWORTH, a municipal and parliamentary borough on the border of Staffordshire and Warwickshire: the municipal borough, which includes the greater part of the town, and the parish, which is far more extensive, having an area of 12.920 acres, are divided between the two counties: the parish is partly in the northern and partly in the southern division of Offlow hundred in the county of Stafford, and partly in Hemlingford hundred in Warwickshire. The church is in Staffordshire, on which account the town is commonly described as being in that county. Tamworth is 102 miles in a direct line north-west of the General Post-office, London, or 129 miles by the London and Birmingham Railway to Hampton in Arden, and from thence by the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway. |