good faith, would open the campaign. The political authorities were more confident, and in January, 1889, Signor Crispi obtained the assent of Signor Bertolé-Viale, the Minister of War, to a reconnoitering expedition, which was suspended in consequence of rumors of a reconciliation between Menelek and Johannis. Doubt and suspicion continued to deter the allies till Johannis was killed in battle with the dervishes on March 11, 1889. Then Menelek raised his standard as Emperor of Ethiopia, and was acknowledged by all the provinces except Tigré. Still Gen. Baldissera di Veglio and the Ministry of War urged objections to the immediate occupation of Keren and Asmara, and it was not till the end of the summer that the Italian Premier saw his desire fulfilled and the coveted positions in Italian possession.

Ras Aloula, Mangascia, Debeb, and Balambaras Kafel contended among themselves for supremacy in Tigré, and Menelek hesitated long before entering the province and engaging in a fierce conflict with Aloula and the other military chiefs who disputed his sovereignty, although the Ethiopian crown would rest very insecurely on his head unless he could compel their submission. Gen. Baldissera held the opinion that the Italian colony would flourish and expand under more favorable conditions if the neighboring region were divided among independent petty chiefs, who would serve as buffers between the Italian possessions and the Abyssinian power. This policy was disapproved by the home authorities, who recalled the commander-in-chief and sent out Gen. Orero, with instructions to advance into Tigré and co-operate with Menelek. The presence of Italian troops was expected to impress Menelek with the necessity of holding to his engagements and respecting the treaty of protection by operating on his fears as well as on his sense of gratitude. The questionable loyalty of Tekla Aimanot, King of Godjam, and the danger of a revolt of the Wollo Gallas compelled Menelek to remain long in the south after assuming the sovereignty. After his coronation, on Nov. 18, 1889, he set out on his march for Tigré with an army of 150,000 horse and foot. Mangascia, the son of the late Negus, who contested the succession with Menelek with the aid of Ras Aloula, had beaten the King's adherents in Tigré and held Degiac Seyum closely besieged in Vogerat. Yet when Menelek, who had disregarded the treaty in notifying the European powers directly of his coronation, became convinced that an Italian force would join him at Adua, he suddenly changed his purpose, and instead of advancing to annihilate his foes, whose retreat was cut off by the Italians, he made a hasty peace, acknowledging Mangascia tributary King of Tigré on the sole condition that he should conform to the Italian treaty and should protect the frontier. On that, with his huge army, he returned to the south, refusing to be crowned as Negus Negusti in Adua.

Gen. Orero set out on Jan. 10, 1890, with 6,000 Italian regulars, Bashi-Bazouks, and native allies, advancing in three columns from Asmara, Godofelassi, and Gundet. On the 26th he reached Adua, encountering no resistance. The clergy and notables met him ceremoniously at the entrance of the town. It was supposed in Eu

rope that the occupation of Adua foreshadowed the annexation of the province of Tigré. English susceptibilities were aroused because a forward movement of the Italians in the north of Abyssinia might lead to the extension of their influence into the Soudan. Gen. Orero calmed the fears of the Abyssinians by assuring them that he had not come to Adua to subjugate the Tigré province to Italy, but to inquire into and to satisfy their claims. When that was done he would return to the Italian possessions on the other side of the Mareb. In Europe it was explained that the expedition was intended merely as a military demonstration in favor of Menelek. Signor Crispi told the Chamber that, while endeavoring to develop commerce, even in the direction of Kassala, the Italian Government would always proceed in accord with Great Britain, more especially as Italian and English interests are identical in that quarter. Leaving a detachment of native levies in Adua, the Italian commander returned to the Mareb.

After the Italians had re-entered their own territory King Menelek again set his army in motion, and advanced by slow stages, entering Adua in March. Mangascia and Ras Aloula had already received Count Pietro Antonelli, the negotiator of the treaty with Menelek, and Count Salimbeni, accredited as envoy extraordinary to the Negus, whom Aloula had cruelly compelled as a prisoner in chains to witness from a neighboring height the massacre of his countrymen at Dogali in January, 1887. Menelek reached Adua in March, and nominated Degiac Mesciascia governor of the province. He appointed two of his officers to act with Col. Cossato and Capt. Toselli in fixing the boundary line between the Italian possessions and Tigré. The new commander-in-chief placed as little reliance as his predecessor on the fidelity of Menelek, and for strategical reasons he desired, not to withdraw to the line favored by Gen. Baldissera, but to secure a defensible frontier by taking possession of Gura. Debaroa, and Godofelassi, making the boundary line correspond very nearly with the course of the Mareb and Belesa rivers. A supplementary convention that was signed by Signor Crispi and Degiac Makonnen at Naples on Oct. 1, 1889, was ratified by the Emperor Menelek at Makalle, where Count Antonelli met him on Feb. 25. The Russian Government alone objected to the establishment of an Italian protectorate in Abyssinia, France refusing to join in the protest. Conflicts arose in the spring between the Anglo-Egyptian authorities at Suakin and the Italians at Massowah, whom the English accused of subsidizing a tribe of Hadendowas, of exercising supervision over a part of the coast beyond their understood limits, and of extending their activity in the Bogos country also beyond their proper sphere. The law of June 5, 1882, which first established Italian sovereignty on the shores of the Red Sea in the Assab Bay territory was extended to Asmara and the other newly acquired territories by the vote of the Italian Legislature.

Conspiracy against the Italians.-While General Orero was absent in Tigré with all the white troops except two or three hundred, a plot was concocted to exterminate the Italians in East Africa. The chief conspirators were

Mussa el Akkad, a rich Arab merchant who served as a magistrate under the Italian authorities at Massowah, and Achmed Kantibai, chief of the Hababs, the tribe of Mussulman Abyssinians who earliest accepted Italian dominion and subsidies. These two were in communication with both Mangascia and Osman Digma, who made ready to crush between them the main force of the Italians after the Habab chief had surprised and massacred the Massowah garrison by night and seized the arms and fortified positions. The accidental arrest of a messenger in a drunken brawl and the discovery of a letter that he awkwardly tried to conceal, written by Kantibai to Ras Mangascia, led to the discovery of the plot. Many persons were arrested, and the two head conspirators were tried by courtmartial and condemned to death.

The Italo-Abyssinian Treaty.-The treaty concluded by the Italian plenipotentiary with Menelek on May 2, 1889, and ratified on Sept. 29, 1889, contains twenty articles. Each of the contracting parties can be represented by diplomatic representatives and consular agents, who shall enjoy the same privileges and immunities that are accorded among European powers. Each government was to appoint two boundary commissioners to survey and mark out the frontier, which should follow in general the edge of the northern plateau, leaving Halai, Saganeiti, and Asmara in Italian territory, extending to the country of the Bogos at Adi Nefas and Adi Johannis, and conform to a line drawn due east from Adi Johannis. Caravans entering Ethiopia must pay a uniform duty of 8 per cent. of the value of the goods imported. Arms and ammunition can be imported through Massowah only for the Emperor of Ethiopia and by his order. The subjects of either contracting power are at liberty to travel or settle or to buy, sell, rent, or hire with the same rights as natives in the territory of the other, and will enjoy the complete protection of the Government; but armed bands are strictly prohibited from crossing the frontiers. The subjects of each state in the territory of the other shall have complete freedom in the exercise of their religion. Quarrels and differences arising between Italians in Abyssinia shall be settled by the Italian authorities in Massowah, and differences between Italians and Abyssinians shall be adjusted by the same tribunal or by delegates of the Italian and the Ethiopian authorities. The property of a subject of either power dying in the territory of the other must be delivered over to the authorities of the country to which he belongs. An Italian accused of a crime must be tried before an Italian tribunal, and an Abyssinian before an Abyssinian tribunal. Each power promises to deliver up fugitives from justice. The Negus Negusti engages to suppress the slave trade with all his power and to allow no slave caravans to pass through his territories. The treaty is binding on the whole Ethiopian Empire. Either contracting power may suggest alterations in the treaty at the end of five years, having notified the other power twelve months previously, except in regard to established territorial rights. The Negus Negusti of Ethiopia agrees to make use of the Government of the King of Italy as his inter

mediary in all dealings with other powers or governments. If the Negus desires to confer upon the subjects of another state special privileges in trade or industry, Italians must always be given the preference under like conditions. AFGHANISTAN, a monarchy in central Asia, lying between Russian Turkistan and British India. The reigning Ameer is Abdurrahman Khan, a son of Afzal Khan and grandson of Dost Mohammed Khan. The country is divided into the four provinces of Cabul, Turkistan, Herat, and Candahar, each of which is ruled by a hakim or governor. The districts of Badakshan and Wakhan have likewise separate governors at present. Abdurrahman has attempted to re-establish, in addition to the feudal levies, the regular army on the European model, that was introduced by Shere Ali after his visit to India in 1869.

Area and Population. The northern boundary of Afghanistan was determined and demarkated by the Anglo-Russian Afghan Boundary Commission. It follows the Oxus from the Pamir Plateau to Khamiab Saleh, whence the line was drawn in a southwesterly direction to Zulfikar, and thence south to Kuh Malik-i-Siah, a mountain southeast of the river Helmund. On the south the country is conterminous with British Beloochistan. On the east the Indian Government has been engaged in subjugating the mountain tribes of the Zhob valley and the Wazin country and in extending its influence in Kafiristan, Chitral Swat, and other districts between the Hindu Kush and Cashmere and in the upper part of the valley of the Indus that formerly were regarded as a part of Afghanistan. The subjects of the Ameer number about 4,000,000 people, divided into tribes that are often at feud with one another. Of the Ghilzais, the largest tribe dwelling southeast of Cabul, there are at least 1,000,000. The Tadjiks, who pursue agricultural or industrial occupations and are scattered among the other tribes, are supposed to be of Persian origin. The Duranis inhabit the country northwest of Cabul. The Aimakhs and Hazaras, who live in the mountains further north, show strong marks of Tartar descent.

Agriculture and Commerce.-The Ameer demands a tax of from 10 to 30 per cent. of the produce of the land, according to the amount of irrigation. In the greater part of Afghanistan two crops are grown in the year, one of wheat, barley, or legumes, followed by an autumn_crop of rice, millet, panic grass, or Indian corn. The castor-oil plant, madder, and asafoetida grow abundantly, and large quantities of the last-named product are exported to India. Preserved fruits are exported extensively, and fruit, in both the fresh and the preserved state, forms the staple nourishment of a large proportion of the people. Apples, pears, quinces, apricots, plums, cherries, pomegranates, grapes, figs, and mulberries are exceedingly abundant. The chief industrial products are sheepskin postins, felt carpets, silks, and rosaries. The exports from Cabul to India, consisting of asafoetida, horses, madder, fruit, ghi, and raw silk, amounted in 1888-'89 to 194 lakhs of rupees; the imports from India, consisting of cotton goods, indigo, sugar, and tea, were valued at 524 lakhs.

The Situation.-The Ameer left Cabul in the summer of 1888 to cope with the rebellion of his cousin Ishak Khan, which threatened the dismemberment of his kingdom. The rebellion was over after one decisive engagement, but Abdurrahman remained in Afghan Turkistan for the purpose of thoroughly subjugating the Uzbecks and preventing the recurrence of a rising by any possibility. For two years he scourged the country, executing the people by wholesale. When he had thus broken the spirit of the northern Afghans and placed strong and faithful garrisons in all the principal towns from Maimena in the west to Faizabad in the east, he removed restrictions to trade, admitting Russian caravans to Balkh and permitting Afghan caravans to proceed to Kerki and Bokhara. In January, 1890, he prepared to lead an expedition against the mountaineers of Kafiristan who have never been completely subdued to the Afghan yoke; but he prudently abandoned the enterprise, and confined his attention to strengthening his hold on Badakshan and maintaining the position that his lieutenants had acquired in Shignan and Roshan. During the two years that he was away in the north his eldest son, Habibullah, ruled in his stead at Cabul. The Ameer re-entered his capital in July, 1890. After his return he had to encounter a revolt of the Ali Hazaras, a turbulent branch of the Hazara nation dwelling to the north and west of Ghuznee.

ALABAMA, a Southern State, admitted to the Union Dec. 14, 1819; area, 50,722 square miles. The population, according to each decennial census since admission, was 127,901 in 1820; 309,527 in 1830; 590,756 in 1840; 771,623 in 1850; 964,201 in 1860; 996,992 in 1870; 1,262,505 in 1880; and 1,508,073 in 1890. Capital, Montgomery,

Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Thomas Seay, Democrat; Secretary of State, J. D. Barron; Treasurer, John L. Cobbs; Auditor, Cyrus D. Hogue; Attorney-General, William L. Martin; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Solomon Palmer: Commissioner of Agriculture, Reuben F. Kolb; Railroad Commissioners, Henry R. Shorter, Levi W. Lawler, W. C. Tunstall; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, George W. Stone; Associate Justices, David Clopton, Thomas N. McClellan, and H. M. Somerville, who resigned in July to accept an appointment from President Harrison as a member of the Court of General Appraisers, and was succeeded by Thomas W. Coleman.

Finances. For the year ending Sept. 30, 1889, the report of the State Treasurer presents the following figures: Balance on Oct. 1, 1888, $555,587.87; total receipts for the year, $1,583,003.04; total expenditures, $1,757,514.11; balance on Sept. 30, 1889, $381,076.80. The principal receipts included $1,053,818.51 from general taxes; $138,924.82 from poll taxes: $131,641.51 from licenses; $78,953.80 from the hire of convicts; $32.563.02 from the Agricultural Commission; and $30,760.75 from solicitors' fees. Among the expenditures were $638.401.44 for the educational fund; $392,100 for interest on the debt; $137,358 for the Hospital for the Insane: $25,096.85 for military expenses; and $15.644.53 for public

printing. For the year ending Sept. 30, 1890, the report is as follows: Balance on Oct. 1, 1889, as above given, $381,076.80; total receipts for the year, $2,594.442.17; total expenditures, $2.642,614.59; balance on Sept. 30, 1890, $332,904.38. A reduction of the tax rate to 45 mills is the cause of the decrease in the surplus. For 1891 the rate will be 4 mills, and a still greater shrinkage is expected. The regular receipts and expenditures for the year were less than the above-mentioned figures by $954,000, that sum representing the amount of 6-per-cent. State bonds which were refunded into 4-per-cent. bonds during the year. The entire bonded debt of the State at the beginning of 1890 amounted to $9,237,700, and with the exception of $539,000 in 5-per-cent. bonds, it bears interest at 4 per cent. Since 1880 there has been a decrease of $66,521 in the debt. Assessments.-The total assessed valuation of property for 1889 was $242,197,531, an increase of $13,328,490 over 1888. Of this sum the assessment of railroad property was $40,163,776.18. For 1890 the total assessed valuation was $258,979,575.41, of which $43,338,781.47 was the assessment of railroad property.

Education. Thirteen of the cities and larger towns are organized into separate school districts, in which a system of schools more advanced than that in the counties is maintained by the aid of local taxation. The report of the State Superintendent of Education for the school year ending Sept. 30, 1889, presents the following statistics for both these separate school districts and the counties outside of the districts:

The receipts of the State school fund during the year were $534,285.76, and the disbursements $535.721.95. There was also raised and expended in the thirteen separate districts the sum of $154,668.27, making the total expenditure in the State for public schools $690,390.22. An enumeration of the school population, made at the beginning of the school year, showed 272.730 white children and 212,821 colored, total, 485,551. These figures, compared with the enrollment above given, show that only 60 per cent. of the white children in the State, and fewer than 50 per cent. of the colored children, were enrolled in the public schools. Moreover, these schools were kept open an average of only 75 days during the year, reckoning the counties and separate districts together.

The State normal schools have an encouraging record for the year 1888-89. At Jacksonville 195 pupils were enrolled; at Huntsville, 257; at

Troy, 223 in the normal department and 437 in the model school; at Tuskegee, 400 in the normal school and 100 in the training school; and at Livingston 38 in the normal course. The new normal school for colored students at Montgomery was opened during 1889, and in December of that year contained 325 pupils in the normal and 360 in the preparatory department. Two buildings have been erected by the State, one for industrial the other for literary purposes.

Population. The following table presents the population of the State by counties, as ascertained by the national census of this year, compared with similar returns from the census of 1880:

The largest towns and cities of the State show the following population: Birmingham, 26,241, increase since 1880, 23,155; Mobile, 31,822, increase 2,690; Montgomery, 21,790, increase 5,077; Selma, 7,626, increase 97; Tuscaloosa, 5,486, increase 3,068.

Penitentiary.- The number of State convicts in the penitentiary on Oct. 1, 1888, was 740. Since that time 900 have been received, and 29 recaptured, making the total number for the two years 1,669. During that period, 99 convicts have died; 37 have been pardoned; two were sent to the insane asylum; 36 escaped and 367 were discharged, making a total of 541, and leaving on hand on Oct. 1, 1890, 1,128 prisoners. Of this number, 807 are confined at Pratt Mines engaged in various employments under the contract with the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company. The remainder, 321, consisting of women, children, and disabled men, are confined within the penitentiary walls at Wetumpka and engaged in farming.

These figures show a marked increase in the number of convicts, and a high death rate, the latter circumstance being due in part to an epidemic at one of the mining camps of the lessee company. At this camp in the year ending Oct. 1, 1889, there were 54 deaths in an average prison population of about 300.

Banks.-During 1889 five new national banks were organized in the State, and two were discontinued, making the number in operation at the close of the year twenty-five. These have a combined capital of $3,953,200, and a surplus of $938,388, besides undivided profits to the amount of $543,529. Their total resources reached the sum of $14,657,858, or over $2,000,000 in excess of the figures one year previous; and their loans and discounts reached $8,274,806, an increase of over $1,000,000.

Pig Iron.—Alabama, which occupied the tenth place among the States in 1880, with an output of 62,336 tons, is now third as a producer of pig iron, the production in 1890 amounting to 890,432 tons, an increase of more than 1.328 per cent. over the production of 1880. These figures cover the census year, which ends on June 30. For the census year 1890 the State produced half of all the pig iron made in the South.

County Debts.-According to the census returns of this year, 38 counties of the State have no bonded debt; Cullman County owes less than $500; Baldwin, Conecuh, Covington, Crenshaw, Cherokee, Elmore, Escambia, Franklin, and Limestone, between $1,000 and $5,000; Calhoun, Dale, and Wilcox, between $5,000 and $10,000: Randolph, Henry, and Chambers, between $10,000 and $20,000; Lauderdale and Walker, between $20,000 and $35,000; Hale, Montgomery, and Tallapoosa, between $35,000 and $50,000; Dallas and Pickens, between $50,000 and $75,000; Barbour, between $75,000 and $100,000 Madison, between $100,000 and $250,000; Jefferson and Mobile, between $250.000 and $500,000. The total bonded county debt amounts to $1,332,100, and the floating debt to $59,920. Since 1880 there has been a decrease of $311,246 in the total debt.

Political. This year, for the first time, the Farmers' Alliance became a considerable factor in State politics. Beginning with a few local

societies in 1886 or 1887, the organization soon found favor with the farmers, and in January, 1890, it had perfected a State organization, with societies in every county, with a central exchange and an official State organ. During 1889 its energies were devoted to fighting the so-called "jute-bagging trust," but it soon found itself drifting into politics. Late in that year State Commissioner of Agriculture, Reuben F. Kolb, announced himself a candidate for the gubernatorial nomination at the next Democratic State Convention; and as he was a leader in the Alliance and an advocate for the farmers, his cause was at once espoused by a large majority of the local Alliances. But he had the misfortune to be bitterly opposed by an influential section of his party represented by the "Montgomery Advertiser." The ante-convention contest was, therefore, one of the most bitter and exciting in many years. The more prominent of his competitors were Joseph F. Johnston, of Jefferson; Thomas G. Jones, of Montgomery; James M. Crook, of Calhoun; and William Richardson, of Madison. The nominating convention met at Montgomery on May 28, and remained in session four days. On the first ballot Kolb received 235 votes for Governor; Johnston, 105; Richardson, 88; Crook, 55; and Jones, 45. Thirty-four ballots were taken, on the last of which the opponents of Kolb united in the support of Jones and secured his nomination by a vote of 271 to 255 for Kolb. The ticket was completed by the renomination of Auditor Hogue, Treasurer Cobbs, Secretary of State Barron, and Attorney-General Martin. For Superintendent of Education John B. Harris was nominated.

The Republican State Convention met at Montgomery on June 4, and nominated the following ticket: For Governor, Benjamin M. Long; Secretary of State, Charles C. Austin; Treasurer, Richard Wood; Auditor, Eli F. Jennings; Attorney-General, Charles D. Alexander; Superintendent of Education, Richard H. Porter. On June 10 a State Convention of the Prohibition party met at Anniston. The nomination of a State ticket was left to the discretion of the State Executive Committee, which, on July 5, nominated S. L. Russell, of Cherokee County, for Governor, but presented no other candidates. The Greenback party met in convention at Birmingham on July 7, and decided to present the following State ticket: For Governor, Lawson C. Coulson; Secretary of State, Buel Andrews; Auditor, Green C. Thigpen; AttorneyGeneral, Lysander M. Davis; Superintendent of Education, William M. Wood. The name of James K. Vandergrift for Treasurer was added.

At the election, on Aug. 4, the Democratic ticket was successful. According to unofficial returns from 61 of the 64 counties in the State, Jones for Governor received 135,801 votes; Long, 41,365; and the other two candidates a scattering vote.

Members of the Legislature of 1890-'91 were elected at the same time. The Senate will be unanimously Democratic; the House will contain three Republicans and one Independent.

At the November election the following Congressmen (all Democrats) were re-elected: First District, Richard H. Clarke: Second District, Hilary A. Herbert; Third District, William C.

tary education. At twenty-one Amadeo rejoiced to draw the sword for Italy, and was wounded at Peschiera. A year later, May 30, 1867, he married Maria Vittoria Carlotta, daughter of Prince dal Pozzo della Cisterna. The offspring of this happy marriage are Prince Emanuele, born Jan. 13, 1869; Vittorio, Count of Turin, born Nov. 24, 1870; and Luigi, Duke of the Abruzzi, born Jan. 30, 1873.

After the proclamation of the Spanish Constitution of May 26, 1869, restoring the hereditary monarchy, King Vittorio Emanuele was asked to permit his second son to be a candidate for the throne; but he refused because Amedeo was then in the line of succession to the throne of Italy, as the Crown Prince had no son. This objection vanished on the birth of the present Prince of Naples in the following November, and when, after treating with various other princes, Gen. Prim renewed the proposal in 1870 the father gave his consent, subject to the condition that all the powers should signify acquiescence and a large majority of the constituent Cortes should vote for the prince. The European powers readily assented to the candidature, with the exception of Russia, who expressed no opinion. On Nov. 3, 1870, the Madrid Cabinet presented his name to the Cortes. No objections were made except from the benches of the Legitimists and of the Montpensier faction. The vote was taken on Nov. 16, and the Savoyan prince received 191 out of the total 344 ballots, a result that was hailed in the speech of the president, Ruiz Zorilla, as the guarantee of a peaceful and