business portion of the city. The river is spanned by 2 iron railroad bridges. The total value of public buildings in Little Rock is $2,418,925. Among these are the Capitol (which cost $125,000), the Government building ($285,000), the United States Arsenal ($250,000), the county court house, the State School for the Blind (80 inmates), the State Insane Asylum (369 inmates), the DeafMute Institute (125 inmates), the Penitentiary (cost $500,000), a city hall, a Children's Home Association, and an old ladies' home, the two last costing $10,000 each. The churches number 27; and the public-school buildings, 14 in number, are valued at $143,000. The Little Rock University and a female college each have 100 students, while there are also a Masonic, a medical, a business, and a colored college, a convent of the Sisters of Mercy, and a Lutheran parochial school. The Board of Trade building cost $25,000, and there is a theatre. The city has street railways, gas, electric light, telephone and telegraphic facilities, and 4 daily papers are published, in addition to 14 weekly, 1 bi-weekly, and several monthly periodicals. One weekly is in German, and one is for deaf mutes.

Logansport, a city and the county seat of Cass County, Indiana, at the junction of Wabash and Fel rivers, which furnish a water power of about 2,000 horse-power. Four railroads, with their branches radiating in ten different directions to such terminal points as Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, Toledo, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Evansville and Louisville, encircle the city and give it unsurpassed railroad facilities, giving employment also in their shops and on their trains to about 1,500 residents. In 1889 about $250,000 was expended on buildings within the city limits. Water works with 16 miles of mains, electric-light works for public and private lighting, gas works, and a superb natural-gas plant supplying factories and 3,000 private consumers, with a street railway, an unexcelled fire department, numerous fine bridges, a handsome new court house, 9 school buildings (erected at a cost of $300,000), and numerous church edifices (costing in the aggregate about the same amount) are the principal public improvements. Manufacturing is carried on extensively, its chief products being plow handles, hubs and spokes, cooperage, linseed oil, flour, baby cabs, overalls, furniture, wind pumps, galvanized iron works, and paper. One of the State hospitals for the insane is one mile west of the city, and its site is considered remarkably beautiful. There are 2 national banks and 1 safe-deposit company, 3 hotels, a fine opera house, a handsome passenger station, and a great many superior business blocks in the city, 90 miles of improved streets and 50 miles of walks. The population in 1860 was, in round numbers, 3,000; in 1870 it was 8,000; in 1880 it was 11,000; in 1890 it was 14,000.

London, the chief city in Western Ontario, Canada; population, with suburbs, in 1890, 35,000. It is on the forks of the River Thames, about midway between Niagara Falls and Detroit. It is regularly laid out, with wide, shaded streets. The principal public edifices are its 2 cathedrals, churches, university, medical and ladies' colleges, custom house, 2 orphan asylums, Government asylum for the insane, convent, and military school. In the last-named a detachment of

Canada's small regular army is maintained. The principal manufactures are house and school furniture, agricultural implements, engines, stoves and hardware, bolts, railway cars, tobacco, cigars, biscuits, ales, corsets, boots and shoes, scales, petroleum refining, chemicals, and pottery ware. The city is in the center of a fine agricultural district, and has extensive wholesale interests. It is a railway center, more trains arriving at and departing from it in a day than arrive at or depart from any other city in the Dominion. London is governed by a mayor and 18 aldermen, a water commission, a public-school board, and a hospital trust. Twelve newspapers are printed here, 2 of which are published daily. On his visit to the district, Feb. 13, 1793, Gov. Simcoe selected the site for the city, and named it Georgina-on-the-Thames. He intended it to be the capital of Canada, but the British Government failed to remove the seat of government. Not till 1826 was a house built here. Since then the place has made steady progress.

Mankato, the largest city of southern-central Minnesota, the county seat of Blue Earth County, at the great bend of Minnesota river and immediately below the confluence of the Blue Earth, its largest tributary. It is nearly equidistant from the eastern and western boundaries of the State, and 86 miles southwest of St. Paul. It was first settled in 1853, and was incorporated as a village in 1864, and as a city in 1868. In 1880 the population was 5,550, in 1885 it was 7,871, in 1890 it was 8,805. The city is on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway, the Chicago. Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Chicago and Northwestern, and the Minneapolis and St. Louis. The site of the town, as well as the adjacent country, was originally covered with a heavy growth of forest trees, mostly hard wood, and the profusion of native trees still remaining and the many bluffs, valleys, and ravines adjacent afford some of the most picturesque scenery to be found in the West. The country tributary, largely the southern part of the extensive forest region known as "the Big Woods," is one of singular beauty and productiveness. Partly to this, but more to its central location and its rapidly increasing manufacturing interests, is due the recent growth of the city. These interests include one of the largest plants in the Union for the manufacture of hydraulic cement, drain tile, sewer pipe and fire-brick works, linseed oil works, the largest butter-tub factory in the world, fiber-ware works, two flouring mills (one having a capacity of 1.200 barrels a day), a woolen mill, several carriage and wagon factories, plow factories, a canning factory, butter and egg packing houses, 4 grain elevators, a large brewery, and numerous others. From the limestone quarries in the suburbs are shipped vast quantities of superior building and bridge stone. Lime is extensively manufactured at the same quarries. Brick making is also a prominent interest. There are 3 national banks, 1 daily and 7 weekly newspapers, and an opera house with a seating capacity of 1,500. An elegant new four-story hotel, a court house of great beauty (constructed of stone from the local quarries), a hospital, a four-story office block, a sewerage system, and a system of water works are among the improvements completed in 1889.

The abundant and wholesome water supply is from two strongly flowing artesian wells, about 600 feet deep, and flowing 1,500,000 gallons a day. The natural force of the flow would raise the water 50 or 60 feet if confined in a pipe, but for effective service it is pumped into a 1,000,000-gallon reservoir on one of the bluffs above the city, and forced by gravity through 10 miles of water mains. There are a street railway, electric and gas light systems, and a telephone exchange, 17 churches, one of the 4 State normal schools, a high school and 4 other public schools, a Catholic college, and German Lutheran schools. The city has a board of trade, a Citizens' Progressive Union, a jobbers' union, and several literary organizations.

Mansfield, a city and the county seat of Richmond County, Ohio, 180 miles from Cincinnati, amid rolling hills, 1,300 feet above sea-level. It is the only city between the Atlantic seaboard and Chicago where the Erie, Pennsylvania, and Baltimore and Ohio Railroads come together, and passengers and freight are thus enabled to go to all the great commercial centers without change of cars. There are from 40 to 50 passenger, and nearly 200 freight trains daily. Mansfield has 18 churches and 10 school buildings, with a fine high-school building in process of construction; 3 daily and 4 weekly newspapers, 4 banks, and 7 hotels. The electric motor is in use for street cars, and streets and houses are lighted with electricity and gas. Water is supplied from flowing artesian wells, and distributed by water works of the Holly system. The average annual death rate in five years has been 8 in 1,000. The city was established in 1809. The important public buildings are the Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Library building, which provides a free library and Grand Army Hall (an opera hall seating 1,500, and a smaller hall for the Mansfield Lyceum lectures and debates), while the third story is set aside as a museum; a Children's Home, supported by the county; and the Intermediate Penitentiary, under construction by the State, intended as a reformatory for men under thirty years of age convicted of felony for the first time. The estimated cost is upward of $1,000,000. There are two public parks, the Central, of 4 acres in the heart of the city, and the Sherman-Heineman, spanning the whole western boundary for about 2 miles, containing lakes for boating, a free bathing pool, and 25 acres of primeval forest. The manufactures, which are numerous and constantly increasing, include a factory of thrashers, horse-powers, engines, saw mills, and clover hullers covering 30 acres, engine and boiler works with a yearly output of $500,000, a stove company manufacturing 18.000 stoves a year, a foundry, flouring mills, 2 brass works, a factory of pumps and plumbers' and gas-fitters' supplies (shipping to Europe and South America), 2 buggy companies, a factory of carriage-bow sockets, a cracker factory, 3 suspender companies, 1 elastic-web company, manufactories of building and street-paving brick, a paper company, a steel-harrow factory, soap and candle works, and 2 large lumber and door factories. The cigar manufactories employ from 300 to 400 persons, and have an aggregate daily output of 120,000. There are 3 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. The population in 1880

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was 9,859; in 1890 it was 13,542, an increase of 3,683 (37-36 per cent.).

Marion, a city and the county seat of Grant County, Ind., 41 miles from Logansport, at the intersection of the Chicago, St. Louis and Pittsburg, the Cincinnati, Wabash and Michigan, and the Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City Railroads. The site was laid out in 1831 and the town incorporated in 1838. In February, 1887, natural gas was discovered, and from that date to August, 1890, 21 wells were drilled within the corporate limits, with an average capacity of 5,000,000 feet a day; 27 factories have been located, all of which have increased and many have doubled their plants, and give employment to 1,500 persons. Among these are 5 glass factories, a pulp mill, a stove foundry, a malleableiron works, a rolling mill, and pressed-brick works with yearly capacity of 20,000,000 brick. Twelve hundred new residences have been built, with 10 miles of street and sidewalks, and 4 miles of street railway. A new normal school has an enrollment of 200. Six new churches have been erected at a cost of $75,000. The population in 1880 was 3,182; in 1890 it was 8,734, an increase of 174-48 per cent. There are 2 daily and weekly newspapers. In addition to the court house, Marion has a soldiers' home, with present capacity of 600 veterans, and prospective capacity of 2,500 within two years. The residence of Dr. William Lomax forms part of a bequest to the Indiana Medical College.

Marquette, a city, and the county seat of Marquette County, Mich., on the northern peninsular. It is one of the principal shipping points on Lake Superior. The general offices and machine shops of the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railroad are here, and most of the business of that railroad consists in carrying ore to Marquette for transshipment. The handling of the iron ores mined in the county constitutes the leading business. The amount sent forward in 1890 was 1,400,000 tons. Besides the ore business, the industries of Marquette include 2 stone quarries, 2 lumber mills, 3 wood-manufacturing mills, 2 machine shops, 1 brewery, 2 smelt furnaces, 1 powder mill, and 1 carriage factory. The branch State Prison and House of Correction for the State is in the southern part of the city. Marquette is noted for its beautiful site, fine buildings, wide and wellpaved streets, and healthful climate. Large numbers come from the South every summer for recreation. The finest fishing in the State can be had in the streams adjacent to the city. One of the largest natural parks in the West, Presque Isle, has recently been given to the city by Congress. The city has an electric-lighting plant driven by water power furnished by Dead river, 34 miles from the business center. The population of Marquette in 1890 was 9.129.

Moline, a city of Rock Island County, Ill., on the south bank of Mississippi river, which here flows westward, and opposite Rock Island, the site of the Government armory and arsenal. The city is 24 miles long, 14 mile in width, the western boundary being the city of Rock Island. It is 2 miles above the city of Davenport, Iowa, the three cities (Moline, Rock Island, and Davenport) being intimately connected by street and steam cars, ferry, and

bridges. It is 168 miles west of Chicago, and is traversed by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroads. The population in 1870 was 4,166; in 1880 it was 7,805; in 1885 it was 10,408; in 1890 it was 11,987, over 60 per cent. being native born, 26 per cent. Swedish, and 7 per cent. German. Stewartville, a suburb of Moline, has a population of about 1,000. This city has the only water power on the Mississippi below St. Anthony's Falls. This water power, equal to 4,000 horse power, has been utilized in its present form in connection with the Government works on the island, these immense workshops, as well as several of the largest factories in Moline, being run by water power. There are extensive coal mines near the city and excellent coal is abundant and cheap. In 1889 30 factories, employing 4,385 men, and having a capital of $6,100,000, made a product of $7,700,000, using 8,655,000 feet of lumber, 78,600 tons of raw materials, while $2,131,920 were paid for labor. There are factories for making plows and agricultural implements, wagons, carriages, buggies, paper, milling machinery, lumber, malleable iron, pumps, scales, pipe organs, reed organs, and hardware. The city was incorporated in 1872, has a fine system of water works, a free public library, a Young Men's Christian Association building, and is lighted with gas and electricity; it has three electric street-car lines and fire and police departments. There are 4 banks and 10 churches, 6 public-school buildings, 38 schools, and 45 teachers, including the high school. A course in manual training has been in successful operation for several years. Specimens of the handicraft work of the pupils were sent to the Paris exhibition in 1889 and were awarded a gold medal. There are 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. The location of the city is healthful, the scenery beautiful, and a drive on the island, a view from the bluffs overlooking the river, the island, and the three cities, and a visit to its manufactories are among the attractions.

Newark, a city and the county seat of Licking County, Ohio, 33 miles from Columbus, on Licking river, at the intersection of the Baltimore and Ohio and Pan Handle trunk lines of railway. Railroads radiate from the city in six directions, and 175 trains arrive and depart daily. Newark is also on the line of the Ohio canal. It is a center of trade in coal, grain, and live stock. Coal for steam and heating is brought from the Shawnee valley, and natural gas is supplied from wells within or near the corporate limits. The manufactures include the shops of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, employing from 600 to 1.000 men, large glass works 2 stove foundries, 3 portable-engine works, iron-bridge works, 1 paper mill, 1 wire-cloth factory, 3 carriage factories, 1 iron works, 1 steam cracker and 1 soap factory, 4 flouring mills, 3 planing mills, and 3 electric plants. There are several miles of street railroad. Water is supplied from a reservoir 2 miles distant, 280 feet above the business portion of the city, and under pressure of 120 pounds to the square inch. There is a well-organized fire department. The drainage is excellent. There are 4 banks, and 2 daily, 3 weekly, and 1 semi-weekly newspapers are pub

lished. There are 7 public-school buildings and 1 high school. The average daily attendance of public schools is 1,707, and 46 teachers are employed. At Greenville, 6 miles distant, to which an electric railway is under construction, are a university and 2 female colleges. The city has an altitude of 800 feet. The population in 1880 was 9,600; in 1890 it was 14,369, an increase of 4,769 (49-68 per cent).

New Glasgow, a manufacturing town of Pictou County, Nova Scotia, 105 miles by rail northeast of Halifax, and distant from Pictou 16 miles by rail and 6 miles by water. It is near the junction of the Eastern Extension, the Pictou Branch, and the Oxford and New Glasgow Short Line Railways. It is at the head of navigation on the East river, over which an ironclad steamboat makes several trips daily to Pictou. The population in 1881 was 2,995 for the town and 943 for the suburbs; in 1890 it is estimated at 8,000, including the suburbs, of which Trenton, where the steel works and the glass works are located, has sprung into existence since 1881 and is still outside the municipality. The assessed valuation of the incorporated town is $800,000, while the church property is valued at $78,000 and the school property at $9,000. The town has a new system of water works costing $71,000. It is lighted with electricity and has telephone communication with the principal towns of the province. There are 4 schools, 8 churches, 3 weekly newspapers, 4 banks, and 3 large hotels. Situated in the immediate vicinity of the coal fields, New Glasgow offers excellent inducements to manufacturers. The Steel Works, the heaviest concern of the kind in the provinces, were established in 1883, and in 1889 this and the Forge Company were united as the Nova Scotia Steel and Forge Company, with a capital stock of $400,000. The works occupy 10 acres and employ more than 300 men. The output for 1888 was valued at $400,000; that for 1889 at $600,000. The Nova Scotia Glass Company began business in 1881 with a capital stock of $50,000; it employs 110 men. The yearly output amounts to $80,000. The Acadia Foundry, established in 1867, employs 60 men and produces engines, boilers, and gold-mining machinery. McGregor's tannery employs 25 men, and the annual output is about $60,000. There are also manufactories of harrows, hardware, soap, sashes, blinds, and doors, etc. A local company with a capital of $4,000,000 has been formed to develop the iron deposits, and a company composed of Americans, known as the Nova Scotia Midland Railway and Iron Company, with a capital of $10,000,000, is building a road from New Glasgow to Sunny Brae, 18 miles, the seat of iron-mining operations. New Glasgow was first settled in 1784. Its religious complexion is chiefly Presbyterian, but the other denominations are well represented.

Newton, a city of Middlesex County, Mass., on the south side of Charles river, 7 miles from Boston. It was incorporatep as a city in 1873. The population, numbering about 25,000, is composed largely of merchants and others who do business in Boston. Its manufacturing interests are comparatively small, consisting mostly in paper, mill machinery cordage, and worsted goods. The city is almost encircled by railroads-the Boston and

Albany main line on the north side, the Woonsocket branch on the south, and the Circuit line connecting these, on all of which are eleven stations. Nearly all these depots are new, tasteful structures of brick and stone. Street railroads connect Newton with Boston, Watertown, and Waltham, and in 1890 horses were superseded by the electric cars. Newton was for many years the home of Horace Mann, the great educator, and its schools are among the finest in the State. Military instruction is given to the boys at the high schools. It has one other military organization, the Clafflin Guards. At Newton Center is the Baptist Theological Institution, one of the finest schools of the class in the United States. Many of the church structures are new, built of stone, after designs by famous architects. Newton has a fine free library, a gift to the city by a few generous-hearted men, and John S. Farlow has given it Farlow Park and a mortuary chapel, with a conservatory attached, for the beautiful cemetery. The Lassell Female Seminary and Allen School are well known. Newton is supplied with excellent water, and soon will have a comprehensive system of sewerage. Geologically, Newton rests on the older Cambrian or upper Huronian rocks, and presents everywhere fine il lustrations of glacial moraines and evidences of the drift epoch. It has a flourishing Natural History Society, as well, as many other societies and clubs. Newton is divided into villages, distinguished by prefix or suffix, scattered along the railroad. It was the home of Waban, chief of the Nonantum Indians, and on the spot where the foundation is laid for a monument to his memory, Eliot first preached to the Indians.

Olean, a village on Alleghany river, Cattaraugus County, N. Y. The population in 1880 was 8.575; in 1890 it was 11,584. It is the center of the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad system, reaching by the main line Buffalo, on the north, 70 miles; Emporium, on the south, 51 miles; Rochester, by the Genesee valley branch, 106 miles; Pittsburg, through the lower oil fields, by the river division and connections, 250 miles; and Warren, Pa., through the northern oil fields. The other railroads are the New York, Lake Erie and Western and the Lackawanna and Southwestern, the last a narrow gauge, passing through the Allegany County, N. Y., oil fields. A street railroad connects with all railroads. There are two national banks. The manufactures include 4 machine shops, 3 foundries, 7 tanneries, 4 planing and 3 flouring mills, 2 refineries and barrel works of the Standard Oil Company, railroad shops, chemical, glass, and brick works, wagon, road-cart, stump-machine, harness, carriage, hub, heading, handle, toothpick, box, basket, and glue factories. The United pipe lines have in the vicinity more than 300 iron tanks, with a storage capacity of 10,000,000 barrels, and through 2 6-inch pipe lines oil is pumped to New York City. Fine blue-stone flagging and building stone are furnished from quarries in the town. There is a public library of over 3,000 volumes, the building being the gift of George V. Forman; 11 school, and 9 church edifices, a public building, and a State armory. The village has natural gas for fuel and lights, electric lights, and a gravity system which furnishes pure water.

Oneonta, a village of Otsego County, N. Y., 22 miles from the head of Susquehanna river at Otsego Lake, 82 miles southwest of Albany, and 60 miles northeast of Binghamton. It was for a long time known as McDonald's Bridge, but became Oneonta by law and by name in 1830. In 1867 a village census showed a population of 700; in 1881 it was 3,002; in 1890 it was 6,305. The assessed valuation is $1,832,875. Oneonta's substantial growth began with the coming of the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad in 1866. A few years later the road was leased to the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company for ninety-nine years, and the workshops were built here; the shops, round-houses, other buildings, and tracks cover 150 acres, and the shops give employment to 900 men. Water is furnished by the Water Works Company, organized in 1881 with a capital of $300,000. It is spring water stored in 2 large reservoirs 4 and 5 miles from the village, brought in iron conduits, and is adequate for a population of 30,000. The village is lighted by electricity, and has a street railway 2 miles long. The main business streets are paved, and a system of sewerage is begun. The town has 11 churches, 2 national banks, 3 weekly and 2 daily papers. A union school has a superintendent and 22 teachers, with 3 buildings. Connected with the school is a public library of about 3,000 volumes. The Oneonta State Normal School was built at a cost of $114,000, and was opened Sept. 1, 1889, with a faculty of 14 members. It is on an eminence overlooking the village, and in the second year had an attendance of 400 students. The principal manufacturing companies are: A table company, a knitting mill, a sash and blind factory, a printing-press company, a shirt manufactory, 5 cigar factories, and several minor industries, employing about 1,000 persons. The fire department is well equipped. The village has a Young Men's Christian Association of 600 members and various other orders and societies.

Ottumwa, a city, and the county seat of Wapello County, Iowa, on Des Moines river, 75 miles from Burlington, in the Southeastern part of the State. The population in 1870 was 5,214; in 1880 it was 9,004; in 1890 it was 13,996, an increase of 4,992 (55.44 per cent.). Ottumwa in 1890 had 5 railroads, with a sixth in process of construction. A fine railroad bridge crosses the river, and all roads center upon the river front, back of which the city rises in terraces to the summit of the bluff. Ample water power is afforded by the river, and the city has been called "the Lowell of Iowa." In 1885 Wapello County contained 41 manufacturing establishments, with capital invested of $847,500, and a product of $2,963,380. Of this amount, $2,000,000 resulted from the pork-packing industry. Other manufactures were of woolen goods, lumber, agricultural implements, brick and tiles, carriages and wagons, machinery, saddlery and harness, furniture, cigars, foundry, brewery, and creamery products, and miscellaneous minor factories. The yearly trade of the city is $6,000,000. In 1887 20 coal mines were in operation in the county, all working in the lower coal measures, the deepest shafts not exceeding 100 feet, and the coal lying in many places near the surface, permitting shafts to be opened by slopes.

palace covered nearly a block, and was two stories in height, the highest central tower being 200 feet in the clear. The cost of the structure was nearly $30,000. A stage in one of the towers, 30 by 36 feet. contained a waterfall of 40 feet. lighted by 700 party-colored electric lights, and using 1,600.000 gallons of water daily. The auditorium of the main hall, with balconies ascending direct from the stage, afforded seating capacity of from 4,000 to 5,000. Exhibits were also made of machinery, mineral and agricultural products, etc. Unique features of the palace were the sunken garden (the building having been erected on 300 piles above the Sunken Park of the city) and a miniature coal mine, with shaft leading from the main tower, over 150 feet in depth. The palace was opened Sept. 16, and closed Oct. 11, 1890. The assessed valuation of the city in 1887 was $2,959,892, the cash value being $5,919,784. There are 5 publicschool buildings with enrollment of 2,457, the

Ouray, the county seat of Ouray County, Col., called the "Gem of the Rockies," in the southwestern part of the State, in the bowlshaped valley of Uncompahgre river, at an elevation of 7,200 feet. It was settled in 1875, and named in honor of a chief of the Ute Indians. The first newspaper was published in 1878. In the summer of 1887 a branch of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad was built to the city. In 1876 the mineral output of Ouray was $800: in 1887 it was $1,497,892; in 1888 it was $1.609.208.79: and in 1889 it was estimated at $1,650,000, of which $1,320,000 was silver. Ouray paid for the grading of the railroad into the city, and has expended in the construction of wagon roads a sum aggregating $170.000. Two miles of one road, cut through the solid rock of a precipitous mountain side from 600 to 800 feet above the river. cost $52,000. There are water works, electric lights, telephones, sampling mills, 2 daily papers, 4 churches, and excellent school