9-08. Permanent versus temporary types of construction. An important factor which requires study, if the project involves construction work, is whether such construction shall be of permanent or temporary type. The time for which the structure is to remain in service must be considered in relation to the durability of the materials of which it is built. Initially, the permanent structure costs more to build, but, as a rule, costs considerably less to maintain. 9-09. Technical aspects of the problem of costs can not be treated in the present connection, for the reason that they cover the whole range of engineering and administrative activity. Questions of this character can best be determined by the responsible authority in the individual case, in the field or at the bureau, assisted by adequate professional experience, a knowledge of the Navy's requirements, reference to the proper technical and market data, and the cooperation of a trained personnel. In the matter of financing expenditures out of bureau funds and for purposes under its cognizance the preceding chapter (8) of the manual covers, in some detail, the methods to be followed.

CHAPTER 10.

STATUS AND GENERAL DUTIES OF OFFICERS OF THE CORPS OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.

10-01. Source of instructions. There have been quoted hereinafter certain sections of the Navy Regulations which pertain to the status and general duties of the officers of the Corps of Civil Engineers. The concentration of pertinent regulations in the form given will be found of especial assistance to newly appointed officers in acquiring the necessary familiarity with naval conditions and requirements.

10-02. Selection of ensigns for transfer to Corps of Civil Engineers. Ensigns who show aptitude for the professions of naval architecture or civil engineering may be selected by the Secretary of the Navy for such postgraduate education as will fit them for said professions and for appointment as assistant naval constructors or assistant civil engineers, respectively. (N. R. 1642–1.)

10-03. Appointment of candidates from civil life. A candidate from civil life for the office of assistant civil engineer must be not less than 22 nor more than 30 years of age, must be a graduate in engineering from a technical school or university of approved standing, and must show evidence that he is proficient in the practice of his profession. He shall be required to pass a physical examination and such mental and professional examinations as the Secretary of the Navy may direct. (N. R. 1643.)

10-04. Rules and regulations applying to persons in Naval Establishment. All general rules and regulations for the guidance of, and all other general orders and general instructions to, persons in the Naval Establishment shall be contained in the following publications:

(a) Regulations for the Government of the Navy of the United States (Navy Regulations).

(b) Navy Department general orders.

(c) Changes in Navy Regulations circulars.

(d) Court-martial orders.

(e) Signal books and drill books.

(f) Uniform Regulations.

(g) Naval Courts and Boards.

(h) Manuals or circulars of instructions issued by any bureau or office, and rules for gunnery exercises and engineering performances. (i) Accounting Instructions. (N. R. 74–1.)

10-05. Distribution of officers within corps. The total number of commissioned officers of the active list of the Corps of Civil Engineers shall be 2 per cent of the total number of commissioned officers of the active list of the line of the Navy. They shall be distributed as follows: One-half civil engineer with the rank of rear admiral to 5 civil engineers with the rank of captain, to 14 civil engineers with the rank of commander, to 80 civil engineers and assistant civil engineers with rank below commander. (N. R. 1659– 11, 12.)

10-06. Titles of officers. (* * * every officer in the Navy shall be designated and addressed by the title of his rank without any discrimination whatever." (N. R. 148-2.) "In oral official communications officers below the rank of commander may be addressed as 'Mr.' and in the case of the officers of the Medical Corps as 'Dr.' In written communications the name and the corps to which any staff officer belongs will be stated immediately after his name; for example, Lieutenant John Doe, Medical Corps, United States Navy; Lieutenant John Doe, Supply Corps, United States Navy; Lieutenant John Doe, Construction Corps, United States Navy; and Lieutenant John Doe, Civil Engineer Corps, United States Navy." (N. R. 148-3.)

10-07. Status and authority as staff officers. (a) Officers of the Corps of Civil Engineers are staff officers. "Officers of the staff shall, under the commanding officer, have all necessary authority within their particular departments for the due performance of their respective duties, and they shall be obeyed accordingly by their subordinates." (N. R. 153-1.) (b) "They shall not, by virtue of rank and precedence, have any additional right to quarters, nor shall they have authority to exercise command, except in their own corps, and except as provided in articles 170 and 171; nor shall they take precedence of their commanding officer; nor shall they take precedence of the aid or executive of the commanding officer while executing the orders of such commanding officer on board of the vessel or at the station to which he is attached; nor shall they be exempted from

obeying the lawful commands of officers of the line who may be charged by proper authority with the details of military duty incident to the naval service." (N. R. 153-2.) (c) "Officers of the staff corps of the Navy shall on all occasions be treated with the same respect as officers of corresponding rank in the line not in command, under like circumstances. Their legal rank carries with it the same personal dignity and is to receive, in all respects, the same consideration. If they are at any time subordinated, for any purpose of organization or duty, to the exercise of authority delegated by law to their juniors in actual rank, it is for reasons growing out of the necessities of military service, operating alike on all officers of both line and staff under like circumstances, and subject to the same conditions applicable to all. The right of military command and to additional quarters is restricted by law." (N. R. 181-c.) (d) "No officer can place himself on duty by virtue of his commission or warrant alone." (N. R. 175.) (N. R. 175.) (e) In the event of a riot or quarrel between persons belonging to the Navy it shall be the duty of the senior staff officer of the Navy or Marine Corps present, should there be no line officer present, to suppress "the disturbance, and, if necessary, to arrest those engaged in it even though they be his superiors in rank, and all persons belonging to the Navy who may be present shall render prompt assistance and obedience to the officer thus engaged in the restoration of order." (N. R. 81-1-2.)

10-08. Duties to which officers of the Corps may be assigned. Officers of the Corps of Civil Engineers may be assigned to duty as heads of the public works departments of navy yards, and elsewhere, as the Secretary of the Navy may direct. (N. R. 1253.)

DUTIES AS PUBLIC WORKS OFFICER OF NAVY YARD.

10-09. Authority. The public works officer of a navy yard shall, under the direction of the commandant, have charge of the public works department, and shall supervise and control all work assigned to his department in accordance with the provisions of article 1519, and shall have charge of the operations and upkeep of public works and public utilities except as otherwise provided in article 484. (N. R. 1534-1.)

10-10. Direction of work by Government labor. "When directed to perform work by Government labor he shall prepare all necessary schedules of materials to be used thereon and shall have

charge of all labor connected therewith, except as provided in article 1542." (N. R. 1534-2.) * * * "When work under the cognizance of the public works officer requires for its performance the employment of a class of labor not above enumerated [i. e., ratings not regularly in the public works department], such labor as may be required may be furnished from the industrial department for service under the direction of the public works officer, and when such labor is no longer required the public works officer shall so inform the head of the division from which it is obtained. The direct cost of and the indirect charges incident to the performance of such work or the use of such labor shall be a charge against the appropriation under which the work is done." (N. R. 1534-3.)

10-11. Direction of contract work. Should the Navy Department decide that any public work or public utility shall be constructed by contract, either wholly or in part, the public works officer shall superintend the work, make estimates as the work progresses of the proportion completed, and certify and sign all vouchers if the work is done in accordance with the terms of the contract. (N. R. 1534--4.)

10-12. Suggestions for interest of the service. He shall make to the commandant such suggestions in the line of his profession and duty as he may consider for the interest of the service. (N. R. 1534-5.)

10-13. Signature of reports. He shall have prepared and sign all reports of the work under his special charge. (N. R. 1534-6.)

10-14. Annual inspection of public works. The public works officer [or other officer of the Corps of Civil Engineers assigned as plant engineer or by another designation with duties similar to those prescri by regulations for public works officers] shall inspect annually all public works and public utilities as to their condition, especially in regard to their structural stability and state of preservation as viewed from an architectural and civil engineering standpoint, and shall report the result of such inspection to the commandant in writing. Successive inspections shall be made not more than 14 months apart, and the public works officer shall be held responsible for any deterioration which may exist in such public works or utilities which he does not so report. (N. R. 493.)