What a picture of bookselling at Paris have we not here! But, alas! we cannot forget poor Etienne Dolet, at this very moment under sentence and soon to die for publishing books he had not read too carefully. Cartier is a simple, charming narrator, full of piety, an attentive observer, telling what he saw and giving what he heard, for you to sift it; jotting down Indian words, and a precious vocabulary. His subsequent voyages have come down only in fragments, and this remains his monument, and no unworthy one for the father of New France.

The next French colony had all the essence of romance. Florida attracted the eye of Coligny, who, unconscious that Spain had already pronounced the doom and planned the crafty execution of the Frenchman who attempted to settle the Land of Flowers, sent out Ribaut, whose narrative, "The whole and true Discoverye of Terra Florida," preserved by Hakluyt, in his volume of 1563, is jejune enough. There was no graphic pen to describe the revolt at Charlesfort, the sufferings, the anguish, the flight attempted by sea, by men who never thought of making the fertile soil give them a subsistence; the horrors of life amid the firmament above and the firmament below. René Laudonnière, or more probably Laudouinière, who succeeded Ribaut, and escaped his unhappy doom, wrote: L'Histoire des Trois Voyages des François en la Floride, which Basanier published in his Histoire Notable de la Floride située ès Indes Occidentales, à Paris chez Guillaume Auvray, 1586, 8vo. His style is easy and graceful, well turned and polished, yet he impresses you with his truth, and gives details of the highest value as to the two settlements, the first on the harbor of Port Royal, now so familiar, the second at the mouth of the St. John. The plain narrative style of the Northern pilot is here followed by one who is more of a courtier and man of letters. His three voyages are one of the most pleasing volumes in our collection, and no narrative drawn from them at all surpasses them; he never loses his French self-possession and equanimity, and shows none of the passion and zeal which seem almost unavoidable. Le Challeux, the honest carpenter, Histoire memorable du dernier Voyage aux Indes, 1565-6, and Le Moyne de Morgues, the artist whose sketches Des Bry used so well, and who wrote his Brevis Narratio to accompany the engravings in the second part of the well-known collection, with the Letter of a Volunteer from Rouen, and the Appeal of the widows and orphans whom the cruelty of Menendez had deprived of all, make up the literature of the French colony. As Le Moyne is the artist, our pious Challeux is the poet, prefacing and closing his narrative with verses. Of the uncertain author of Gourgues' Voyage little need be said; it is Sallustian in its conciseness, its philosophical spirit, its speeches and its completeness as a monograph.

France, driven from the South, again attempts to colonize the North, and here it finds a scholarly pen to narrate its doings. While Champlain, worthy successor of Cartier, with all his zeal and skill, with a hardihood, a spirit of exploration and adventure seldom equalled, described, in successive volumes of voyages from 1603 to

1632, the progress of his discovery from Chatham Harbor and Cape Cod up the St. Lawrence and Ottawa to Lake Huron, striking southward thence to Onondaga, as he did more eastwardly to the lake which, in spite of our forefathers, we call by his name, Lescarbot, a lawyer of Paris, who went for a time to Port Royal, the present Annapolis, a man of cultivated mind, Catholic in pretence, Protestant in reality, full of resource and activity, gave life to the little colony, cheered it in its trials, and wrote his Muses de la Nouvelle France, while collecting material for his Histoire de la Nouvelle France, contenant les navigations, découvertes et habitations faites par les François ès Indes Occidentales et Nouvelle France, sous l'aveu et authorité de nos Roix très Chrestiens, et les diverses fortunes d'iceux en l'execution de ces choses depuis cent ans jusqu'à hui," first published at Paris in 1609, and with successive enlargements and alterations in 1611 and 1618.

This stout volume of 888 pages, containing besides Les Muses de la Nouvelle France, published before any one thought of New England, and before the Dutch had gained a foothold on the rocky isle of Manhattan, gives first Cartier's voyages and the history of French Florida before it enters on the history of the colony which De Monts began on Boon Island, in our State of Maine, and then transferred to Port Royal. His cultivated mind turned his leisure to account his descriptions of the country, its productions, the Indians, their life, habits, and customs, are full and highly interesting. Hakluyt, no mean judge, found it so, and at once in duced one "P. Erondelle" to translate and publish the same year, 1609, the most important part of it. (Nova Francia: or the Description of that part of New France which is one Continent with Virginia. London, 1609.) The later editions enter into the disputes between Poutrincourt and the Jesuits, in which he sides warmly against the latter.

The Jesuit missionary, Father Peter Biard of Grenoble, for a time at Port Royal, and subsequently at Mount Desert in Maine, where his projected missionary colony was crushed by Argal, wrote under the more modest title of Rela tion de la Nouvelle France, de ses terres, naturel du pays et de ses habitans, item Du Voyage des Pères Iesuites aux dictes contrées et de ce qu'ils y ont faict jusques a leur prinse par les Anglois (Lyon, Louis Muguet, 1616), an account of his labors, and of the destruction of his most cherished hopes, by an English outrage, which left one of his fellow-religious dead on the island, and bore himself and another off as prisoners. His little work is the first of the series of Jesuit Relations, so well known by the use which our historians, general and local, have made of them, and which form one of the most curious and valuable collections of historical matter that

we possess. "The history of their labors is connected with the origin of every celebrated town in the annals of French America: not a cape was turned nor a river entered but a Jesuit led the way." The hardy explorations of the French, and the adventurous missions of the Jesuits, penetrated to almost every part of the country. Before Eliot had begun his labors near

Boston, a Jesuit was teaching a kindred tribe on the Kennebec; another, a prisoner among the Mohawks, was, through the Huron language, which he had mastered, instructing the Indians within a day's march of Albany, after having labored in Upper Canada and planted the cross at Lake Superior. Men of education, noting and describing as they see matters before them, they have left us narratives, unstudied, untrimmed, and unedited, which are of the highest value. When we consider that Jesuits proposed the first reciprocity and neutrality treaty, discovered the Salt Springs of Onondaga, the oil springs of Western New York, the copper mines of Lake Superior, which a lay brother worked a century and a half ago, made the first wine in Canada, raised the first wheat in Illinois, and the first sugar in Louisiana, and drew attention to the ginseng as an article for Chinese trade, we may form some idea of the variety of their wanderings. When the colony of Canada, seized by Kirk, was restored in 1632, the Jesuit Relations, as a connected series, began, and comprise fortyone volumes, of which few complete sets are known. They appeared annually until 1672, when the publication was suspended. The series had become extremely rare, and of one volume the only known copy perished in the destruction of the Parliament Library; but having been copied and reprinted in fac-simile by Mr. James Lenox, of New York, Canada was enabled to reprint, in 1858, in three large octavo volumes, the series under the title, Relations des Jésuites, contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus remarquable dans les Missions des Pères de la Compagnie de Jésus dans la Nouvelle France (Quebec, Coté, 1858).

Dr. E. B. O'Callaghan has given a bibliographical account of these volumes with sketches of the several editors, the superiors of the Missions at the time. Mr. James Lenox, besides reprinting the Relation already mentioned and another of almost equal scarcity, printed, in the style of the old Relations, from a manuscript, a Relation for the year 1674, and the Relation of the voyage of Father Marquette,* as well as the narrative of Father Druillette's embassy to Boston and Plymouth in 1650-1. Mr. John G. Shea also printed, from manuscripts in the same style, Dablon's Relation for the year 1672-3, and his Relation embracing the years 1673 to 1679 (since reprinted, with additions from other manuscripts, at Paris); the Relations of the Fathers Bigot on their Abnaki mission of Sillery and St. Francis for 1684, 1685, and 1701; the curious autobiography of the aged Father Chaumont; Milet's account of his captivity among the Oneidas in 1690-1; a Relation for the year 1696, &c.; Father James Gravier's account of his Illinois mission in 1693, of his voyage down the Mississippi in 1700, and of affairs in Louisiana in 1708, as well as Father Isaac Jogues' account of New Netherlands, which he issued also, as became a New Yorker, in a more sumptuous style, with a fac-simile of the manuscript. These, with two volumes of letters issued in Paris by Father Carayon, and the charming little volume, Les

Printed less fully by Thevenot, Paris, 1681 (reprinted by Rich, 1845), and in Dutch, Leyden, Vander Aa, 1707. VOL III.-2

Vaux des Hurons et des Abnaquis à Notre Dame de Chartres, publiés pour la première fois d'après les manuscrits des Archives d'Eure-et-Loir avec les Lettres des Missionnaires Catholiques au Canada, une Introduction et des notes par M. Doublet de Boisthibault (Chartres, Noury-Coquard, 1857), comprise the French printed accounts of the labors of these men in the seventeenth century, to which may be added the work of the patient sufferer Father Bressani, who, returning to his native Italy, issued his "Breve Relatione d'Alcune Missioni de PP. della Compagnia di Giesù nella Nuova Francia" (Macerata, Grisci, 1653, 4, 128 pp.), of which a French translation was published at Montreal in 1852 (8°, 336 pp.) by the learned Father Felix Martin, and the work of Father Francis Du Creux: Historia Canadensis seu Nova Francia, Libri Decem, ad annum usque Christi MDCLXVI. (Paris, Cramoisy, 1664.)

The well-known Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses contain a few letters of Jesuit missionaries from America, but this country occupies a very small part in that work. They are letters of Rale from Maine, Marest from Hudson's Bay and Illinois, le Petit and others from Louisiana.

Of Canada itself the Jesuits were not the missionary pioneers. If the supposed Benedictines of Cartier have left no note, the Recollects, as one of the stricter branches of the Franciscan order are called, compensate a century later. Sagard, a brother, not apparently a lay brother, but one intended for orders, enriches this part of our collections with his work, entitled, Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons, situé en l'Amérique vers la Mer douce, ès derniers confins de la Nouvelle France, dite Canada, &c., &c. Avec un Dictionnaire de la langue Huronne (Paris, Moreau, 1632), and four years later with his Histoire du Canada, et Voyages que les Freres Mineurs Recollects y ont faicts pour la conuersion des Infidelles, divisez en quatre liures (Paris, Sonnius, 1636). The works of the good Franciscan are gossipy, prolix, naive, and full of interesting matter as to the Indians among whom he lived, and whose manners and customs down to minutiae we scarcely dare express, he describes in two goodly volumes, some 1,500 pages in all, consecrated mainly to a nation inhabiting some thirty square miles on Lake Huron, and printed at Paris, before Virginia or New England had dreamed of a history, or learned the language of any of their tribes.

The later volumes of Champlain cover the same ground as Sagard, more methodical, more of the world, not polished, but genial, enterprising, interested, and interesting.

The literature of Canada as a colony was almost a blank. With a college at Quebec, Canada, like New England and its seminary of learning, produced no writer who enters into the general field of literature. There were no poets, of course no novelists or dramatists, no general historians, no writers on philosophy, science, or art; and even in the field of religious literature, in the French as in the English colony, religious history and biography include almost all, there being no religious disputes in Canada to call forth a polemical literature.

Mother Mary, of the Incarnation, wrote letters

full of unction, beauty, and vigor of thought, as well as of great familiarity with all the secrets of spiritual life, but her minor works enjoyed only a cloister fame-they were never printed, and are lost. The life of this foundress of the Ursulines was written by her son, Dom Claude Martin, and subsequently by Charlevoix (12°, Thomelin, 1724). The life of Mother Catharine de St. Augustin, a religious of the Hotel Dieu, by Father Paul Ragueneau (12°, Paris, Lambert, 1671); and the history of the house by Mother Juchereau (12°, Montauban, 1723). Cholonec wrote the life of the famous Catharine Tehgakkwita, the holy maiden of the Mohawk, abridged in the Lettres Edifiantes. The early annals of the Ursulines of New Orleans have been printed from the manuscript in Mr. Shea's series; the Abbé de la Tour gave a brief biography of Bishop Laval, and the missionaries of the seminary of Quebec, whose letters on their Mississippi labors have been published by Mr. Shea, close the century.

Toward the close of the seventeenth century the religious era had passed, and a new school of writers appears. As a sort of link joining the old and new, stand the Recollects Le Clercq and Hennepin; the latter in his voyages, of which editions are numerous; the former in his Premier Etablissement de la Foi dans la Nouvelle France (Paris, 1691, 2 vols. 12mo), and Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspesie (Paris, 1691, 12mo). The former, after a brief history of the early Recollects missions and their restoration, is devoted chiefly, like the work of Hennepin, to the discoveries undertaken in the West by La Salle, who followed up the trace of Joliet and Father Marquette.

Le Clercq writes agreeably, is sometimes led away by imagination, but never attained the popularity of Hennepin, one of the most attractive of raconteurs, whose works, though full of matters doubtful to the highest degree, still retain their hold on the public taste. La Salle's voyage called forth, also, a work by Joutel, Journal Historique du Dernier Voyage que feu M. de la Sale fit dans le Golfe de Mexique, &c. (Paris, 1713), one ascribed to Tonti, but repudiated, and a work by La Salle's brother, M. Cavelier, which Mr. Shea has of late rescued from loss in his collection; and a singular imposture, printed in the same collection, Extrait de la Relation des Aventures et Voyage de Mathieu Sagean (New York, Cramoisy Press, 1863). In a literary point of view these works are curious, if alone for their scepticism. Le Clercq doubts whether the Jesuits wrote any of their Relations; denies Marquette's discovery of the Mississippi; Hennepin claims that most of Le Clercq was stolen from his manuscripts, that Membré's journal is his, that Le Clercq never wrote the work, and that his own first work was false in saying that he went straight up to St. Anthony's Falls, when he really went to the Gulf of Mexico. J. Tonti disavowed the work under his name, and Joutel cautions his readers against what Cavelier wrote, while Sagean, by a wild story of a pretended discovery of an El Dorado, actually imposed on the French Government, and was sent out to Louisiana to explore it still further.

Then come the travellers. La Hontan-Noureaux Voyages de M. le Baron de La Hontan dans l'Amérique Septentrionale (3 vols. 12mno, A La Haye, 1703)-popular, irreligious, without truth or patriotism, somewhat milder in his invention of his Long River than Sagean, but who, wanting to make an Indian, nick-named Grand Gueule, look well in print, and ignorant of his real name, transformed the French slang by a convenient twist into the somewhat stately Grangula, whose eloquent harangue, the pure coinage of La Hontan and Geudreville, we learned and declaimed in boyhood. Le Beau, Bossu, and other travellers then appear.

Superior to these in some points is the strange work of Nicholas Parrot, a Western pioneer, Mœurs et Coustumes des Sauvages.

Bishop St. Valier gave a tract, Etat Present de l'Eglise et de la Colonie Française dans la Nouvelle France (Paris, 1687).

The next era brought those who professed to write the history of the colony. In 1721, Bacqueville de la Potherie gave a Histoire de 'Amérique Septentrionale, in four volumes, a series of letters in which he draws freely from Perrot and French official documents, but gives nothing worthy of the name he adopts.

The field, open for a good history of the French colony, was entered now by Father Francis Xavier de Charlevoix, of the Society of Jesus, whom we will honor by the full name and addition to which he so jealously adhered in life. Some years spent in Canada, a journey through all French America, by order of the court, access to state papers and the archives of the religious order to which he belonged, experience and skill as a practised writer, a clear head, and an ability to analyze, arrange, and describe, fitted him for his work. His Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France, avec le Journal Historique d'un voyage fait par l'ordre du Roi dans l'Amérique Septentrionale (2 vols. 4o, Paris, Giffart, 1744), a work which beyond all doubt leaves far behind all our colonial histories, will always remain a standard work, and the appreciative notice which Gibbon makes of it will shield us from any exaggeration.

His work, and that of Lafiteau, Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains, comparés aux Mœurs des Premiers Temps (2 vols. 4°, Paris, Saugrain, 1724), a work crammed with learning, but not always wisely employed, in his attempt to trace American tribes from nations of the Old World, were both, in part at least, so tradition says, written in the parsonage still standing at Sault St. Louis. Charlevoix adds a Botany of value: this, with Lafiteau's tract on the ginseng and the labors of Governor de la Galissonière, show the cultivation of science. These close the French literature in Canada, as do Dumont's Memoires Historiques sur la Louisiane, contenant ce qui est arrivé de plus memorable depuis l'année 1687 jusqu'à présent (2 vols. 12°, Paris, Bauche, 1752), and Le Page du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane (Paris, De Bure, 1758), both good books, close that of Louisiana down to the period when the lilies of France, which the Canadian Iberville had borne in triumph from the equator to the pole, ceased to kiss the breeze on the Western continent.

The final struggle found no historian in France

the modest and valuable work of Pouchot, Mémoires sur la Dernière Guerre de l'Amérique Septentrionale entre la France et l'Angleterre (3 vols. 12°, Yverdon, 1781), being the only work that appeared on the subject, and the only contribution to the military history of the French colonial era, till the Journal de la Guerre du Misisipi contre les Chicachas par un officier de l'armée de M. de Noaielles, and Relations Diverses sur la Bataille du Malenguelé, were recently published.

HARVARD COLLEGE.

Vol. I., pp. 8-16.

President Walker was succeeded on his retirement from his office, at the beginning of 1860, by the oldest member of the faculty, Professor C. C. Felton, who brought to the station the prestige of distinguished and classical scholarship, an equal acquaintance with modern letters, and social powers which were the delight of his friends. We have already traced his literary career. Previous to his acceptance of the presidency he had made two visits to Europe, in both of which the classic land of Greece, the favorite subject of his studies, engaged most of his time and attention. The proceedings at his inauguration as president, in July, 1860, were of much interest, his address on that occasion being distinguished by his sober and earnest estimation of the duties of his office, based upon more than thirty years of college life, passed in the service of the university, and the unaffected warmth with which he commended the influence of those classic studies with which he had so long been identified. "To the end of time," said he, "the great classic authors of Greece and Rome will be the models of all that is noble in expression, elegant in style, chastened in taste. Doubtless the human race advance in general knowledge and culture, and in command over the facts of nature and the laws of dynamics, as they move on through the ages. But the twin peaks of Parnassus still rise, and only one poet soars to the side of Homer. The Bema stands silent and solitary in Athens, and no orator has ascended its steps and plucked the crown from the brow of Demosthenes."

Dr. Felton held the presidency for two years, till his death, which occurred while on his way to Washington, D. C., at the residence of his brother, in Chester, Pa., February 26, 1862. His loss was much regretted, not only by the university which he had served so long and faithfully, but by the various learned and other institutions of which he was a member. "We hardly know," said President Winthrop, before the Massachusetts Historical Society, "which will be most missed in the sphere from which he has been so prematurely removed-his thorough scholarship or his genial fellowship." A memorial serion was preached the Sunday after the funeral, by the Rev. Dr. Andrew P. Peabody, preacher to the university, in the Appleton Chapel, in which the character of the president was drawn, with the knowledge and warmth of a friend. President Woolsey, of Yale College, also pronounced a eulogy before the members of the Smithsonian Institution, of which President

*Vol. II. pp. 463-5.

Felton was one of the regents. In addition to the publications of Mr. Felton which we have mentioned, are to be mentioned a valuable series' of articles on Athens, Attica, Demosthenes, Homer, and kindred topics, contributed to Appleton's Cyclopædia. A posthumous volume, a record of his foreign travel, was published shortly after his death. It is entitled Familiar Letters from Europe, written with the freedom of domestic intimacy. It is an interesting memorial of the author's habit of mind, his powers of observation, and favorite studies, particularly in the sketches of his tour in Greece.

Thomas Hill, the successor of Dr. Felton in the presidency, was born in New Brunswick, N. J., January 7, 1818. His father, an Englishman, came to America in 1792, and, in 1797, married at New Brunswick a lady of English parentage, by whom he had nine children, of whom Thomas was the youngest. At the age of twelve the youth was apprenticed to the printer of the Fredonian newspaper in New Brunswick; at the end of three years deserted the office, and went to school to his brother William, who kept an academy in Philadelphia County, Pa. He continued there for a year, when he returned to New Brunswick, entered an apothecary's store in that place as clerk, and remained in this new vocation till 1838. Inspired at this time with a desire of becoming a minister of the gospel, he went to Leominster, Mass., where he received his first instruction in Latin from the Rev. Rufus P. Stebbins, afterward president of the Meadville Theological School, and now (1865) president of the American Unitarian Association. He passed two months in study at Leicester Academy, and in August, 1839, entered Harvard College. His poverty was such that he was obliged to eke out his subsistence by teaching school during the winter months of the freshman year at Leicester, Mass., and subsequently by manual labor. He also took private pupils. These honorable efforts, with his proficiency as a student, gained him friends, who assisted him through the college course. He graduated with distinction in 1843, and passed the next two years at the Cambridge Divinity School. In 1485 he was ordained pastor of the Independent Congregational Society at Waltham, and held this position for four years, when he became the successor of Horace Mann in the presidency of Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio. He occupied this place till June, 1862. In October of that year he was elected president of Harvard College, and immediately after entered upon the discharge of the duties of the office.

Dr. Hill has published several elementary mathematical publications-& Treatise on Arithmetic (1844); First Lessons in Geometry (1855); A Second Book in Geometry (1863); An Elementary Treatise on Curvature, also A Fragmentary Essay on Curves (1850). He has also published several addresses, devoted to a philosophical examination of the true order and method of a sound university education. One of these, entitled Liberal Education, was delivered in 1858, before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard. It is original in thought, compact in reasoning, and a masterpiece of analysis. In

this discourse, says he, "I would include all possible sciences under these five heads: Theology, which refers to the Divine Being; Psychology, using that word to include all that belongs to the human powers of thought, feeling, or perception; History, extending the signification of the term to include all the thoughts and achievements of men; Natural History, in which I place also the chemical and the mathematical sciences; and, fifthly, Mathematics." The natural sequence of these studies, according to the development of the powers of the human mind, he maintains, is in the inverse order in which they are named. He would have the mathematics, as the preliminary studies, followed by Natural History, History, and finally by Psychology and Theology; not, of course, arbitrarily and exclusively separating the studies entirely where they assist each other, but keeping pace with the order of nature in the development of the sensational, emotional, and intellectual faculties. Dr. Hill has shown great ingenuity in illustrating these divisions, and in his elementary school-books, on Geometry in particular, has laid the basis of his system of instruction. His address, entitled Religion in Public Instruction, delivered before the graduating class of Antioch College in 1860, exhibits all arts, sciences, and literature, dependent upon the vital truths of Christianity. His inaugural address in 1863, on being formally inducted into the presidency of Harvard, is a plea for a sound general education, in an eloquent vindication of the thesis that "the capacity for profiting by special professional studies, and for usefulness in special professional labors, is in direct proportion, other things being equal, to the extent and solidity of a student's general attainments." Dr. Hill has also published, among other discourses and addresses, a treatise entitled Geometry and Faith (New York, 1849); Jesus the Interpreter of Nature, and other sermons (Boston, 1860); a sermon on The Opportunities of Life, preached to the graduating class of Harvard in 1863. He is the author of most of the mathematical articles in Appleton's Cyclopædia, and of numerous papers published in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

A few changes in the professorships during the last ten years are to be noted. On his appointment to the presidency, Dr. Felton was succeeded as Eliot professor of Greek Literature by William Watson Goodwin, a graduate of the university of 1851, and for the four years preceeding 1860 a tutor in Professor Felton's department. The assistant professor of Greek, Mr. Evangelinus A. Sophocles, was, at the same time, elected to a newly-established professorship, entitled the University Professorship of Ancient, Patristic (including the Byzantine), and Modern Greek, instruction in the latter having for many years been constituted a part of the regular course. Professor Sophocles, a native of Greece, and during the revolution in that country a resident in Egypt, came to America under the patronage of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. studied at Amherst College in 1829, and was subsequently a teacher at the Mount Pleasant School at that place, and at schools at Hartford

He

and at New Haven, Connecticut. From 1840 to 1845, and again from 1847 to 1859, he was tutor in Harvard College. He was then appointed assistant professor of the Greek language. His publications are several works, deservedly esteemed by scholars, written to facilitate the study of ancient and modern Greek. In 1842 he published at Hartford a Romaic Grammar, accompanied by a Chrestomathy, with a vocabulary. This work, modified and improved, was published at Boston in 1857, with the title, A Romaic or Modern Greek Grammar. His other publications are Greek Lessons, adapted to the author's Greek Grammar, for the use of beginners (Hartford, 1843); Catalogue of Greek Verbs for the Use of Colleges (Hartford, 1844); History of the Greek Alphabet, with Remarks on Greek Orthography and Pronunciation (Cambridge and Boston, 1848 and 1854); A Glossary of Later and Byzantine Greek, forming volume VII. of the new series of Memoirs of the American Academy (Cambridge, 1860, 4to, pp. 624.)

In 1855, Professor Longfellow, having resigned his professorship of the French and Spanish Languages and Literatures, was succeeded by James Russell Lowell, who, by his learning, eminent attainments in authorship, and accomplishments as a lecturer, maintains the high reputation of the chair won by his predecessors. The Rev. Dr. F. D. Huntington resigned the Plummer professorship of Christian Morals in the university in 1860, and was succeeded by the Rev. Dr. Andrew Preston Peabody. Of this accomplished scholar and divine we have previously given an account (ante, vol. ii. p. 54960). Since that notice was written, Dr. Peabody has published Conversation, its Faults and its Graces (Boston, 1856); The Immutable Right, an oration delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Brown University in 1858; four Sermons Connected with the Re-opening of the Church of the South Parish, Portsmouth, N. H., 1859, and other occasional sermons and discourses.

The Rumford professorship and lectureship on the Application of the Sciences to the Useful Arts having become vacant in 1863, by the resignation of Professor Horsford, was filled by the election of Dr. Wolcott Gibbs. Dr. Gibbs, a graduate of Columbia College, New York, received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and afterward devoted himself assiduously to the study of chemistry. He was an assistant operative pupil in the laboratory of the eminent Dr. Robert Hare, of the University of Pennsylvania, and subsequently pursued his chemical studies and researches with Baron Liebig in Germany. On his return to the United States he was elected to the professorship of Chemistry and Physics in the New York Free Academy. He also conducted the physical and chemical résumé of Silliman's Journal. In 1854 he was a candidate for the professorship of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Chemistry in Columbia College, New York; but failed to receive the appointment, notwithstanding the urgent solicitations of a large number of the alumni, and extraordinary testimonials from eminent men of science in his favor. The ground of his rejection was understood to be a prejudice on the