the same time with Mr. Long, in order to accept | the professorship of Latin in the London University, and has since gained distinction by his labors as a philologist. He was succeeded by Mr. Charles Bonnycastle, of England, who, upon Mr. Key's resignation, was transferred from the chair of Natural Philosophy to that of Mathematics, which he continued to fill until his death in 1841. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, of which his father was a professor, and was distinguished by the force and originality of his mind, no less than by his profound knowledge of mathematics. His fine taste, cultivated by much reading, his general knowledge, and his abundant store of anecdote, made him a most agreeable and instructive companion to all; and this, though his really kind feelings were partly hidden by a cold exterior. His only published work bore the title of Inductive Geometry, and this did not meet with success. Among his pupils, he left behind him a reputation for ability as high as it was universal. His successor, Mr. Sylvester, of England also, who remained only part of one year, was followed by Mr. Edward H. Courtenay, LL.D., a native of Maryland, a graduate at West Point, and who had held a professorship in West Point Military Academy, and again in the University of Pennsylvania. He discharged the duties of the chair with eminent ability and faithfulness until his death in 1853. He left behind him a work on the Differential and Integral Calculus, which has lately been published, and been adopted as a textbook in the University of Virginia. Mr. Courtenay's clear and sagacious mind, his large and thorough knowledge of his subject, and clearness in communicating it, his laborious devotion to his duties, and not less his unswerving integrity, his retiring modesty, and his amiable condescension, won for him the unbounded confidence and regard of his colleagues and of his pupils. The chair is now filled by Albert T. Bledsoe, LL.D., a graduate of West Point, formerly a professor in the University of Mississippi, and the author of a work on the Will, and of one entitled A Theodicy. Upon the transfer of Mr. Charles Bonnycastle. from the chair of Natural Philosophy to that of Mathematics, he was succeeded by Robert M. Patterson, M.D., of Philadelphia, formerly a professor in the University of Pennsylvania, and subsequently director of the U. S. Mint. He filled the chair of Natural Philosophy for several years, and had the reputation of a clear, elegant, and able lecturer, while his refined manners, cultivated tastes, and amiable disposition, won for him the warm regard of all that had the pleasure of knowing him. He was succeeded by Mr. William B. Rogers, LL.D., who filled the chair until 1853; a gentleman deservedly eminent for his ability, varied learning and science, for his eloquence as a lecturer, and for his contributions to his favorite science of Geology. He resigned in 1853; and was succeeded by the present incumbent, Mr. Francis H. Smith, A.M., a Virginian, and an alumnus of the University. The first professor of Chemistry was John P. Emmet, M.D., who was educated at the West Point Military Academy, and took his degree in medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, and was the son of Thomas Addis Emmet, Esq. His striking native genius, his varied science, his brilliant wit, his eloquence, his cultivated and refined taste for art, his modesty, his warm-hearted and cheerful social virtues, won for him the admiration and lasting regard of his colleagues and of his pupils. He occupied the chair of Chemistry and Materia Medica until sickness and death closed prematurely, in 1842, a career not less useful than honorable. He was succeeded by Robert E. Rogers, M.D., of Philadelphia, now professor of chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, and by J. Lawrence Smith, M.D., of South Carolina, now professor in the Medical School at Louisville, Kentucky. The present incumbent of the chair is Socrates Maupin, M.D., of Virginia, formerly a professor in Hampden Sydney College, Virginia, and in Richmond Medical College, and an alumnus of the University of Virginia. The first professor of Medicine was Robley Dunglison, M.D., of England, who as a writer, and by his learning in his profession and generally, as well as by his ability, was pointed out as well fitted to take charge of this school, when it was designed rather to afford the opportunity of cultivation in medical science to the general student than to give a preparation for the practice of the profes sion. After eight years he resigned, and has gained a wide celebrity by his distinguished ability as a lecturer, and by his varied and valuable contributions to medical literature. His successors have been A. T. Magill, M.D., of Virginia, Robert E. Griffith, M.D., of Philadelphia, and the present incumbent, Henry Howard, M.D., of Maryland, formerly a professor in the medical department of the University of Maryland, all men of learning and ability in their profession. The chair of Anatomy, Physiology, and Surgery (now of Comparative Anatomy, etc.) has been added to the original schools of the university, and is now filled by James L. Cabell, M.D., a Virginian, and an alumnus of the university. He was preceded by Augustus L. Warner, M.D., of Maryland, afterwards a professor in the Richmond Medical College. Special Anatomy and Materia Medica are taught by John S. Davis, M.D., an alumnus of the University. The chair of Moral Philosophy was first filled by Mr. George Tucker, a native of Bermuda, but educated at William and Mary College, Virginia. He was for many years a member of the legal profession, and for some time a member of Congress from Virginia. Before receiving his appointment to the chair by Mr. Jefferson, he had published, among other writings, a volume of essays, characterized by the purity and elegance of style, and by the force and clearness of thought, which have marked all his writings. During his residence at the university he published the Life of Jefferson, an essay on Money and Banks, one on Rents, Wages, and Profits, and another on the Progress of the United States in Population and Wealth during a Period of Fifty Years, as Exhibited by the Decennial Census, besides contri buting to the periodicals of the day, as he has done since his retirement, important articles on questions of political economy, etc. To moral philosophy and the other subjects originally assigned to the chair, he caused rhetoric, belles-lettres, and political economy to be added, and gave them their proper value in the course of study in the school. Bringing to the discharge of his duties a mind remarkable for clearness and accuracy, great industry and thoroughness of research, and an extensive knowledge of men, and of books in almost every department of learning, he allowed no topic to pass under review without investing it with the interest of original and searching investigation. Hence his pupils derived not only profit directly from his instructions, but an impulse in the direction of self-culture of the utmost value. He was succeeded, upon his resignation in 1845, after a service of twenty years, by the present incumbent, the Rev. William H. McGuffey, D.D., LL.D., a native of Pennsylvania, but for many years a popular professor in different colleges of Ohio. The first professor of Law, that entered upon the duties of the chair, was John Tayloe Lomax, Esq., of Virginia, who, after some five years, resigned the chair to accept the office of judge of the Circuit Court of Virginia. He is the author of works of much labor and value, entitled a Digest of the Law of Real Property and the Law of Executors and Administrators. He was succeeded by John A. G. Davis, Esq., of Virginia, who met an untimely end by the hands of a murderer, in the person of a student, in the year 1840. He was the author of a work on the criminal law, and was di-tinguished alike by his legal attainments and ability as a lecturer and by his virtues as a man. The chair of Law was next filled by Judge Henry St. George Tucker of Virginia, who had long occupied with distinguished ability the place of president of the Court of Appeals of the state, and was as remarkable for the elegant graces of his well stored mind as for his learning and acumen in his peculiar province of the law, and for the polish and charm of his life and manners. was the author of two volumes of Commentaries on Blackstone, etc. He The present incumbents of the two chairs of Law, into which the original school has been divided, are John B. Minor, LL.D., and J. P. Holcombe, Esq., both of Virginia, and both alumni of the university. The latter is the author of a work on Equity. TRINITY COLLEGE. THE charter of Washington (now Trinity) College, in Connecticut, was obtained in 1823. It was given at the request of members of the Protestant Episcopal Church. At several intervals in the earlier history of the state, application had been made to the Legislature for a charter without success. It was requisite that thirty thousand dollars should be subscribed as an endowment. Fifty thousand were readily obtained, “by offering to the larger towns the privilege of fair and laudable competition for its location, when Hartford, never wanting in public spirit and generous outlays, gained the victory over her sister cities." The college buildings were commenced at Hartford in June, 1824, and recitations were held in the autumn of the same year. The first president of the institution was the Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Connecticut, Dr. Thomas C. Brownell, who held the station for seven years, till 1831. On his retirement he was succeeded by the Rev. Dr. N. S. Wheaton, who presided over its fortunes for five years, till 1837. The Hobart Professorship of Belles-Lettres and Oratory was endowed at this time in the sum of twenty thousand dollars, subscribed by members of the Episcopal Church in New York. In 1835 more than one hundred thousand dollars had been raised for this institution, ninety thousand of which had been given by individuals. The state made a grant of eleven thousand dollars. The next incumbent of the presidency was the Rev. Dr. Silas Totten (now professor of William and Mary), who at the time of his choice was professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in the college. His administration lasted twelve years, during which the endowment of the Seabury Professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy was completed and Brownell Hall erected. In 1845 the title of the college was changed, by an act of the legislature, to Trinity College. In this period statutes were enacted by the trustees, modelled after a feature in the English universities, “committing the superintendence of the course of study and discipline to a Board of Fellows, and empow ering specified members of the Senatus Academicus, as the House of Convocation, to assemble under their own rules, and to consult and advise for the interests and benefit of the college."* The object of this general external organization was to secure the co-operation and counsel of the alumni of the institution, all of whom are members of the House of Convocation, which includes the presi dent, fellows, and professors. The Board of Fellows is composed of leading men in the church specially interested in the welfare of the college. They are the official examiners, report on degrees, and propose amendments of the statutes to the trustees. There are also a chancellor and visiter, who superintend the religions interests: an office which has been thus far filled by the bishop of the diocese. Dr. Totten, on his retirement, was succeeded in 1849 by the Rev. John Williams, a descendant of the family which gave the Rev. Elisha Williams as a president to Yale. Two years after Dr. Williams was elected assistant bishop of the diocese of Connecticut. In 1854 the Rev. Dr. Daniel Rogers Goodwin, formerly professor of modern languages at Bowdoin, succeeded to the presidency. Many eminent men have been connected with the institution as professors and lecturers. The Rev. Dr. S. F. Jarvis held a professorship of Oriental Literature; Horatio Potter, now bishop of the diocese of New York, of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy-a professorship held also by Mr. Charles Davies, author of the extensive series of mathematical text-books generally in use throughout the country. The Rev. Dr. Thomas W. Coit, the learned author of Puritanis, or a Beardsley's Historical Address, p. 17. THE UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. Churchman's Defence against its Aspersions by an Appeal to its Own History, has been professor of Ecclesiastical History; and the Hon. W. W. Ellsworth, professor of Law.* THE UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. Ts institution owes its origin to the exertions of a few gentlemen of the city of New York, among whom were the Rev. J. M. Mathews, afterwards Chancellor of the University, and the Rev. Jonathan M. Wainwright, of whom we have already spoken. A pamphlet was prepared after several conversational discussions of the plan, which was printed with the title, "Considerations upon the Expediency and the Means of Establishing a University in the City of New York." This was read at a meeting of the friends of education, held on the sixth of January, 1830, in the building since known as the New City Hall, and adopted as an expression of the views of the assembly. A charter of incorporation was obtained in 1831, by which the government of the University was confided to a Council of thirty-two memrs, chosen by the stockholders of the institution, with the addition of the Mayor and four members of the Common Council of the city. The University commenced its instructions in October, 1832, with seven professors and fortytwo students, in rooms hired for the purpose in Clinton Hall. The first class, consisting of three students, was graduated in 1833, and the first public commencement held in 1834 in the Middle Dutch Church in Nassau street. Steps were immediately taken for the erection of a suitable edifice, and the edifice was commenced in July, 1833, and so far completed as to be occupied in 1836. It was formally dedicated "to the purposes of Science, Literature, and Reli on the twentieth of May, 1837. The We are indebted for the materials of this notice of Trinity ble scale, of the English collegiate style of archi- The foundations of the institution were laid on He The first Chancellor of the University was the REV. JAMES M. MATHEWS, D.D., who, for many years preceding his appointment, had occupied a prominent position among the clergy of the Dutch Reformed Church in the city of New York. He rendered good service to the institution by his unwearying labors in the presentation of its claims to public attention, and bore his full share of the difficulties attending its early years. was succeeded by the Hon. THEODORE FRELINGHUYSEN, now president of Rutgers College, in which counerion he has already been spoken of in these pages. After his removal from the University to Rutgers in 1850, the office he had filled remained vacant until 1853, when the present efficient and respected incumbent, the REV. ISAAO FERRIS, a clergyman of the Dutch Reformed Church, and at the head of the Rutgers Female Institute, was appointed. In the list of the first professors we meet the names of the Rev. Charles P. McIlvaine, at present Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Ohio, Henry Vethake, and the Rev. Henry P. Tappan, both of whom are now at the head of important seats of learning, and the Rev. George With these were Bush, all of whom have received notices at an earlier period of our work. associated for a short time, the distinguished mathematician, David B. Douglas, LL.D., and Dr. John Torrey, one of the most eminent botanists of the country, and a leading member of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, the American Association of Science, and other similar Institutions. Lorenzo L. Da Ponte was at the same time appointed Professor of the Italian Language and Literature, and retained the office until his death in 1840. He was the son of Lorenzo Da Ponte, an Italian scholar, forced from his native country on account of his liberal political opinions, and author of an agreeable autobiography, Memorie di Lorenzo Da Ponte Da Ceneda, published in New York in three small volumes in 1823. Professor Da Ponte was a man of liberal culture and great amiability of character, and author of a history of Florence and of several elementary works of instruction on the Italian language. In 1836, Isaac Nordheimer was appointed Professor of the Hebrew and German languages. He was a man of great learning, and author of a History of Florence and of a Hebrew Grammar, in use as a text-book in our theological Seminaries. He continued his connexion with the institution until his death in 1842. The Rev. Cyrus Mason was appointed Professor of the Evidences of Christianity in 1836, and occupied a prominent position in the Faculty and business relations of the Institution until his retirement in 1850. In 1838 Tayler Lewis was appointed Professor of the Greek Language and Literature, and the Rev. C. S. Henry of Moral Philosophy. The first of these gentlemen has already been noticed in relation to his present sphere of labor at Union College. Caleb Sprague Henry was born at Rutland, Massachusetts, and graduated at Dartmouth College, in 1825. After a course of theological study at Andover, he was settled as a Congregational minister at Greenfield, Mass., and subsequently at Hartford, Conn., until 1835, when he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was appointed in the same year Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy in Bristol College, Pa., and remained in that Institution until 1837, when he removed to New York, and established the New York Review, the first number of which appeared in March, 1837. He conducted this periodical until 1840, when it passed into the hands of Dr. J. G. Cogswell, who had been associated in its conduct during the previous twelvemonth. Professor Henry remained at the University until 1852. During this period, in addition to the active discharge of the duties of his chair, he published in 1845 an Epitome of the History of Philosophy, being the work adopted by the University of France for instruction in the colleges and high schools. Translated from the French, with additions, and a continuation of the history from the time of Reid to the present day.* The original portion of this work is equal in extent to one fourth of the whole, and consists, on the plan of the previous portions, of concise biographies of the leading philosophical writers of modern Europe, with a brief exposition of their doctrines. Professor Henry has executed this difficult task with research and exactness. His work is a standard authority on the subject, and has received the commenda 2 vols. 12mo. tion of Sir William Hamilton and other leading philosophers. Professor Henry is also the author of The Elements of Psychology, a translation of Cousin's examination of Locke's Essay on the Understanding, with an introduction, notes, and appendix, published at Hartford in 1834, and New York in 1839; of a Compendium of Christian Antiqu ties; and of a volume of Moral and Philosophical Essays. He has also published a number of college addresses, mostly devoted to the discussion of his favorite subject of university education. The style of these writings, like that of his instructions, is distinguished by energy, directness, and familiar illustration. During the years 1847-1850 Dr. Henry officiated as rector of St. Clement's Church, New York. Since his retirement from the University, he has resided in the vicinity of the city, and has been a frequent contributor to the Church Review and other periodicals of the day. Benjamin F. Joslin, M.D., was appointed in 1838 Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. He resigned his appointment in 1844. He is the author of several valuable papers on philosophical subjects, which have appeared in Silliman's Journal. He has also written frequently on medical topics, and is a prominent advocate of the system of Hahnemann. In 1839 Dr. John W. Draper was appointed Professor of Chemistry. Dr. Draper is a native of England. He came to the United States in early life, and was graduated as a physician at the University of Pennsylvania in 1836. His inaugural thesis on that occasion was published by the Faculty of the institution, a distinction conferred in very few cases. Dr. Draper soon after became Professor in Hampden Sidney College, Virginia. He still remains connected with the University, and has contributed in an eminent degree to its honor and usefulness, by his distinguished scientific position, and the thoroughness of his instructions. Dr. Draper has devoted much attention to the study of the action of light, and was the inventor of the application of the daguerreotype process to the taking of portraits. He is the author of text-books on Chemistry and Natural Philosophy, of a large quarto work on the Influence of Light on the Growth and Deve lopment of Plants, of a large number of addresses delivered in the course of his academic career, and of numerous articles on physiological, medical, optical, and chemical subjects, which have appeared in the medical journals of this country and in the London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine. These papers, it is esti mated, would, if collected, fill an octavo volume of one thousand pages. Several have been trans * Phila. 1887. + New York, 1889. Principles and Prospects of the Friends of Peace, a discourse delivered in Hartford in 1884. The Advocate of Peace. A Quarterly Journal, vol. i., 1834-5. Importance of Exalting the Intellectual Spirit of the Nation; and the Need of a Learned Class. 2d Edition. New York: 1787. Delivered before the Phi Sigma Nu Society of the University of Vermont, August, 1886. Position and Duties of the Educated Men of the Country. New York: 1840. The Gospel a Formal and Sacramental Religion. A Sermon. 2d Edition. New York: 1846. The True Idea of the University, and its Relation to a Complete System of Public Instruction. New York: 1858. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. lated in France, Germany, and Italy. He is entitled from these productions to high literary as well as scientific rank, from the purity of style which characterizes their composition, and the frequent passages of eloquence and of genuine humor to be found at no long intervals in their pages. Dr. Draper has been a member of the Medical Faculty of the University since its formation, and was appointed by the unanimous voice of his associates president of that body in 1851. Mr. Elias Loomis, the author of several important scientific text-books, was in 1844 appointed Professor of Mathematics. Professor Loomis is a graduate of Yale College, and was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in the University in 1844, He is the having previously filled the same professorship in Western Reserve College, Ohio. author of several volumes and papers on mathematics and astronomy.* Professor In 1846 Mr. George J. Adler was appointed Professor of the German language. German Adler was born in Germany in 1821, came to the United States in 1833, and was graduated at the University in 1844. He is the author of a German Grammar published in 1846, a He Reader in 1847, and a German and English Dictionary, in a volume of large size, in 1848. has since, in 1851, published an abridgment of this work, and in 1853, a Manual of German Literature, with elaborate critical prefaces on the authors from whom the specimens contained in the volume have been taken. In 1850 Professor Adler published an able metrical translation of the Iphigenia of Goethe. He is also the author of several articles on German and classical literature in the Literary World. He resigned his professorship in 1854, and has since been occupied in private tuition and literary pursuits. In 1852 Mr. Howard Crosby was appointed The alumni of the literary departments of the THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN owes its founda- Elements of Algebra, 12mo., pp. 260. A Treatise on Algebra, 8vo., pp. 836. Elements of Geometry and Conic Sections, Svo., pp. 226. Trigonometry and Tables, Svo., pp. 344. Elements of Analytical Geometry, and of the Differential and Integral Calculus, 8vo., pp. 278. An Introduction to Practical Astronomy, with a Collection of Astronomical Tables, 8vo., pp. 497. Recent Progress of Astronomy, especially in the United States. He has contributed to the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, nine memoirs relating to Astronomy, Magnetism, and Meteorology; and to the American Journal of Science and Arts from twenty to thirty papers on various questions of science. The Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science also contain a number of his papers, and several have appeared in other periodicals. + Land of the Moslem, a Narrative of Oriental Travel, by El Mukattem. priated two entire townships, including more than An important question soon arose with the legislature in determining the policy of granting charters for private colleges in the state. Opinions on the subject were obtained from Dr. Wayland, Edward Everett, and others, who agreed in stating the advantage of forming one well endowed institution, in preference to the division of means and influence among many. The legislature did not adopt any exclusive system, though the obvious policy of concentrating the state support upon the University has been virtually embraced. A system of branches or subsidiary schools in the state, intermediate between the primary school and the college, was early organized. They were to supply pupils to the University. The first professor chosen, in 1838, was Dr. Asa Gray, now of Cambridge, in the department of botany and zoology. Five thousand dollars were placed at his disposal for the purchase of books in Europe as the commencement of the University library. This secured a collection of nearly four thousand volumes. Dr. Houghton was also appointed professor of geology and mineralogy. The mineralogical collection of Baron Lederer of Austria was purchased, and added to the collections in geology, mineralogy, botany, and zoology, made within the geographical area of Michigan by the state geologist and his corps. The income of the University, partaking of the embarrassments of the times, scanty and uncertain, and mainly absorbed in the erection of the buildings and the support of the branches, was not in 1840 sufficient for the full organization of the main institution. There were two hundred and forty-seven students in that year in the branches. In 1842 a portion of the money expended on these schools was withdrawn, and devoted to the faculty of the still unformed univer |