PART I.

FOREIGN COUNTRIES;

THEIR

AREA, POPULATION, FISCAL AFFAIRS, AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, SHIP-
PING, RAILROADS, TELEGRAPHS, BANKING, ANd money.

EUROPE.

GREAT BRITAIN.

Area and Population.

The area and the distribution of population of the United Kingdom were as follows at the

census taken April 1, 1891:

England, 50,867 square miles; Wales, 7,442 square miles; Scotland, 29,785 square miles; Ireland,

32,583 square miles; Isle of Man, 227 square miles; Channel Islands, 75 square miles. Total, 120,979

square miles.

Population: England, 27,483,490; Wales, 1,519,035; Scotland, 4,025,647; Ireland, 4,704,750; Isle of

Man, 55,608; Channel Islands, 92,234; military and naval abroad, 224,211. Total, 38,104,975.

The estimated population at the end of June, 1898, was: England and Wales, 31,397,078; Scot-
land, 4,249,946; Ireland, 4,541,903. Total United Kingdom, 40,188,927.

The population per square mile in 1891 was 498; in 1881 was 446: in 1871 was 390; in 1861 was 345;

in 1851 was 308; in 1841 was 274; in 1831 was 139; in 1821 was 207; in 1811 was 175; in 1801 was 153.

EMPLOYMENTS OF POPULATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN 1891.

Mulhall states the ratios of occupation in the entire United Kingdom for the years 1841 and 1891

as follows: Agriculture in 1841 was 37.8, and in 1891 was 15.1; manufactures, respectively, 34.8 and

53.7; trade, 7.6 and 9.9; professions, 2.5 and 7.4; domestics, 17.3 and 13.9.

EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION FROM AND TO THE UNITED KINGDOM.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The following table shows the actual revenue and expenditure for the years ending March 31. They are revised so as to exclude, in accordance with the system now adopted, the army and navy extra receipts, and the contributions by India for military charges, formerly brought to account

The following statement shows the oscillations of the national debt of the kingdom from 1748:

The statement following shows the acreage in cereals and green crops in Great Britain and Ireland respectively:

The following facts are taken from Mulhall :

Since 1846 there has been a decline in acreage of nearly two millions, but this has been compensated by the increased pastoral industry. Below are shown the figures:

The average production of crops and meat for the three years 1893-4-5 was: Wheat, 1,249,000 tons: barley, 1,820,000 tons; oats, etc., 4,460,000 tons; potatoes, 6,100,000 tons; turnips, 30,300,000 tons; hay, 12,300,000 tons: meat, 1,100,000 tons.

Notwithstanding that the price of grain has fallen 40 per cent. since 1846, the gross value of farm products then was £218,000,000, as against £230,000,000, the average value for 1893-4-5. The following figures will show the relation between labor and production and the influence of machinery thereon:

From these figures it may be deduced that two men now produce in quantity what five did then. The fluctuations of agricultural capital are shown below in millions pounds sterling:

IMPORTS, EXPORTS, CONSUMPTION, AND STOCK OF COTTON.

The following shows the quantities of each description of cotton for 1897, in thousands of pounds, and the corresponding totals of previous years:

Ellison & Co., of Liverpool, give the following estimate of the average price of cotton at that port for a series of years:

Helmuth, Swartze & Co., London, give the following statements of the supply, export, and consumption of wool in the United Kingdom:

The imports of these articles into the United Kingdom were as follows: