The Cranberry.

This is a small wild fruit, which may be easily cultivated in gardens; the plant is so exceedingly productive, that 140 bottles (five bottles to the gallon) have been known to grow within a space of two and a half square feet. The berries are used chiefly for tarts. Cranberry plants require a very moist soil, and if placed near a pond, so much the better. Give them some bog earth, and in dry weather let them be frequently irrigated.

The Grape Vinc.

The vine, from the juice of whose fruit wine is made by a process of fermentation, is a plant of eastern origin, which, in the course of ages, has been introduced into all the countries of southern and central Europe, also England. Requiring a fine climate, it will not bear fruit in the open air farther north than York, and it is only in fine seasons and in good exposures, that its fruit is worth eating even in the southern parts of Britain; in general, the grapes grown in gardens about London are small, and not presentable at table. In the north of France and Germany they are little better, and we do not really get fine grapes of a proper size till we reach Italy or Portugal. In England, however, grapes produced in hot-houses surpass in size and flavour the fruit of the Portugal vines.

Throughout the continent, the practice is to grow vines in large fields, either on plains or the sides of hills, which are fully exposed to the sun. They are trained in rows, tied to stakes, and are pruned to a height of about four or five feet; on the Rhine, they seldom exceed three or four feet; and, at a distance, the ground has somewhat the appearance of being covered with staked beans or peas. In Italy, the vines are trained to a greater height, and are made to cling to horizontal palings, as if from the roof of a hot-house. To those in the southern parts of England who desire to rear the vine in gardens and on walls, we offer the following directions:-The varieties most suitable for culture are-1. The White sweet-water, with round berries, somewhat tinged with yellow, and faintly streaked with red on the sunny side. 2. The White muscadine, bunches rather loose, berries not very large, yellowish, and abounding with saccharine juice. 3. The Small black cluster, with berries between red and purple, closely packed, very sweet, and luscious in flavour. 4. Turner's hardy, or the Esperione, a fruitful tree, and very certain bearer; berries of medium size, varying from dark-red to deepish-purple.

are themselves actually fruitful. Each should have three bold eyes on the young wood, and each should re tain at its base a small piece of the previous year's wool. The season for planting is the month of March, and the method very simple. Dibble a hole from four to six inches in front of the wall or fence, deep enough to receive the entire cutting. Mix together equal parts of black leaf-mould and white sand; put in the hole enough of this to raise the bottom one inch, and ram it hard with a blunt stick; then insert the cutting, and hold it firm in the centre of the hole, while that is filled brimfal with the compost, which is brought into still closer entact with the shoot by pouring water into it two or three times. Make the ground quite even, and its surface level with the uppermost bud, then cover the cutting with a small hand-glass. If the ground is kept mod rately moist, not two cuttings in a dozen will fail. If more than one shoot break, and attain the height of five or six inches, the stronger only should be retained, slipping the other off below ground. This shoot must grow till its point become spindling, when it should be nipped back; and all future growth should be thus stopped above its lowest leaf, as also the laterals that appear during the growth of the main shoot. Great care must be taken to keep the vine regularly nailed and secured by soft and roomy ties, to prevent accident, and the danger of being snapped by the wind.

As the aspects suitable to the vine are confired between south-east and a small point to the west of south, the cuttings, if not duly supplied with water, may be droughted and perish before they become complete y furnished with roots; but when once established, the main shoot will grow rapidly, perhaps attaining the height of a common fence, and ripen their wood early. In the end of September, let each be cut down to an inch above the three lowest buds; mulch the ground around the stems and over the roots as winter spproaches, and watch the spring progress of the eyes If possible, obtain and secure two equal shoots; and if the wall or fence be from eight to ten feet high or more, lead these shoots horizontally right and left about six inches above the soil, and secure them by shreds and nails. If the wall be six feet or under, retain but one strong shoot, and train it perpendicularly. In Septem ber, cut back according to the strength; thus, if the wood of the single rod last mentioned measure from one-third to half an inch in thickness, and the eyes be full, and from four to six inches apart, cut the shoot at the top of the fence, removing also the remains of al laterals and tendrils. The two horizontals will perha Mr Hoare's treatise on the vine has added import-be rather slighter, yet if they be fully ripe, and furnishei ance to the culture of this graceful tree, and has thrown great light upon the treatment it requires. Our limits forbid us to recur to the statements therein given, and we can only observe, that no one who possesses a gableend, a brick-walled house, or, indeed, a wall or fence of any kind, need be without a vine; it affects no richness of soil, but will grow on the shallowest ground, over and in chalk or rock of any description; yet, if a border can be formed with a dry and well-drained bottom, the tree will be rendered more vigorous, though the fruit may not be exalted in flavour.

A sound turfy loam, to the depth of eighteen inches, rendered open by small fragments of old lime-rubbish, and a portion of crushed bones, will support any vine, and promote its fertility; and these materials can be introduced by degrees, first near the roots, then at a greater distance to replace a corresponding quantity of old soil; thus little expense will be incurred, and still less labour. But if a new border be contemplated, and outlay be not considered, it will, of course, be best to complete the work in the first instance.

Vines are propagated by single eyes, by cuttings, and by layers, placed in pots when it is intended to remove the plants to borders or vineries. The soil should be a light rich sandy earth, or perfectly decayed manure, and sand, in equal parts; but they who wish to raise vines without loss of time, should plant cuttings taken from vines of known fertility and of the yearling shoots which

with bold eyes, they may be left three or four feet long on each side of the short main stem, but all the buds on the under side of each must be cut away; mulch the ground as before; and in March following fork in the manure.

Bearing Condition of the Vine.-The fourth spring will find the vines in a fruitful state; but previously, the trees prepared for a dwarf fence should be s pruned as to retain but three horizontal branches on each side of the main stems, about eighteen inches asunder, the intermediate branches being cut back to their lowest bold eye beyond the stem. This eve is designed to produce a new shoot, to take the place of the bearing shoot, which, after the fruit is taken, must be cut away. Thus the vine will henceforward produce, year by year, two systems of branches, of which will comprise year-old bearing wood, th other a corresponding series of green wood, which will produce the fruit of the following year. This de scription would almost suffice to elucidate the habits of the vine; yet, to leave no doubt on a subject which involves the entire theory of pruning, it will be understood that this tree bears its fruit solely upon the green shoots of the present year, which spring from the eyes of the pale-brown wood of the previous year. When, therefore, a vine is of age, and has acquired sufficient strength to support a crop of fruit, it will generally be wise to provide a new series of bearing wood every

year, because the fruit of new wood (in the white varieties particularly) is always superior. In this horizontal alternate system for low fences, each new branch may safely be permitted to extend itself at least two joints beyond its predecessor, always remembering to cut back, early in the autumn, to a short distance above a bold eye seated on perfectly ripe wood; for thus the tree will acquire strength and extent at the same time; and experience proves that, in ordinary circumstances, the fertility of a tree should be moderated, and kept below the supporting power.

while the young wood for succeeding crops is allowed to grow without, where, under a brighter sunshine than we enjoy, the wood becomes perfectly ripened, and when the crop is gathered, the old wood, or that which produced fruit this year, is entirely cut out and replaced with the young wood hitherto growing without the pit. Vines are also ripened on the continent by having glass frames placed against the wall on which they grow, about the time the fruit is half or three parts swelled, at which period those glasses are not in use which have been employed in forcing early crops of melons, salads, &c. The solar heat collected by this contrivance ripens the fruit well, and fully matures the wood for the following season. We have it in contemplation, founded upon the success of this mode, which we have often witnessed on the continent with admiration, to erect a portable structure in the new gardens now preparing for his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, at Dalkeith Palace, and of which the following brief description will convey a sufficient idea :-Supposing a south wall, built hollow and heated with hot water (as all our walls are to be), be planted with the early ripening sorts of grapes, late peaches, and some of the best late ripening plums, such as Coe's Golden Drop, &c. The trees not to be excited in spring (which should never be attempted with hot walls), but rather retarded in their blossoming, by keeping the branches as far from the wall as possible till they begin to blossom, at which time they are to be laid in to the wall, and the blossom protected with thin canvass awnings, particularly during night. In July, at which period the roof-sashes of the early The spur system of pruning back the bearing shoot forced peach-houses and vineries will be removed, these annually, may occasionally be adopted with black grapes, are intended to be employed to cover the above wall in and not without advantage; yet the system of yearly the following manner :-A permanent stone curb, twelve renewal leaves the vine at the entire command of the inches high or more (or a wooden plank of the same pruner, and procures large clusters of fruit. The few height will answer as well), is laid along parallel to the remarks above offered enter little into minutiae, but bottom of the wall, and at two feet distance from it. they elucidate general principles; and if applied prac- This curb is furnished with a groove an inch and a tically, will, we believe, lead to improvement in grape-half deep and three inches wide, to receive the bottom growing. We again profess to be much indebted to rail of the sashes, the top rail to run in a corresponding Mr Hoare, and recommend his treatise to every culti-groove, in a batten of wood fixed to permanent brackets vator of the vine.

The trees on the second system of training for high walls must be pruned in a similar manner, and upon corresponding principles. In the autumn of the third year, three out of four branches will be cut down to the lowest bold eye, and a few vertical shoots, from thirty inches to a yard apart, will remain; and these also must be pruned to a strong eye situated on mature wood. This system will furnish new bearing-wood every year, increasing in length as the power of the tree augments; while, also, the low horizontal stems will extend gradually in due proportion. At first one, or at most two bunches, must be permitted to remain upon each upright branch. In the fifth season, a greater crop may be taken, always, however, remembering to restrict the fertility of the vine; for by so doing, its vegetating power will keep in the advance, till, in the end, the entire fence will be filled with vigorous branches, annually renewed, from which a very heavy crop may be gathered, without tasking the vine in any degree that shall produce debility.

The fruit of the vine grows in clusters or bunches, as many, perhaps, as a hundred grapes in the bunch. It is not desirable that so many should cluster together, for, when numerous, they are apt to be very small, and to be so compact in the mass, that those within do not ripen. Bunches with many grapes, therefore, should be thinned, by clipping out those of the smallest size, which will allow the others to grow to the proper dimensions. In very many instances, grapes grown on walls in gardens are spoiled by vermin, the interstices in the bunches being often filled with spider's webs and insects of different kinds. All this is a result of carelessness in not keeping the walls clean, and pruning and otherwise attending to the bunches. As a preventive, let the walls in winter be lime-washed, including all branches of the vines, and take some pains to remove all vermin which appear in the fruit season.

near the top of the wall, the distance between the top and bottom grooves to be equal to the length of the sashes, the bottom rail of each sash to be furnished with two brass rollers, to facilitate their movement. The glasses, it will thus appear, will stand perpendicular to the wall, and at two feet from it, and ventilation and the necessary operations of pruning, gathering, &c., can be carried on from without, the lights being made to pass each other in the grooves, as in the manner of what is called barrack windows. The concentration of solar heat in August, September, and October, with the power of applying fire-heat by means of the hot-water pipes in the walls, which may be safely used as soon as the glasses are put, will not only ripen our best autumn fruits, but also mature the wood and buds for succeeding crops. Grapes and plums may be prolonged by this mode, we think, till Christmas, or indeed until the glasses be required to be again put on the early forcinghouses; and our finest Flemish pears, late peaches, and nectarines, which do not often ripen well in England, on the open walls, and never in Scotland, will be brought to the highest perfection. Hot walls we have long ago proved to be of little or no value in spring, but their efficacy in autumn no one can doubt, and their utility will be greatly increased by having this covering of glass before them."

Forcing Of the growing of vines in hot-houses or vineries, it is not our intention to speak; but for the class of persons whom we address, the following account of a method for forcing vines in humble edifices, given by Mr M'Intosh, in the "Orchard," seems so suitable, that we take leave to offer it :-" In many parts of the continent, and even in some few instances in this country, vines are forced in very humble edifices. The Dutch, Flemings, and Germans use pits, often not ex- For information respecting the construction and ceeding three or four feet in depth. These are some-management of hot-houses and green-houses, we refer times heated by dung or tan being placed within them, to Loudon's " Encyclopedia of Gardening," also to the which give out a mild, humid heat, serviceable to the beautiful works of Mr M'Intosh (Orr & Co., London). vine while the buds are breaking; and this, with the proper husbanding of the solar heat by judicious ventilation, is often found sufficient to produce ripe grapes at an early period. Other instances occur of such pits being heated by a smoke flue, to which very moderate fires are applied. But what is most novel in these pits is, the vines being planted outside-the wood that is to produce the fruit is trained under the glass within,

MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS.

The following are fruits which cannot be strictly ranked among the preceding classes, and are grown almost exclusively in gardens of a high order :

The Fig.

The fig-tree is a delicate exotic like the grape-vine,

| to remain; and these grow three or four years, an i are then cut down within a few inches of the groun From the stems several strong shoots are produce 1, which, in the second year after cutting down, are generally shortened by one-third of their length. Regular figure and an open head are procured by placing a small hoof within the branches, to which the shoots are fastened at regular distances. In the third year, as the bush approaches maturity, short shoots (spurs spring from the eyes, and are suffered to grow till the autumn, when they are cut back nearly to their origin, whilst, also, the leading shoots of the previous year are shortened two-thirds.

and great care is required to bring crops of the fruit to maturity in the open air. There are many kinds of the fig-tree, but the greater number are adapted to culture only under glass. The following are four excellent kinds :-The Brown Ischia; fruit large, rather globular; brown pulp; purplish-red; very rich in flavour, and melting; ripens in August. Brown Naples; colour brown without and within; a hardy fruitful tree. The Large Blue or Purple Fig, like the Brown Naples, ripens about August. It is one of the best fig-trees; fruit long, and of regular figure; pulp red; of rich and fine flavour. Lee's Perpetual Bearer, which is well qualified for gentle forcing in pots. The best soil for fig-trees is a light fresh loam; but the chief essential to In the following spring, several small shoots arise promote fertility is a hard and dry bottom of chalk, from the base of the small branches which were cut gravel, or artificial pavement; a dry substratum and off the preceding autumn, in consequence of the curlittle depth of soil (that is, from one foot to eighteen tailment of the leading trained branches, and upon these inches) are therefore what the gardener must provide, secondary spurs the fruit may be expected; these shouts if he expects to render the trees permanently fruitful. augment in number yearly, insomuch that many mast Culture and Training.-Both are extremely easy. be cast away. The largest are removed; the lesser Rogers says, and very justly-"That the knife is seldom remain, being more fertile in their habit. Many decay wanted" (that is, in shortening; though, from the ex-yearly; but whether they do so or not, those which Lave treme luxuriance of the wood, it is frequently necessary borne filberts are always cut away, and a fresh succesto cut out many entire shoots); "pinching off the points sion provided as future bearers. The leading shoot is of the young shoots during the months of May and June every year shortened two-thirds or more, if the tree with the thumb and finger, is the most effectual prun- be weak, and the whole height of the branches must ing." Mr Knight restricted himself to compressing not exceed six feet. In order to strengthen the tree the points of the green shoots till the substance was as much as possible, the suckers of the roots are erafelt to yield under the finger and thumb, by whichdicated, by exposing the roots, at a moderate distance pressure a check is given to luxuriance, and the milky from the stem, to the frost. The excavation is, in the sap is diverted to the embryo fruit, which lies embedded spring, filled with manure. at the base of each leaf-stalk.

But to secure fruit in due season, the pruner must recollect that, in Italy and the south of Europe, two crops of figs are produced yearly. Those large figs which are seen on fruitful trees here late in summer, are developed in spring, and would ripen early in a warm climate; but our winters check their progress, and generally destroy them. The crop which ripens in August is developed late in the preceding summers, and is extremely minute, almost invisible, in September; it is situated near the terminations of those green shoots which have been pinched or compressed; therefore the large green figs (which have properly been termed sterilising encumbrances) should be displaced by midAugust, and then it will frequently be seen that two minute embryos form in lieu of the one; and these, if the tree be protected, will ripen at the season mentioned. As to protection, it will be proper to unnail and bend down the upper shoots, so as to bring them into moderate compass, then to pass a few straw bands among and across them, and finally to cover the whole with a mat or canvass sheet.

In April, train in, straight and regularly, all the bearing wood; and as the trees grow, suffer the breast wood to curve forward at its pleasure, pinching the points as directed. Not one shoot is to be cut shorter; but if the wood become redundant, some branches which obscure the fruit should be entirely removed, reserving that which will manifestly be fertile, and which can be duly trained in at the regulation of the following spring.

The Filbert.

The filbert is believed to be an improved variety of the common hazel-nut. Both plants are monoecious; that is, they produce male and fruitful blossoms very early in the year on the same tree, but separate from each other: the catkins that become visible in autumn are the males or pollen-bearing flowers: the crimson threads are the pointals of the fertile nut-bearing flowers. As the trees are pruned-spurred, as it is termed-in autumn, care must be taken to reserve a number of catkins, otherwise the crimson pointals will fail to perfect the nuts. The chief varieties of the filbert are the Red-Skinned, the White-Skinned, and the Cob or Barcelona-nut. The following are the methods of culture: -Strong suckers, taken in autumn, are either planted in the nursery, or at once in the places where they are

The crops thus produced are sometimes enormers followed, however, by intervals of barrenness. We have not heretofore adopted the method of pruning, leaving the trees more to the order of nature; but it is riget to try experiments; and when a row of young trees exists, a comparison might readily be obtained, by pruning alternate trees, or one of every three trees, by the "spur-system;" always, however, observing t keep the head of every tree open, and to cut away its upright central leader.

The Mulberry.

The mulberry is a native of Italy, introduced in 1344. The structure of its flowers and fruit is very singular like the nut and filbert, the males are distinct from the females; the latter do not always expand at the same time as the males, and therefore are not fertilised. Ti calyx swells and becomes fleshy; each individual ecstains one or two seeds; and a congeries of these swolen organs form what is supposed to be a single mulberry. There is but one known species of the black mulberry, and this thrives best in loam, of the quality so often named; but the bed ought to be deep, and to rest on a dry sandy subsoil. The fruit sometimes fails; and es this subject Rogers observes, that fertility may depend very much on the warmth of the weather at the time of blossoming, and on the circumstance of both male and female flowers coming forth at the same time, sometimes, also, the male catkins drop before the frustblossoms expand. Williams of Pitmaston suggests that "no tree receives more benefit from the spade and dunghill than the mulberry; it ought therefore to be frequently dug about the roots, and occasionaly assisted with manure." Others consider a velvety piece of turf as the best site; and certainly if the finest frut fall, grass turf must preserve it clean and sound. We have known several old trees on turf never dug or dis turbed, which always bore immense and fine crops; on the other hand, we have seen young trees on dug and enriched ground fail year after year. When the buds expand in this third spring, it is desirable to obta four shoots on each side of the upright stem, and all the shoots that will break from the two horizontals, which latter are to be led upright, and secured as they advance.

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The Silver Fir. This tree, called also the Pitch Fir, displays a greater depth of branches than the other firs and becomes a majestic tree on arriving at full age. In this country the silver firs are only seen as objects of ornament on dressed ground; but how they would answer if planted closely together, and pruned up to form clear butts of timber, is uncertain, this having never, we believe, been tried in these kingdoms. Th quality of the silver fir timber of British growth is yet to be tested. The common silver fir, the balm of Giles, and the hemlock spruce, have been long in our pleasur grounds, but the yew-leaved, Fisher's, Douglas's, and Fraser's double balsam, are only in nurseries or pine preserves.

one of the most important parts of the whole tree. By | North America produces three species of spruce, the a most curious process, not perfectly known to us, the white, red, and black, each esteemed for particular uses crude sap rises through the wood, in the manner just connected with ship-building. described, and is elaborated or prepared into juice of a more nutritious sort, by the leaves. That process, according to some, is effected by means of an alternate contraction and dilatation of the sap-vessels, and, still more, by a respiration, perceptible and imperceptible, in the leaves, and by the action of the atmosphere; but, according to others, it is rather the exhalation from the leaves, than what are properly their respiratory functions, that effects the ascent of the crude sap. It is then converted into proper sap, or cambium, and, being fitted for the nutrition of the whole tree, it descends by the returning vessels of the leaf-stalk, and the longitudinal vessels of the rind or inner bark. At length it reaches the roots, which originally supplied the crude sap itself. This elaborated sap is like human food digested into chyle; and as it forms the only real nourishment of the tree, it becomes apparent that the plant must decay if stripped of its leaves.

Such is an outline of the economy of trees, of which a more minute account has been already given in the sheet on VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES.

In a view of arboriculture, trees may be classified according to their uses; for example-1. Trees which produce straight timber for masts and long planks, as the various tribes of pines. 2. Trees which afford crooked timber for knees or bends in the ribs of ships, &c., as the oak, sweet chestnut, broad-leaved elm, &c. 3. Trees which give tough pieces of timber, as the yew, holly, thorn, ash, hickory, maple, laburnum, &c. 4. Hard-wood trees, as the oak, beech, plane, walnut, box, holly, and yew. 5. Soft-wood trees, as the poplar, large willow lime, horse-chestnut, &c. 6. Wood grown for flexible suckers and spray, to form hoops, baskets, besoms, poles, &c., as the dwarf willow, birch, &c. To these may be added woods of foreign growth, as rosewood, satinwood, and mahogany, which are employed for ornamental purposes.

According to another classification, trees are arranged as of three kinds-resinous, hard-wooded, and softwooded. Those which are resinous are also termed coniferous, from their producing seeds in cones. For the sake of clearness, we will adopt this simple arrangement, confining ourselves to trees which may be propagated in Britain.

Resinous or Coniferous Trees.

There are three tribes of these trees, one of which, the Abiétinæ, has four genera cultivated in the British islands-the Pinus, Abies, Larix, and Cedrus. Of each there are several species, all distinguished by their spicular leaves, their cone-like seed-pods, and their resinous wood. Each may be easily raised in nurseries from seed. The more common species is the

Scotch Pine, or Pinus sylvestris.-This is a tall and generally straight tree, with few branches on the lower part of the stem, the leaf apparatus being confined to the top of the plant, these forming a massive clump. It is indigenous to the Highlands of Scotland; but little that is generally used comes from the forests in that quarter, the greater proportion being imported from the north of Europe, where a variety of it attains great perfection. For strong beams and spars required by house-builders, this timber is exceedingly suitable; but for smoothness and whiteness of fibre, it is excelled by a tree of much inferior strength-the Canadian pine (pinus resinosa). On account of the heavy import duties levied on foreign pine, much of Canadian timber is employed in its stead, being thus devoted to purposes for which its properties no way qualify it.

Spruce Firs.-These are a well-known genus (Abies) of the Conifere, the more common being the Norway fir, a tree which attains great height, but no great bulk, and furnishes white deal and spars of inferior size; it is also very suitable for masts and poles of all kinds.

The Larch. Of this valuable genus there are seveni species grown in Britain and other countries; the mam common is the larix europea. The larch is the met beautiful in figure of any of this class of trees; shos ing straight up, its elegant stem, tapering to a point, a furnished with pendulous branches, ornamented with delicate drooping spray. Its qualities are rapid growth, flexibility, and durability in situations between wet and dry, a circumstance perhaps attributable to the quas tity of resin in its fibre. In many parts of the country it is gradually superseding the common fir, over wach it possesses a great superiority in point of ornamental effect.

The Cedar Larch. This tree is remarkable for a long horizontal and often crooked branches, and the great mass of dark green spicular foliage with whah it is covered. It is a native of the mountains of Liban and other high adjacent regions, where it attains grist bulk, and grows to a very long age. From its so aspect, it forms a suitable accompaniment to cemeterm or ecclesiastical buildings, and also for sequestered giem in mountain scenery, or for extensive lawns.

Hard-Wooded Trees.

In this class are included a large number of tree, with which every one is familiar. The list embraces the oak, ash, elm, beech, chestnut, walnut, comes a sycamore, mountain ash, whitebeam, acacia, birch, 4 cherry, Scotch laburnum, holly, bazel, box, elder, ba thorn, and yew. The following are tire principal:

The Oak. This tree (the quercus of Linna-us) is most valuable of all the timber trees grown in Britam not only because it is a hardy native, but for the ma important purposes to which its durable timber, its tringent bark, and even its nutritious fruit, are arg cable; and, moreover, for the delight which it gives the eye in sylvan landscapes, the oak being the m picturesque tree of the forest, when it has arrived its mature age and form.

There are two sorts in our woods, whether natura. v planted-namely, the stalkless, and the stalked-fruit, one of which may be only a variety of the other. T former is said to be the old Druidical British or L oak, though the latter is more frequently met with especially in woods which have been planted in rem ages by the hand of man. The latter, or stalked-frut-t is also of quicker growth, and is altogether what ma! be called a more elegant tree when full-grown. The quality of the timber of both, when any differeneS observable, is more owing to the difference of and they have grown on, perhaps, than to any specific differes." of the trees.

Besides these two common sorts, which are nativu there are thirteen other species which are exotic namely, the willow-leaved, the evergreen, ash-lea vy cile-cupped; ilex, of which there are six shru varieties; chestnut-leaved, scarlet, velanida, b Italian, durmast, Luccombe, and the Turkey, of whi there are four varieties. This last is a fine free-g ing tree, and deserves a place in every plantation. T other exotics are chiefly planted for ornamental peri poses, not being yet considered as foresters.