where some scientific gentlemen undertook to educate him, with the view, if possible, of ascertaining his method, which they never did, as he is yet unable to put it in words-he was eleven years of age, and could, in a mialgebra, without writing down a figure. He was presented to Mr Combe, along with two other boys, all three strangers to him, one deficient in arithmetical power, and another clever at school in that line. Mr Combe at once pointed out the deficient and the good arithmetician; and, by the largest organ of the three, without difficulty decided that the third was George Bidder. The case of Zhero Colburn, detailed by Dr Gall, was a striking one, but less so than Bidder's; casts of both are in the Museum of the Phrenological Society in Edinburgh. Neither of these young men turned out more than ordinary geometricians. In Hum boldt, brother of the traveller, the organ and power are both great. The negative evidence is also strong there are individuals in whom the organ is small, and who find great difficulty in mental calculation. Some have been utterly unable to learn the multiplication table.

for the moment-in order to be in a particular place, to enable us to find or go to that place. There is another relation, namely, that between ourselves and the place. Hence the use of the points of the compass, which are the means of determining the direction of places in re-nute or two, answer the most complicated questions in lation to ourselves and these places. The organ is large in those who find their way easily, and vividly remember places in which they have been. It materially aids the traveller, and is supposed to give a love for travelling. The organ was large in Columbus, Cook, Park, Clarke, and other travellers. Geometricians, whose study is the relation of spaces, have the organ large as was the case with Kepler, Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Newton. The faculty, when active, prompts the individuals to localise every thing, and think of it as in its place. One glance at a paragraph or advertisement in a newspaper fixes its place in their minds, so that they will turn over the largest and most voluminous newspaper, and know in what column, and part of a column, they will find it; or direct others to do so. Many public speakers make use of the faculty by connecting their topics with places; and those who have written their speeches, remember the pages, or parts of pages, where particular parts of their discourse are noted down. Indeed, the word topic is derived from the Greek topos, a place; hence, too, the word common-place subjects. A person with the faculty powerful, will go in the dark to find what he wants, and will find it if in its place. Skilful chess-players invariably have the organ of Locality large, and it is believed that it is the organ of which they make the principal use; for it gives the power of conceiving, before making a move, the effect of new relative positions of the pieces. Migratory birds are believed to be directed by this organ; and animals, like dogs, and, it is said, cats-which, after being carried far from home, contrive, to the astonishment of every one, to reappear there, however distant. We refer to the Phrenological Journal (vol. vii. p. 317) for an amusing instance of a temporary suspension of the power of using the faculty of Locality, which will perhaps better explain the nature and use of that power than much abstract description.*

No. 28-Number.

Some savage tribes are unable to count above thirty or fifty. Humboldt particularises the Chaymas of South America, who, with an expression of great mental labour, can reach these numbers; and it is curious that Humboldt remarked that the external angles of their eyes are turned up, instead of down, as they are when the organ is large. The Greenland tribes can reach twenty, by the aid of their ten fingers and ten toes. The inferior animals, there cannot be a doubt, possess this faculty. A dog was accustomed to be fed by successive small pieces thrown to him. He went away satisfied when he had received the full tale, but not one morsel sooner. Magpies, it is said, count three. Dupont de Nemours asserts that they count nine.

The organ is often found in a state of diseased acti vity; and when the other faculties were dormant, it has been known to perform most difficult arithmetical and algebraical feats. Mr Combe saw a patient in the Lunatic Asylum in Newcastle, in whom he observed: very large organ of Number, and was informed by the resident surgeon that he was perpetually employed in figures. The organ is established.

No. 29.-Order.

The organ of this faculty is placed at the outer extremity of the eyebrows and angle of the eye. It occasions, when large, a fullness or breadth of the temple, and often draws downwards the external corner of the The organ of this faculty is placed in the eyebrow, eye. When it is small, the part is flat and narrow between Colouring and Number, and is large and pro between the eye and the temple. Their number is a minent, and often pointed like a limpet-shell, in those very important relation or condition of things, and who are remarkable for love of method, arrangement, requires a distinct perceptive power. Our safety, and and symmetry, and are annoyed by confusion and irreeven existence, may depend on a clear perception of gularity. The marked love of order in some persons, Number. Dr Gall called the faculty" Le Sens de Nom- and their suffering from disorder, are feelings which bres," ""The Sense of Numbers," and assigned to it not no other faculty, or combination of faculties, seems to only arithmetic, but mathematics in general. Dr Spurz- embrace. Several cases are mentioned in the phrenolo heim more correctly limits its functions to arithmetic, gical books, where it characterised idiots, deficient in algebra, and logarithms; geometry being the exercise, almost every other faculty. An idiot girl in Edinburgh as already shown, of other faculties. Dr Gall first ob- would not enter her brother's room, which was always served the organ in a boy of nine years of age, near in confusion; and Dr Spurzheim mentions the Sauvage Vienna, who could multiply and divide, mentally, in de l'Aveyron, who replaced every thing instinctively less time than expert arithmeticians could do with their which others, often purposely to try him, disarranged. pencils, ten or twelve by three figures. Dr Gall adds, Mr L., a late medical gentleman in Edinburgh, was "he had created his own method." An advocate of remarkable for the organ and its manifestation. He Vienna regretted to Dr Gall that his son was so much was pointed in his engagements for the faculty gives engrossed with calculating, that he attended to nothing this important habit-neat and careful in his writings, else. Dr Gall compared the heads of these two boys, regular in his accounts, precise in his dress, and cleanly and found no particular resemblance but in one place in his person; the last-mentioned habit being likewise -that described above-where they exactly agreed. one manifestation of order. The faculty was hereditary Dr Gall then went to noted arithmeticians-among in that gentleman; for his father was so precise in them an author of tables of logarithms-and found the his arrangements, that on one occasion, having put his same organisation. Many other examples will be found penknife into a wrong pocket, he would not for some in the phrenological books; and the organ is easily time be persuaded to try any other than what he held observed in nature. The most wonderful arithmetical to be the right one. He yielded, however, at last, and prodigy yet known to phrenologists is George Bidder, was much disconcerted when he found the unwontedly now a civil engineer. When quite a child, and with- misplaced article. In savages, whose habits are slovenly, out any instruction, he showed an extraordinary talent filthy, and disgusting, like the Esquimaux, the organ is for mental calculation. When he came to Edinburgh-small. When we consider the abridgment and facilita * Reprinted in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 506.

tion of our labour which result from arrangement, wo

can see a purpose in the endowment of this faculty. | municable through the eye, and by touch, quite as much

this organ, which is situated in the super-orbitar plate, lates the knowing organs into action, when spectral illu immediately over the eyeball, and when large, pushes | sions are the consequence. We promised to return to the eye outwards, and sometimes downwards, producing, in the latter case, a wrinkling or pursing of the lower eyelid. There is no fluent speaker deficient in this organ. There is some doubt of the faculty giving the power of learning languages, and the spirit of languages in philology; the prevailing opinion is, that the faculty of Language has less to do with this power than Individuality, Imitation, and some other faculties. Learning the words and structure of other languages is quite a different thing from applying our own to express our thoughts.

the subject, and submit this as the proper place, after having concluded our analysis of the Knowing Organs Mr Simpson has given much attention to this subject In a paper furnished by him to the Phren. Journa (vol. ii. p. 294, and several other confirmatory commun cations), he has succeeded in clearing up the mystery of apparitions, which have so long terrified mankind and in doing so, has at the same time furnished the most pointed evidence of the distinctive functions of the organs situated along the eyebrows-organs so much doubted, because of their small size, although chemist None of the organs have been better proved to be and naturalists have to distinguish much smaller, ofter primitive, by diseased manifestation, than this. The microscopic, objects. A young lady, known to M instances are numerous of persons losing the power Simpson, and mentioned in the phrenological books by of finding words for their thoughts, and recovering it the initials of S. L., lived in indescribable horrors for again; and in many of these cases, the brain in the above a year, in consequence of the visits of the spectra organ, when examined after death, has been found dis- forms of persons and other objects, and the perception eased. Pain in the region often accompanies the loss of bright lights, brilliant colours, music, and other illu of appropriate speech, in plague, yellow and typhus sions. At the time of these false perceptions, as w fever. But we must refer, for further information on stated when treating of the organ of Weight and the this interesting subject, to the works on phrenology, sense of Resistance, she lost the power of preserving especially Mr Combe's System (4th Edition, p. 542). her balance, and saw perpendiculars and horizon Mr W. A. F. Browne, Medical Superintendant of the tals at other angles. She complained of sharp pai Dumfries Lunatic Asylum (lately of the Montrose), when her visitants appeared to her; and although has enriched the subject (Phren, Journal, vol. ix.) by ignorant of phrenology, and even the situation of the classing the cases of disease, either in involuntary acti- organs, she put her finger and thumb, when aske vity or deprivation of this faculty, which have come where she felt the pain, to the organs of Form and In under his own observation-such as rapidity of volun- dividuality. For several weeks, these were the site o tary and involuntary utterance, partial loss and total her pain exclusively; and then the figures which ap loss of memory of words, loss of perception of the re-peared to her were forms without colour, resembling lation of words to things. Mr Browne has had patients as she stated, cobweb. Here plainly was Form active who have, for many years, spoken with unknown but Colouring dormant. Some weeks after this, he tongues; thereby explaining a recent exhibition in this objects became naturally coloured, and the pain ex country of insane fanaticism. Mr Browne's work on tended along the eyebrows, including the organ o Insanity is an invaluable contribution to this subject. Colouring. Embracing, as the progress did, Size, he Dr William Gregory observed, that taking morphia illusions referable to that organ in morbid activity wer produced in himself loss of control over the faculty of singular; she saw objects sometimes gigantic, some Language, so that he could not stop speaking. He times dwarfish, and even minute. The pain proceedin concluded that that medicine acted on the anterior lobe onwards along the whole eyebrows, Order and Numbe of the brain, especially the convolutions of Language. became affected, and her visiters came in great num (Phren. Journal, vol. viii. p. 161). Some intoxicated bers and most annoying confusion, so that sometime persons are more talkative than when sober, pouring they seemed to tumble into her apartment like a cas out mere words without meaning. Dr Gregory en- cade, a confused mass of persons, limbs, heads, & treats phrenological medical men to note the effect Her apparitions began at last to speak to her, and he of different medicines on the faculties, as a possible terrors were much aggravated. It was probable tha source of valuable light. Dr Otto of Copenhagen, the organs of Language and Tune became affected physician to the King of Denmark, read a paper to for she often heard bands and choruses of music. W the Phrenological Association, which met in London in may add, that she was greatly relieved when the tre June 1841, on this subject. (See Phrenological Journal, nature of her spectres was explained to her. In tim vol. xiv. p. 288). The inferior animals communicate the affection left her entirely. with their kind by, to them, intelligible language; and the dog, the elephant, the cat, even the horse, can be made to comprehend words, otherwise there would be no use in talking to them. How well a dog that wishes to walk out with its master, understands and disrelishes, "Go home, sir!" This organ large, with its corresponding manifestation, in a companion of Gall, first suggested phrenology. It is established.

Internal Excitement of the Knowing Organs.-
Spectral Illusions.

The Knowing Organs are for the most part called into activity by external objects, such as forms, colours, sounds, individual things, &c. ; but internal causes often excite them, and when they are in action objects will be perceived which have no external existence, and which, nevertheless, the individual will believe to be real. This is the explanation of visious, spectres, and ghosts, and at once explains the firm belief of many that they have appeared to them, and the fact that it never happens that two persons see the same spectres at the same time. The Marquis de Villa did not see Tasso's familiar spirit, although sitting beside him when he declared it appeared to himself. We formerly remarked, when treating of Wonder, that excess or disease in that organ predisposes the patient to believe in the marvellous and supernatural, and probably stimu

It is likely that the proximate cause of these morb manifestations was an undue determination of blood t the region of the head where the knowing organs a situated. Nicolai, the bookseller of Berlin, when sui ject to the same disease, applied leeches along the ey brows; and as the leeches filled the illusions vanishe becoming fainter and fainter. Such are often the slig causes, revealed by science, of important and otherwi bewildering effects. The mysteries of the Engi Opium-Eater have been made plain by the case Miss S. L. He saw faces in millions, insufferable light brilliant colours, &c.; and, as we have stated whe treating of the organ of Weight, he lost the sensatio of support or resistance, and seemed to fall millions miles. Mr John Hunter, the anatomist, whom mentioned as having something like that horrible se sation, likewise suffered from illusions of Size a Weight, his leg often extending, as he thought, ma miles in length, and having the weight of a mounta Many persons suffering from the same cause, and e periencing the same effects, have communicated the cases to the Phrenological Journal, since the public tion of those above mentioned.

GENUS III.-REFLECTIVE FACULTIES.

The Intellectual Faculties already considered, give knowledge of objects, and the qualities and relations

objects, also of the changes they undergo, or events. The two remaining faculties, according to Dr Spurzbeim, "act on all the other sensations and notions;" that is, they judge of the relations of different ideas or rasses of ideas produced by the Knowing Faculties. They minister to the direction and gratification of all the other faculties, and constitute what by excellence as called reason, in other words, reflection.

No. 34.-Comparison.

Causality. With a powerful perception of causation, the individual reasons from cause to effect by logical or necessary consequence. It is the faculty which sees principles and acts upon them, while the other two faculties only try experiments. Resource in difficulties, and sound judgment in life, are the result of powerful Causality. Dr Thomas Brown came very near the phrenological division of the intellectual faculties into Knowing and Reflecting, when he distinguished them into powers of simple suggestion and relative suggestion. Causality existing as a faculty gives powerful aid to the natural argument for the existence of God. Causality desiderates a cause, and goes upwards to a First Cause, as that which must exist; else the faculty in man has no legitimate object, and was bestowed in vain. This proof, added to that drawn from the existence of the faculty of Veneration for the adoration of the First Cause, as traced by Causality, constitutes an immense addition to the argument for the existence of God from the light of nature; and when yet further fortified by the existence of faculties in man of Benevolence and Justice, which necessarily imply a benevolent and just Creator, phrenology may be said to have been a contributor to the evidence of the highest and holiest of truths, the existence and attributes of the Most High. The organ is established.

Adaptation of the External World to the Intellectual Faculties

of Man.

Dr Gall discovered the organ of this faculty in a man science, who reasoned chiefly by means of analogies and comparisons, and rarely by logical deductions. He nstrated every thing, and carried his opponent along with him with a flood of resemblances, concluding that Le thing disputed must be true, being like so many kings that are known to be true. In his head was a Less in the form of a reversed pyramid, just in the dle of the upper part of the forehead. The alty perceives analogies and resemblances. Every alty can compare its own objects. Colouring can epare colours; Weight weights; Form forms; The sounds; but Comparison can compare a colour wh a note, or a form with a weight, &c. Analogy a comparison not of things but of their relaThe Saviour, for example, in his parental strophe, does not compare Jerusalem with himself two objects; but compares the relation of a hen aber chickens covered with her wings, with the relaof his own benevolent feelings towards that devoted We quote the following passage from Mr Combe's 1. In doing this, he addressed the faculty of Com-System (4th Edition, p. 593):-"The human mind and son in his hearers. It is constantly addressed in the external world having emanated from the same ripture by similies, parables, allegories, and all kinds Creator, ought, when understood, to be found wisely analogies. As the faculty deals in these, and in illus-adapted to each other; and this accordingly appears in rations in general, it forms the great power of the an eminent degree to be the case. If the reader will ular orator. Dr Spurzheim thought that the faculty direct his attention to any natural or artificial object, perceives difference. Mr Scott dissents from this, and aud consider, 1st, its existence; 2d, its form; 3d, its ributes that function to the faculty of Wit. The pre-size; 4th, its weight; 5th, its locality or relation in space fundamental function of the faculty is yet contro- to other objects; 6th, the number of its parts; 7th, the ted. Mr Hewet Watson (Phrenological Journal, order or physical arrangement of its parts; 8th, the 1. p. 168) argues ingeniously that it is the percep- changes which it undergoes; 9th, the periods of time of conditions, of the condition in which objects exist. which these require (we would add here, its soundbe young man dies." Man is cognised by Individu- producing quality or sonorousness, as quite different -his act of dying by Eventuality; but neither the from all those enumerated); 10th, the analogies and difnor the other of these can take notice of his con- ferences between the individual object under consion, as being young; and as it requires the adjective deration and other objects; 11th, the effect which it alify a condition, Comparison is the adjective faculty, produces; and, lastly, if he will designate this assemIndividuality is the noun, and Eventuality the verb blage of ideas by a name, he will find that he has ty. Mr Combe thinks there is soundness in Mr obtained a tolerably complete notion of the object." alson's speculation, and that it is really conditions we We may add, that the relations between the affective compare the condition, for example, of the hen faculties or feelings of man and the moral world are Ering her chickens with that of the Saviour gather- not less harmonious; and demonstrate design in a Jerusalem under his metaphorical wings. As the manner altogether irresistible. an of analogies, similitudes, and comparison of ideas, fa established.

No. 35.-Causality.

This is the highest and noblest of the intellectual ers, and is the last in the phrenological analysis of faculties. Dr Spurzheim so named it, from observing it traces the connexion between cause and effect, sees the relation of ideas to each other in respect ecessary consequence. Its organs are situated on side of Comparison. Some metaphysicians have id that we have no idea of cause, but see only sequence, one thing following another. It is true that we do sequence. When, for example, fire is put to gunder, Individuality perceives the existence of the der and of the match; Eventuality sees the motion wach unites them, and the change or event which takes ase in the explosion; but we have a third idea, namely, that of power, agency, or efficiency, existing in some ay in the cause, to produce the effect. Whence do ve get this third idea from a third or distinct faculty, and that is Causality. We are just as little entitled, by means of Causality, to deny the perceptions of IndiFiduality and Eventuality, which the celebrated Bishop Berkeley did, who denied the existence of a material world, as by these last to deny the conclusions of

Relation between the Functions and the Structure of the Brain.

In the introduction to his translation of that part of Dr Gall's work on the Physiology of the Brain which treats of the functions of the cerebellum, Mr Combe has stated the result of certain observations of his own, which tend to confirm as true the allotment of function to the different regions of the brain, which has been ascertained by phrenologists. An accumulation of facts, which amounts to proof more cogent than is to be found in regard to any other physical truth, has connected with the anterior lobes of the brain the Intellectual Faculties, and with the middle and posterior lobes, the Feelings. The Intellectual Faculties constitute the WILL of man, and in obedience to the will are the voluntary motions. But the feelings, when in activity, as is well known, have certain involuntary motions connected with them. Now, the spinal cord has two columns, the one, the anterior, observed to produce motion, and therefore called the motory tract; and the other to produce sensation, and therefore called the sensory tract. These two tracts join the brain by what is called the medulla oblongata; and here a most striking distinction takes place. The motory tract alone communicates with the anterior lobes, in which, in the intellectual organs, resides the will.' Hence, in volun