The advancement in the physical relations, requires the enactment and execution of laws calculated to improve the physical condition, and temporal welfare, of the whole community, and of each individual, both with respect to the mind and body.

7. A journal, therefore, whose object is the civil progress of a community, must suggest and advocate the enactment and enforcement of laws and regulations, necessary to the protection and observance of the civil, moral, and physical rights and duties of the members of a community, and to the advancement of their temporal welfare.

8. And behold here, open to our view, the immense field of a journalist. Since the three objects of human literature, viz: to inform, please, and persuade, for the purpose of promoting the civil condition of a community, rightly belong to a journal; it results, by a rigid logical conclusion, that every topic conducive to that purpose, is within the limits of its province.

(7.) What, then, must a journal advocate, for the progress of a civil community?

(8.) What topics rightly belong to a journalist, according to the remote object of journalism?

9.

Hence it follows, that the restriction of the press, within the limits of its proper sphere, as well as the prohibition of the exercise of the natural right of expressing its opinions, according to its own inward convictions, are unjust, and detrimental to the civil progress of a community.

10. The progress of civilization in this country, where the rightful liberty of the press has been allowed, is so plain, as only to require a glance at the wonders of progress, in art and science, which meet the eye everywhere, in order to be soon convinced of it.

11. The progress in knowledge, made by the people in this country, on account of the freedom of the press, cannot be sufficiently estimated; except, by comparison with other ages and countries, in which the exercise of that right was, or is interdicted; whence it follows, again, as a legitimate conclusion, that opposition to the freedom of the press, signifies, opposition to the

(9.) If all kinds of topics rightly belong to a journalist, by reason of the object, is it, then, right to impose a restriction on the press, in that which is lawful?

(10.) What is the progress of civilization in this country, where the freedom of the press is allowed?

(11.) How can the progress in knowledge, made by the people of the United States, be estimated?

civil progress, and temporal welfare, of human society.

12. The press, in this modern era, has become, for the great masses of the people, the quickest conveyance to civil, moral, and physical instruction; just as the telegraph is the speediest vehicle of news. Without the aid of a teacher, the illiterate and ignorant receives his daily lessons in political economy, in literature, science, and art, by reading his morning or evening paper. From a scholar, he soon becomes a master; and though he wonders at first, in reading of a discovery; yet, his genius, being once awaked, soon outvies the first discoverer by a more astounding invention, in the same kind of art.

13. Such being the objects and subjects of a journal, it is not difficult to find the qualities which it must have, and which must be carefully attended to, by the journalist.

When the object is to inform the public, concerning daily events, the qualities of historical narrations, viz perspicuity, probability, and

(12.) Show what medium of instruction is the press, for the

masses of the people?

(13.) What qualities must be studied in a journal, when the object is to inform ?

sometimes moral certainty, must be diligently studied.

When the object is to please, the qualities of graphical descriptions-of which we shall speak in the fifth part-must be well observed.

When the object is to persuade, the qualities of an argumentative discourse-which will be expounded in the third book—must be closely followed.

When the object is complex; as in letters, essays, and criticisms, the qualities and principles, relative to those subjects of composition, must be entirely observed.

14. The style of a journal must be adapted to the subject and object; and since it embraces all classes of subjects, simple, middle, and sublime; also the triple object of a writer, to-wit: to inform, please, and persuade; it follows, that the style of a journal may likewise be simple, middle, and sublime.

15. The order to be followed in writing a journal, must be according to the nature of the subject, comprised within its scope. Thus, sub

What, when the object is to please, or to persuade, or it is complex?

(14.) What must be the style of a journal?

(15.) What order is to be followed in writing a journal?

jects of information may form the first department; subjects, which regard persuasion, the second department; and subjects, which relate to amusements, may constitute the third dedepartment. These generic subjects may be subdivided into particular heads; and arranged in a proper order, according either to their importance, or to the time and place in which they have occurred, or will occur. A systematical division of the subjects in a newspaper is necessary, not only to the beauty of composition; but also to the proper guidance of the reader.

16. Final Remarks. From the brief exposition of the nature, object, and subject of a journal, it is manifest, that the task of compiling a journal is not an easy one; and the qualities required in a journalist are not of the common order. A journalist must be, in a certain manner, an encyclopedist-a person versed in all the branches of science and art; a thorough politician and literary man; an acute critic; a theoretical and practical man; a master of his lan

(16.) Is the task of writing a journal easy?

What must be the qualities of a journalist?

What must be the end, guide, and light, of a journalist, for a safe course?

What will be the reward of an honest and impartial journalist?