5. Since biography is a species of history, it follows, that its qualities and rules, also the criterions which must guide the writer and the reader of a biography, are the same as those assigned for history.

6. The principal object of the writer of a biography, is the information of posterity, respecting the life and deeds of a noted person, worthy of recollection.

7. It follows, therefore, that a biographer must be strictly impartial; he must relate the facts of a person in their simple reality, after having tested them by the rules of critique. He must neither falsely color, nor extenuate their truth, nor indulge in long comments.

The

biographer must bear in mind that he is a reporter, and the public is the judge; upon whom, therefore, the duty devolves of passing a verdict of praise or censure upon a person, according to the evidence submitted of his actions.

... 8. Biographers who transcend their duties;

(5.) What must be the qualities, rules, and criterions, of biography?

(6.) What is the object of a biographer?

(7.) What must be the principal quality of a biographer?

How must he relate the facts of a person?

office of a biographer?

What is the

Whose duty is it to praise, or censure, a person's life?

and still more, they, who palliate, exaggerate, or violate truth, for the sake of flattery, or other ignoble motive, do generally obtain their deserts; viz: contempt of the person they flatter or slander, if living; and the execration of posterity. Truth is of divine origin, and her fellowship, though, perhaps, not agreeable to lovers of flattery and deception, is highly honorable, and praiseworthy, and will ever command respect and admiration; even from enemies.

9. It is, therefore, a source of deep mortification to find, that many ancient and modern biographers, of high dignitaries and favorite friends, instead of honoring truth, have slavishly courted flattery, prompted thereto by unworthy considerations. Thus, instead of erecting a monument to truth, as they falsely imagined, by relating the lives of their heroes, they tore down its beautiful temple; but, by a just retribution of Providence, even in literary matters, their reputation, as truthful writers, was crushed and buried under its ruins.

(8.) What is the reward of biographers who court flattery, or other base motive?

Is adherence to truth honorable?

(9.) What is a source of deep regret, in ancient and modern times?

What reputation have false biographers obtained?

10. The order and praxis to be followed by a biographer, is similar to that laid down for historical narrations. He must make a sketch of the life of the person, respecting whom he intends to write. For this purpose, he must select all the facts worthy of notice, and such other events as are connected with the person's life, and will be interesting to the reader. He must range them in proper order, which is generally that of time; beginning with the date of his birth. The points must be noted concisely in the sketch, and marked by numbers, so that their accuracy in statement, order, and time, may be better observed, before passing to their development and amplification. The biographer will then proceed to amplify them in a pleasing style, according to the manner shown in the general praxis of composition, and in the particular one concerning historical narrations. The work of composition being finished, the writer will analyze and criticise it, according to the rules of analysis of composition in general, and the principles and rules of history in particular.

11. The third example adduced on the subject of historical narrations, viz: "THE LIFE OF

(10.) What is the order and praxis to be followed in a biography?

(11.) Can you illustrate, by example, the style of a biography?

ABRAHAM LINCOLN," by Bancroft, may serve as an illustration of the style of biography.

ARTICLE V.

OF JOURNALISM: ITS DEFINITION, OBJECT, SUBJECT, UTILITY AND QUALITIES.

1. A Journal, in a general sense, "is a record of daily events;" in a particular sense, "is a record of daily events respecting a civil community."

2. The object of a journal is double-immediate or close, and mediate or remote.

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3. The close or immediate object of a journal is triple-to inform, please, and persuade. Of these, the principal one is to inform the members of a community of the facts which daily occur, within and without its limits.

4. In former times, the object of a journal was simply that of information; hence, it was confined merely to the chronicling of some important events, for the sake of preserving their

(1.) What is a journal, in a general and particular sense? (2.) How manifold is the object of a journal?

(3.) How is the close or immediate object of a journal subdi

vided?

(4.) What was the object of a journal, in former times?

memory to future times; and constituted a very imperfect chronicle, in comparison with modern journals.

5. The remote, or mediate object of a journal is the civil progress of the community, or section, where the paper, or journal is published.

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6. Civil progress consists in the advancement of the social state of a community in its civil, moral, and physical relations, by the enactment and execution of appropriate laws."

The advancement of a community in its civil relations, requires the framing and execution of laws necessary to the maintenance of the civil rights, and duties, of every member of the community.

The advancement in the moral relations, requires the passage, and enforcement of laws necessary to the maintenance of certain moral rights and duties, assigned by nature, to the individuals of human society.

(5.) What is the remote, or mediate object, of a journal? (6.) In what does civil progress consist?

What is required for the advancement of a community, in its civil relations?

What, for the advancement in its moral relations?

What, for the advancement in its physical relations, and general welfare?