ism. At each of these several Fellows and tutors of colleges are avowed Socialists and members of Socialist organizations. Socialist lectures have been given in several colleges. The "Toynbee Hall Settlement" is sustained by university graduates who are mostly Socialists. Several recent publications from the universities are strongly Socialistic in character. The old a priori individualism is abandoned. "No professor ever founds any argument, whether in defence of the rights of property or otherwise, upon the inherent right of the individual to his own physical freedom and to the possession of such raw material as he has made his own by expending personal effort upon. 'The first step must be to rid our minds of the idea that there are any such things in social matters as abstract rights.' . . . The whole case on both sides is now made to turn exclusively on the balance of social advantage, and practically no individualist axiomata media are allowed to be taken for granted. "1

German universities pay more attention to economics, and more of their professors of political economy are Socialists than in any other country in the world. In Russia the ranks of the Nihilists, the future Socialists, are recruited principally from the youths in the schools.

It is pointed out by all writers on the social problem in Russia that her universities and higher schools are the chief centres of Socialistic influence.

These are important facts. When the young men and women that crowd the institutions of learning in Europe and America come forth with the conviction that in the social and industrial evolution capitalism with its antisocial and anti-Christian assumptions respecting capital, contract, and competition, is unjust and inhuman, and already obsolescent, we may reasonably look for a political economy that shall be dynamic, rather than static, practical rather than theoretical, social rather than individual, Christian rather than pagan. For such a science of economics Socialism furnishes the only basis.

1 "Socialism in England: " Publications of the American Economic Association, April, 1889, p. 43.

3. Socialistic publications.

The educational influence of Socialistic publications can be easily under-estimated. The average citizen does not see them, he is not looking for them, and when a list of such publications is brought to his notice he is simply astonished. The volume of these books, newspapers, and pamphlets is increasing both in this country and Europe.

In 1886 thirty-four journals, of which five were daily, representing various phases of Socialism, were disseminating its principles among the people of the United States. The Socialist, started in 1885, claimed to have 3,000 subscribers in its fourth number. The New Yorker Volkszeitung claims to have a circulation of over 30,000. "We have fifty or more papers and magazines unreservedly advocating Nationalism. They are country weeklies, farmers' papers, labor publications, and several daily papers." 1

The Nationalist, a monthly published in Boston by "The Nationalist Educational Association," issued its first number in May, 1889. Within six months 35,000 copies were necessary to supply the demand. Its motto was, "The nationalization of industry and the promotion of the brotherhood of humanity." It was succeeded by the New Nation, a weekly, edited by Edward Bellamy and having.in view the same noble object. While zealous in the advocacy of its principles, the New Nation is temperate in its tone, moderate toward opponents, radically but conservatively progressive, making its strongest appeal to conservative and thoughtful minds, and numbers among its contributors professors, clergymen, philanthropists, and other writers of national reputation. It is exerting a wide influence throughout the nation.

The formation of Nationalist clubs is one of the most extraordinary movements of this generation, and indicates nothing less than a national interest in the cause of Socialism. The first club was formed in December, 1888, and within eighteen months there were no less than one hundred and twenty-eight organized clubs, embracing twentyseven States. The immediate inspiration of these clubs was

1"The Nationalist," December, 1889, p. 39.

Mr. Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward." But the time had come in the progress of Socialistic thought for public expression and organized action, and Mr. Bellamy's great work sounded the call for organization.

The influence of these clubs in spreading a knowledge of Socialistic principles and in winning adherents, composed as they are of the most intelligent and cultivated persons in society, cannot be over-estimated. They may prove a temporary phenomenon in the great social movement; they certainly constitute an epoch in the history of Socialism in the United States, and if they give way it will only be to another and more aggressive method of propaganda.

We have not attempted a complete enumeration of Socialist publications in the United States, but only a general survey which may give us an idea of their influence as an educational force among the people.

In England, Socialistic publications are still more numerous and influential. Mr. Webb calls attention to the following, among other recent publications from the universities: Professor Karl Pearson's "The Ethics of Free Thought," a collection of Socialist essays; "Darwinism and Politics," by D. G. Ritchie, M.A.; "The Moral Function of the State" by the same author; Schaeffle's "Quintessence of Socialism," translated by Bernard Bosanquet, M.A.

Justice is a weekly paper published in London and having a larger circulation than any other Socialist paper. The Commonweal, another weekly, is the organ of the Socialist League. Among the more important issues of the Social Democratic Federation are "Socialism Made Plain" (seventy-first thousand); "The Socialist Catechism," by J. L. Joynes, M.A. (twentieth thousand); Mr. Hyndman's "A Commune for London," and "The Emigration Fraud;" "The Principles of Socialism," by Hyndman and Morris; Prince Krapatkine's "Appeal to the Young;" and Karl Marx's "Wage, Labor, and Capital."

We shall not attempt to give a complete list of the Socialistic publications in England. Their name is legion. The same is true of the Socialistic press in Germany. The Encyclopædia Britannica says, "The literature of Socialism is

enormous and rapidly growing," and appends a long list of some of its leading works.

These Socialist publications both in Europe and America are eagerly read by the people, and especially by the cultivated classes, and the result will be an industrial and social transformation of which the chief danger is that it will be too rapid.

4. New books and the attitude of the press.

Another educational force deserving separate mention is the recent appearance of certain books by American authors; also the attitude of the press toward the new order. Among these books may be mentioned "Progress and Poverty," by Henry George; "Modern Socialism," by Laurence Grönlund; and especially "Looking Backward," by Edward Bellamy.

These books have fallen like manna upon multitudes whose souls were starving in the barren wilderness of capitalism. These authors maintain that there is a God in political economy. The discovery is new and startling. That the Almighty should presume to enter the domain of Plutus, and assert his right to recognition in economics, is regarded by many economists as subversive of the very foundations of the science as heretofore conceived.

Mr. George in "Progress and Poverty " does not make Socialism his goal; indeed, he devotes directly but few paragraphs to the subject. "Looking Backward" does not even mention the word; while Mr. Grönlund makes it the title of his book. Mr. George aims at the nationalization of land; Mr. Bellamy and Mr. Grönlund at the co-operative commonwealth. All are keen, practical, political economists, and insist with irresistible logic upon the recognition of social justice as the basis of any economic science worthy the name.

"Progress and Poverty " has had an enormous circulation both in this country and in Europe, and, as Mr. Webb observes, "gave a touch which caused all the seething influence to crystallize into a popular Socialistic movement. The optimistic and confident tone of the book, and the irresistible force of its popularization of Ricardo's law

of rent, sounded the dominant note of the English Socialist party of to-day. Adherents of Mr. George's views gathered into little propagandist societies, and gradually developed in many cases into complete Socialists."

"Looking Backward" took the world by storm. Critics and reviewers of all schools of thought were forced to exclaim, "It is the Uncle Tom's Cabin' of the industrial slavery of to-day!" "Wonderful book!" "Extraordinary!" "Astonishing!" "It is a revelation and an evangel!" "It is a new 'Iliad.' Homer glorifies war in the destruction of men; Bellamy glorifies peace in the salvation of humanity." Within a few months of its publication the book had reached its two hundred and tenth thousand, and was reported to be selling at the rate of 10,000 a week. It has been translated into many languages, and is read all over the globe; and yet this is the book that Prof. Francis A. Walker does not hesitate to call a "wild weak dream!" Comment is needless.

"Modern Socialism" is a vigorous and trenchant arraignment of the capitalistic system, and sets forth in a concise and popular manner the advantages of "the co-operative commonwealth."

The attitude of the general press is also a significant factor in the educational forces that make for Socialism. Newspapers and magazines that but a few years since had little to say on the social question except to condemn unqualifiedly all phases of Socialism now devote large space to its consideration; and it is the exception when they do not indorse one or more of its tenets.

The whole manner of looking at the relations between capital and labor, at the nature of capital itself, at the proper functions of the State, at labor legislation and organizations, has been completely revolutionized within a few years. The change consists in the substitution of the Socialistic for the individualistic standpoint of observation. Newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets are teeming with articles sympathizing with laborers, assuring the public that a certain great body of strikers seem to have the right of it; that employers ought not only to treat with them,