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CHAPTER III. Influence of the Progress of Industry and Population on Rents, Profits, and Wages.
§ 1. First case; population increasing, capital stationary
2. Second case; capital increasing, population stationary
3. Third case; population and capital increasing equally, the
arts of production stationary
Page
276
.
280
281
282
4. Fourth case; the arts of production progressive, capital
and population stationary
5. Fifth case; all the three elements progressive
289
CHAPTER IV. Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum.
§ 1. Doctrine of Adam Smith on the competition of capital
2. Doctrine of Mr. Wakefield respecting the field of employ-
ment
3. What determines the minimum rate of profit.
294
296
298
301
304
306
4. In opulent countries, profits habitually near to the mini-
prevented from reaching it by commercial revulsions 6. by improvements in production
-
7.- by the importation of cheap necessaries and instruments 308
8. by the emigration of capital
310
CHAPTER V. Consequences of the tendency of Profits to a
§ 1. Abstraction of capital not necessarily a national loss 2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detri- mental but beneficial to labourers
CHAPTER VI. Of the Stationary State.
§ 1. Stationary state of wealth and population, dreaded and
deprecated by writers.
2.
- but not in itself undesirable
320
322
CHAPTER VII. On the Probable Futurity of the Labouring
Classes.
§ 1. The theory of dependence and protection no longer appli-
cable to the condition of modern society
327
2. The future well-being of the labouring classes principally
dependent on their own mental cultivation
332
3. Probable effects of improved intelligence in causing a
better adjustment of population-Would be promoted
by the social independence of women
4. Tendency of society towards the disuse of the relation of
hiring and service
334
336
5. Examples of the association of labourers with capitalists
339
6.
344
of the association of labourers among themselves
7. Competition not pernicious, but useful and indispensable. 354
BOOK V.
OF THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT.
CHAPTER I. Of the Functions of Government in general.
§ 1. Necessary and optional functions of government distin-
CHAPTER II. Of the General Principles of Taxation.
§ 1. Four fundamental rules of taxation
2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation
3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of
income?
372
4. Should the same percentage be levied on perpetual and on
terminable incomes?
378
5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit
subject of peculiar taxation.
384
6. A land tax, in some cases, not taxation, but a rent-charge
in favour of the public
CHAPTER III. Of Direct Taxes.
§ 1. Direct taxes either on income or on expenditure
2. Taxes on rent
3.
4.
5. An Income Tax
396
398
§ 1. A Tax on all Commodities would fall on profits
2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer.
3. Peculiar effects of taxes on necessaries .
408
409
411
4.- how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum 414
5. Effects of discriminating duties
420
6. Effects produced on international exchange by duties on
exports and on imports
§1. Arguments for and against direct taxation 2. What forms of indirect taxation most eligible 3. Practical rules for indirect taxation
§ 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by
loans ?
452
2. Not desirable to redeem a national debt by a general con-
3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for
the redemption of debt
CHAPTER VIII. Of the Ordinary Functions of Govern-
ment considered as to their Economical Effects.
462
464
466
§ 1. Effects of imperfect security of person and property
2. Effects of over-taxation
3. Effects of imperfection in the system of the laws, and in
the administration of justice.
3. Attempts to regulate the prices of commodities
4. Monopolies
5. Laws against Combination of Workmen
6. Restraints on opinion or on its publication
505
514
519
521
523
527
✓ CHAPTER XI. Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser-
faire or Non-Interference Principle.
§ 1. Governmental intervention distinguished into authorita- tive and unauthoritative.
2. Objections to government intervention-the compulsory character of the intervention itself, or of the levy of funds to support it. . .
530
increase of the power and influence of government .
532
534
4. increase of the occupations and responsibilities of
government
535
5. superior efficiency of private agency, owing to stronger
8.
but liable to large exceptions. Cases in which the
consumer is an incompetent judge of the commodity. Education.
9. Case of persons exercising power over others. Protec-
tion of children and young persons; of the lower ani-
mals. Case of women not analogous.
545
549
553
554
10. Case of contracts in perpetuity
11. Cases of delegated management
12. Cases in which public intervention may be necessary to
give effect to the wishes of the persons interested.
Examples: hours of labour; disposal of colonial lands. 557
13. Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the per-
sons concerned. Poor Laws
other miscellaneous examples.
562
16. Government intervention may be necessary in default of
private agency, in cases where private agency would be
more suitable.
. . 574