Honor and Test Examinations.

PHYSIOLOGY.

1. Trace the fibres of the columns of the spinal cord to their destination in the encephalon.

2. The functions of the medulla oblongata with an account of such experiments as are calculated to elucidate them.

3. Describe the choroid membrane of the eye, annulus albidus, ciliary processes and iris.

DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY.

1. Describe the limits of the perineal region, and in the order of their appearance, all the parts successively exposed in a dissection down to the prostrate anteriorly, and to the bottom of the ischio-rectal fossa posteriorly. 2. What nerves are found in the orbit, how are they distributed in the orbit?

3. What muscles steady the pelvis and prevent its rolling upon the head of the femur? What are their attachments?

4. Where are the synovial membranes situated, connected with a dorsal vertebra; and what ligaments are found in connection with this

vertebra?

BOTANY.

1. Describe the origin and anatomical structure of stipules.

2. What are the principal kinds of estivation in flower buds? and describe them respectively.

3. What are the leading divisions of inflorescence? Name and describe the different kinds.

4. Describe the structural formation of albumen, and state the different kinds.

5. Describe the raphe and chalaza, and explain the relation of the latter to the embryo in the ripe seed.

6. What is the meaning of a "species" in plants?

7. What is the Calyx, when developed, in the Compositæ ?

8. What kind of fruit is the Papaya? What is the structural nature of the edible part of an Orange?

9. In what respect do the organs of fructification in the Coniferæ and Cycadeæ differ from the ordinary structure of Dicotyledonous plants? 10. What is the nature of the vitellus of a ripe seed?

CHEMISTRY.

1. State in what particulars consist the essential parts of the construction of the common electrical machine, the theory of the production of electricity by friction, the theory of its accumulation in a coated glass jar, and the general effects which it is capable of producing?

2. Detail the properties of lead, of its oxides, and of its most notable saline compounds, and give its tests?

3. How is quinine prepared, what are its properties and tests?

MATERIA MEDICA.

1. What is ergot of rye? What are the effects of its continued use as an article of food? What is its therapeutical use? How is it administered?

2. What is the mode of preparation of bichloride of mercury? In what diseases is it used? What are the effects of excessive doses?

3. Name the principal constituents of opium? State how morphia is obtained? What are the physiological effects of opium? What is the proportion of opium in each of the pharmacopæal preparations?

4. What changes do the neutral vegetable salts undergo in the system?

SURGERY.

1. What are the symptoms of a fracture of one or more ribs, with penetration of the cavity of the thorax and wound of the lung? How is such a case to be treated?

2. Describe the causes and treatment of fistula in perineo.

3. Describe the different dislocations of the head of the thigh bone. How is a fracture of the neck to be distinguished from a dislocation of the head of this bone?

4. What are the symptoms of inflammation of the iris? How would you treat a case of idiopathic iritis?

5. What are the symptoms of stone in the bladder?

6. How would you treat a wound of the deep palmar arch of arteries?

MIDWIFERY.

First. What are the constitutional and local peculiarities of the newlyborn infant?

Second.-State the facts and arguments in support of the ovular theory of menstruation.

Third.-What are the anatomical peculiarities of the cervix uteri, and what changes does it undergo during pregnancy?

Fourth. What is the ordinary position of the foetus in utero? At what period of pregnancy is it assumed, how is it maintained, and what circumstances tend to disturb or derange it?

Fifth. What are the sources and causes of hemorrhage in placental presentation, and what is the treatment best suited to different cases? Sixth. What is the condition of the uterus immediately after a natural delivery, and what changes take place in this organ during the ten following days?

MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE.

First.-Give the symptoms, treatment, morbid appearances and tests for arsenious acid in the solid and liquid state.

Second.-Explain the manner in which poisons enter the system, and give examples.

Third. What are the chief circumstances to be noticed in cases of death produced by wounds?

Fourth.-Tell me the means you would adopt to distinguish the stains of blood from spots resembling it, on cloth as well as steel.

Fifth.-Give the tests for corrosive sublimate and the carbonate of lead. Sixth.-The treatment for oxalic acid.

MEDICINE.

Question 1st.-What are the essential and contingent elements of cancer? Describe the process of development of cancerous growths? Mention the three ordinarily recognized varieties of cancer? Describe the manner of grouping or arrangement of the elements that compose each variety, and the appearance of the different forms to the naked eye?

2nd.-Mention the symptoms, diagnosis and progress of aneurism of the front part of the arch of the aorta.

3rd. What are the symptoms of paralysis of the portio dura and of the fifth pair of nerves? Give the diagnosis between them. What symptoms would indicate that the disease is of cerebral origin or otherwise?

4th. What is the appearance of alkaline urine? What are the forms of alkalinity, and in what diseases are they found? What is the treatment proper to the particular form?

5th-What are the symptoms and signs of the different stages of acute pleurisy, what is its course? Describe the post mortem appearances in fatal cases.

N. B.-It will be sufficient for the students to answer any four of the above questions in medicine.

ANSWERS.

SURGERY.

Final Students.

Answer.-Before; the process of ulceration was considered to be exclusively a work of absorbent vessels; but now it is nearly established to be a work of true inflammation, though secondarily the ulceration may be increased by the absorbents to some extent.-To the proof of which Ulceration never occurs without may be brought forwards, such as 1. the true inflammation having occurred first.-2. When the ulceration is found at its height, the absorbent vessels remain quite inactive, proved by experiments; strong solution of opium having been applied to ulcers without producing any effect of opium on the system, though it was applied in a form most favourable for its being taken up by them. 3. Some structure is very liable to take up ulceration, and seldom or never can be absorbed, as cartilage.-4. The best proof of ulceration being an act of inflammation may be found in primary syphelitic ulcers, which when left alone are in the majority of cases followed by secondary symptoms, (as cutaneous eruptions, sore throat, &c.,) but should they be seen early and well cauterised by nitrate of silver, then the secondary symptoms in the majority of cases are prevented from occurring. Then what it shows? Why! it shows that if the ulceration there occur would have been the work of absorbents, then most probably the system might have been contaminated by virus and would have not prevented the secondary symptoms from appearing.

I. Causes.-Predisposing causes of ulceration may be those which predispose inflammation, such as 1. Local plethora inducing inflammation, suppuration and ulceration.-2. Local debility of the capillaries of certain parts. If any part being any way lost its tone is very apt to take up inflammation and subsequently ulceration. 3. Nervous debility also predisposes individuals to take up inflammation and ulceration in different parts, especially those which are far from the circulation, ulceration in limbs paralised are very common occurring. 4. Obstruction to venous return may predispose to inflammation and hence also to ulceration.

II. Exciting causes.-1. Mechanical injury such as blows, pricks or wounds, &c., may induce inflammation and hence also ulceration if it reached its third stage-the stage of true inflammation, or the mechanical injury may be so violent as to cause death of a part which when is removed by the process of sloughing, exposes a raw granulating surface.—2. Chemical agents such as strong mineral acids, and alkalies when applied Besides these whatever must induce inflammation followed by ulceration. are the exciting causes of inflammation may also be the exciting causes of ulceration,-among which may be enumerated, excessive heat, cold.

2. These are the different forms of ulcers

1. Simple or Healthy Ulcer.

2. Weak.

3. Irritable.

4. Inflamed.

5. Indolent.

6. Sloughing.

7. Sloughing-Phagidina.
8. Phagidina.

9. Scrofulous.

These ulcers will occur in every part of the body such as limbs, trunk, &c., but generally speaking in practice I have seen more cases of ulcers of the extremities (especially of the lower ones) than of any other part. But the scrofulous ulcers are more commonly seated in the neck implicating the lymphatic glands.

Now I will describe each of these ulcers as briefly as possible

I. Healthy Ulcer is characterised by the following phenomena. Granulations are numerous, red, small even and on a level with the surrounding skin; discharge from it is thick, yellow, neither profuse nor too scanty but sufficient to cover and protect the raw surface from the external source of irritation. It is not offensive.

Treatment. Constitutional treatment consists only in keeping up the digestive function in order, by mild purgatives and nutritious but unstimulating diet; should the patient be weak and cachectic we may safely administer tonics beginning with milder ones, such as infusion cherytta, or columba, and if required we may next give bark or quinine. We may give opiates at night if his sleep be disturbed and unrefreshing. With regard to the local treatment we are not required to do more than to assist nature by keeping the sore free from any kind of irritation.

Therefore we may dress it with cold or tepid water dressing according to the feeling of the patient which may be both soothing and protective. Evaporation of water may be prevented by covering it with a piece of silk cloth or fine thin guttapurcha.-If the granulations become pale and large, we may mitigate the water dressing with some mild stimulants such as sulphate of copper-grains ij. in 3 of water or nitrate of silver grains ij. in an ounce of water. Lastly when the granulations rise up and become higher than the surrounding skin, we safely use slight pressure such as by sticking plaster and bandages, the pressure being equal and gentle.

II. Weak Ulcer is known by its presenting large, few, irregular, pale granulations, attended with thin rather icherous discharge; the surface of the sore is uneven.

Treatment.-Constitutional treatment should be at first directed for the mischief generally lies there, unless the primi via is corrected, the local measures adopted should be of no avail and use. Therefore the

patient should take a good dose of purgative medicine say calomel and jalap or calomel and collocynth followed by senna and salt. He should be allowed to take nourishing diet, and tonics as bark or quinine may be given : B. Quinæ Disulph,..

grains iij.
grain j.

I have seen generally prescribed in this hospital with good effect. Wine or beer in small quantity may also be allowed if the patient be of a very delicate constitution and weak. With regard to the local treatment, it will be same as in the other form, except strong stimulating lotions such as of copper, zinc, or nitrate of silver, may be applied. And when it takes the character of healthy sore then the treatment of it already noted will be recoursed to.

III. Irritable Ulcer.-Weak sore often when not well treated or when left without any treatment it passes into an irritable form, characterised, by excessive pain in the sore and round it, skin surrounding it red and tender and the surface of the sore devoid of granulations looks red and as if it were polished and if rudely touched bleeds most profusely.