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knew something about the working of great organisations in Europe, which, he thought, speaking to a Christian audience, ought to teach them many a lesson. He referred to the distribution of the funds of the late Baron Hirsch, by means of which there were gathered together Jews throughout the whole world who could not support themselves, who were assisted in emigrating to the various countries where they might obtain a living and an independence for themselves and their families. He frequently told the managers of that institution that they were making a huge mistake, because they were making those whom they were assisting entirely dependent instead of independent. Something upon the line of Government assistance, but upon a business basis, would, he believed, result in enormous good to this country, and would assist in maintaining a vast population which, in a generation or two, would be a source of strength and influence to the Empire, which this Empire sadly needed. England stood to-day in her magnificent isolation, with the prospect of having all the world against her. It had been so before; it might be so again. England was the only great nation of the world taking little or no interest in the movement of her population. France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Russia did something towards diverting the stream of their surplus population to countries where, perhaps, as statesmen viewed the future, they might give them less trouble than if they went to others; and yet this country, requiring, as it must require in the future as in the past, the moral as well as the material support of the colonies, was not doing so to the extent that the importance of the subject demanded. The time would come when statesmen must face the question, and thus try to retain our people within our own boundaries.

Mr. HAMAR GREENWOOD said he was particularly pleased with that part of Mr. Griffith's excellent paper which referred to treaty-making powers. It indicated the gross ignorance of the Canadian national spirit when people alleged that the demand for treatymaking powers necessitated separation from the Mother Country. No such thing, to his mind, was ever intended by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, or by any other reasonable Canadian; but he was certain that six millions of democratic people living together resented too much mollycoddling from any headquarters. The national spirit of the Canadians was but a commendable evolution of those instincts which were strongest and best in the British breast. He hoped that the Canadians would have treaty making powers. Any measures passed by the Canadian Government must, of course, be subject to review by the Government of the day sitting at Westminster, and he trusted that no generation of Canadians would ever arise who would wish to insist upon a treaty or upon a policy that would in any way militate against the general well-being of the Empire. Canadian loyalty was a true loyalty to Canada and the Empire;

but with the growth of their national spirit he insisted that they should have a growth of their local powers, and that did not mean any disloyalty to the dear old Mother land. He thanked the author for his admirable paper, which he had thoroughly enjoyed, and which he hoped would do something to dissipate the ignorance which was still prevalent in this country. As one who took some part in public life he had himself been called an alien, a foreigner, and a Yankee, and certain political opponents of his went so far as to say that they hoped the present Aliens' Bill now being considered by the Government would not only include gentlemen like himself, but would deport them! He hoped the time would come when every Englishman would realise that a Canadian was as much a Britisher as he or she who was born in London, even within the sacred parish of Westminster. He hoped also they would realise that when a man intended to leave the homeland he should not forget his obligations to his race, but endeavour to settle in some portion of the British Empire, where he, and those who were born unto him, might uphold the splendid traditions of the great Empire.

Miss WEBSTER wished to call attention to one of the author's statements which was not much thought of in England, namely, the great disadvantage of so many American settlers coming into the North-West of Canada. The American settlers were imbued with the same love of their motherland as Englishmen, and were trying everything they could locally to disseminate their influence, and to induce the Canadians to agitate for an annexation to the United States. That feeling was much more prevalent in the North-West than it was in Central or Eastern Canada, and she was very much astonished at it when she visited several farmhouses in that neighbourhood, two years ago, almost before the great American exodus occurred. From letters from her correspondents she gathered that there was quite a propaganda in some districts to induce people to believe that they would be able to obtain a much greater amount of money from Americans and American capitalists if they became citizens of the United States of America. Originally many people in Vancouver who were not British settlers came from Oregon. She noticed with pride that the author had said that many Canadian doctors studied in England. After being in the States for some considerable time she found there that although Americans thought a very great deal of McGill College, Montreal, no American in America put the slightest confidence in either English or Scotch medical men; in fact, she knew of several instances where English doctors, after struggling there for some years, had been obliged to return to England. She also wished to ask why it was that so many English settlers did not remain in Canada. During the last decade or longer settlers had gone out there, and had found that the work in Canadian farmhouses, both for men and women, was

far harder than it was in England. Although she came from a Lincolnshire farming family, she had no idea what work could be from early morning till late at night until she stayed in a Canadian farmhouse. It was also the case with citizens that the hours of work were longer, and both in Canada and the United States, workmen tried to turn out more work in the time than their fellows; those that were slowest being the first to be discharged when work became less urgent.

Mr. GRIFFITH, in reply, said the Chairman referred to the desirability of more women emigrating to Canada. He had always observed that in Canada one could talk with the grandchildren of a man or a woman who came from Ireland or Great Britain, and speak to them about a particular place in the old country, and could draw tears to the eyes of the boy or girl, although they had never been to the country. It was a most extraordinary thing, because he did not think the treatment of the ancestry of the person affected in that way was any better than it ought to have been. Notwithstanding all that, the love for their old country was remarkable, and was not to be traced to the great constitutional powers of government, which some complacent Englishmen referred to as the solution of a case of that sort. He thought that that spirit was due to women entirely; they had loved the old country, they remembered the old spot they once lived in, they did not leave willingly (in the old days, at any rate), and when they settled in the new country, they taught their children about the land they loved so well. That had been transmitted down from generation to generation, and the wonderful good feeling which existed in the colony towards England could in that manner be traced to the women. The Chairman had referred to the part which he (Mr. Griffith) had taken in advertising Canada in this country. He must protest, because the Chairman had done him too much honour; he thought that to Lord Strathcona and, in the next place, perhaps, to Mr. Preston was chiefly due the very able way in which the claims of Canada had been placed before the country. Mr. Walton was very much afraid that Canada would become Americanised. He thought the fact that the Canadian Government was encouraging American immigration ought to do a great deal to dissipate any fear. There was also the fact that the American came to a country in which there were chances for improving his material position; he also found that the laws were administered better than the laws of the country which he had left. Every factor made for contentment. He might point to a concrete case to prove what he had said. He believed that a large proportion of those who controlled the great lumber industry of Canada came originally from the United States of America, and there were no more contented or desirable class of citizens in the Dominion than these very people. Everybody had been interested in what Lord Brassey had said, par

ticularly in regard to a fast line of steamers. He thought his Lordship's testimony in that respect was particularly valuable, especially coming as it did from one who might be regarded as an expert. Mr. Preston had taken partial exception to the very general proposals he made in regard to State-defrayed emigration. He only raised the question in a very general way, the ground he took being the humane ground; as to the details, no doubt they would have to be dealt with with considerable care. He thanked Mr. Hamar Greenwood for the kind remarks he made, and hoped he would be spared for many years, to place before the British public the oratory of Canada. Miss Webster was very much afraid that Canada would become Americanised, but he thought the remarks he had made in regard to Mr. Walton's contentions would answer what she said on that head. She also referred to the hard work on the Canadian farms. He had some experience of Canadian farms, and confessed that the work was hard; anybody who went out to a Canadian farm expecting there would not be hard work would be very much disappointed.

On the motion of the CHAIRMAN, a vote of thanks was unanimously accorded to Mr. Griffith for his paper.

Correspondence.

STATISTICS OF IRON AND STEEL

INDUSTRIES.

In summarising my paper, Mr. Burt, I think, scarcely does me justice. He wrote on May 5th, after hearing my paper read on the 4th. Had he awaited the issue of the Journal on the 6th, and read it in its entirety, he would, perhaps, have gathered that in no way do I minimise the tremendous growth of export trade in the United States and Germany. I do not claim that, as a whole, the position of the iron and steel industry is more satisfactory than in 1870-4, because of the cheapening of food supplies, but I do claim that the margin between imports and exports in the 1898-1903, as compared with the 1868-72, quinquennium, is satisfactory when that margin is measured in its food-purchasing value. Before a definite verdict can be pronounced, the internal consumption must be determined.

In my detailed tables, page 553 (which were not quoted at the meeting), I have fully emphasised the tremendous growth of the margin between exports and imports in Germany and America, both in per centages of the output of each country in 1893-97, and in percentages of the British output in that period.

Mr. Burt urges that I ought to have converted these margins into their purchasing equivalents, forgetting that for only 22 years has Germany had such

a margin, and the United States only for seven years. Besides, while part of the British exports are exchanged against food stuffs, America only barters her iron and steel wares for tropic foods, manufactured articles, and general luxuries. Germany also does not exchange proportionately so large a volume of her commerce for food as the United Kingdom. For these reasons the margin given in its food-purchasing value would be misleading for these countries, even could a 35 years' curve be prepared. If Mr. Burt had awaited the publication of the Journal, or, better still, had spoken from his place at the meeting, I might, had he then employed the illustration with which he concludes his communication, have suggested, as I suggest now, that the discoverer of the mare's nest was not the writer of the paper, but that the announcement of the lusus naturæ was due to Mr. Burt's misapprehension of the contents of the paper. W. POLLARD DIGBY.

Trafalgar Buildings,

Charing Cross, London, W.C.

May 16th, 1904.

THE LIBRARY.

The following books have been presented to the
Library since the last announcement :-
Ashley, W. J., M.A.-British Industries, a Series of
General Reviews for business men and students.
London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1903.
Presented by the Publishers.

Baker, Richard T. and Henry G. Smith.-A Research
on the Eucalypts, especially in regard to their
Essential Oils. Sydney: W. A. Gullick. 1902.
Presented by the Technological Museum, Sydney.
Bond, George M.—Standards of Length and their
Practical Application. Hartford, U.S.A.
Pratt and Whitney Co. 1887. Presented by the
Publishers.

The

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E. Stanford. 1903. Presented by the Editors. Burton, Wm., F.C.S.-A History and Description of English Porcelain. London: Cassell and Co., Ltd. 1902.

Bygott, John and A. J. Lawford Jones.-The King's English and How to Write it. London: Jarrold and Sons. 1903. Presented by the Authors. Calvert, Albert F.-Impressions of Spain. London: George Philip and Son, Ltd. 1903. Presented by the Author.

Ceylon Handbook and Directory for 1903-4, compiled

by J. Ferguson. Colombo A. M. and J. Ferguson. 1903. Presented by the Publishers. Chisholm, G. G., M.A., B.Sc. Handbook of Commercial Geography. 4th Revised Edition. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1903. Presented by the Author.

Coghlan, T. A.-A Statistical Account of the Seven Colonies of Australasia, 1901-2. New South Wales Statistical Register for 1901 and previous

years. Sydney W. A. Gullick. 1903. Presented by the Agent-General for New South Wales.

Coldstream, W.-Grasses of the Southern Punjab. London: Thacker and Co. 1889. Presented by the Author.

Digby, William, C.I.E.-Natural Law in Terrestrial Phenomena. London: W. Hutchinson and Co. 1902. Presented by the Author.

Findlay, Alexander, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc.-The Phase Rule and its Applications, with an introduction to the Study of Physical Chemistry, by Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1904. Presented by the Publishers.

Gamble, J. S., M.A., C.I.E., F.R.S.-A Manual of
Indian Timbers. New and Revised Edition.
London Sampson Low, Marston and Co., Ltd.
1902. Presented by the Author.
Graham, Jean Carlyle.-The Problem of Fiorenzo di
Lorenzo of Perugia, a Critical and Historical Study.
Rome: Loescher and Co. 1903. Presented by

the Publishers.

Groth, Dr. Lorentz A.-The Potash Salts: their
Production and Application to Agriculture, &c.
London Lombard Press, Ltd. 1902.
Halsey, F. A. and S. S. Dale.-The Metric Fallacy
and the Metric Failure in the Textile Industry.
New York: D. Van Nostrand and Co. 1904.
Howe, Henry M.—Metallurgical Laboratory Notes.
Boston. 1902. Presented by the Boston Testing
Laboratories.

India, Census of, 1901.-Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1903. Presented by the Secretary of State for India.

India, Rainfall Data of, 1902. Published by the Meteorological Department of the Government of India. Calcutta. 1903. Presented by the Department.

Jackson, W., A.R.C.S.-A Text-Book on Ceramic Calculations. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1904. Presented by the Publishers.

Jennings, Arthur S.-Wallpapers and Wall Coverings. London: The Trade Papers Publishing Co., Ltd. 1903.

Kerr, J. G., M. A., LL.D. and J. N. Brown.-
Elementary Physics. London: Blackie and Son,
Ltd. 1902. Presented by the Publishers.
Kestel, R. W. O.-Radiant Energy, a Working
Power in the Mechanism of the Universe. Port
Adelaide. 1898. Presented by the Author.
Laking, Guy F., M.V.O., F.S.A.-A Catalogue of
the Armour and Arms in the Armoury of the
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, now in the
Palace, Valetta. London: Bradbury, Agnew and
Co., Ltd. Presented by the Publishers.
Latter, H., M.A. Précis Writing.

London:

Blackie and Son, Ltd. 1503. Presented by the Publishers.

London Statistics, 1902-3. Presented by the London County Council.

Mendeléeff, D.-An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether. Translated from the Russian by G. Kamensky, A.R.S.M. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1904. Presented by the Publishers.

Morgan, Ben. H.-Report of the Engineering Trades of South Africa. London: P. S. King and Son. 1902. Presented by the Author. Morton, Arthur E.-Modern Typewriting and Manual

of Office Procedure. London Smith Premier Typewriter Co. 1902. Presented by the Author. Neilson, Robert M.- The Steam Turbine. Second Edition. London Longmans, Green and Co. 1903. Presented by the Publishers.

New Zealand, Statistics of the Colony of, 1902. Wellington. 1903. Presented by the RegistrarGeneral.

Olivieri, F. E.-A Treatise on Cacao. Trinidad : Mole Bros. 1903. Presented by the Author. Oswald, Alfred.-A Practical German Composition. A selection of German Idioms and Proverbs. London: Blackie and Son, Ltd. 1902. Presented by the Publishers.

Philip, Arnold, A.R.S.M., B.Sc.-The ElectroPlating and Electro-Refining of Metals, being a new edition of Alexander Watt's 64 Electro-Deposition." London: Crosby Lockwood and Son. 1902. Presented by the Publishers. Poore, G. Vivian, M.D., F.R.C.P.-Essays on Rural Hygiene. Third Edition. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1903. Presented by the

Publishers.

Rangacharya, M. and M B. V. Aiyangar.-The Vedanta-Sutras with the Sri-Bhashya of Ramanujagharya. Vol. I. Madras. 1899. Presented by T. N. Chetty, Esq.

Reynolds, Osborne, M.A., F.R.S., LL.D.-The Sub-Mechanics of the Universe. Cambridge University Press. 1903. Presented by the Council of the Royal Society.

Roberts, Rawdon, B.Sc.-A New Geometry for
Beginners. London: Blackie and Son, Ltd. 1902.
Presented by the Publishers.

Sachs, Edwin O.-A Record of the International
Fire Exhibition, Earl's-court, 1903. Presented
by the British Fire-Prevention Committee.
Sennett, A. R. Fragments from Continental
Journeyings. London: Whittaker and Co. 1903.
Presented by the Author.

Stevenson, John L.-The Designing and Equipment of Blast Furnaces. London. 1902. Presented by the Author.

Thackeray, Col. Sir Edward, K.C.B., V.C.Biographical Notices of Officers of the Royal (Bengal) Engineers. London: Smith, Elder and Co. 1905. Presented by the Author. Thiele, T. N. (Director of the Copenhagen Observatory).-Theory of Observations. London: C. and

E. Layton. 1903. Presented by the Publishers. Thomas, J. W., F.I.C., F.C.S.-The Ventilation,

Heating and Management of Churches and Public

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Watt, Sir George, M.B., C.I.E., and H. H. Mann, M.Sc., F.L.S.-The Pests and Blights of the Tea Plant. Second Edition. Calcutta. 1903. Presented by the Reporter on Economic Products. Willcocks, Sir William, K.C.M.G.-The Assuân Reservoir and Lake Moeris. London: E. and F. N. Spon, Ltd. 1904. Presented by the Author. Wilson, H.-Silverwork and Jewellery. London: John Hogg. 1903. Presented by the Publisher. Wright, A. C., M.A., B.Sc.-The Analysis of Oils and Allied Substances. London Crosby Lockwood and Son. 1903. Presented by the Publishers.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. TUESDAY, MAY 24... Royal Institution, Albemarle-street, W., 5 p.m. Mr. H. F. Newall, The Solar Corona." (Lecture I.)

Anthropological, 3, Hanover-square, W., & p.m.
Linnean, Burlington-house, W., 3 p.m. Annual
Meeting.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 25...Geological, Burlington-house, W., 8 p.m.

Victoria Institute, 8, Adelphi-terrace, W.C., 41 pm.
Mr. W. H. Hudleston, "The Tanganyika
Problem."

United Service Institution, Whitehall, S. W., 3} p m
Rev. T. J. Lawrence, "Problems of Neutrality—
Illustrated by the Russo-Japanese War."
Royal Society of Literature, 20, Hanover square,
W., 8 p.m.

British Astronomical, Sion College, Victoria-
embankment, E.C., 5 p.m.

THURSDAY, MAY 26... Royal Institution, Albemarle-street, "Literature and

W., 5 p.m. Mr. H. G. Wells,
the State." (Lecture I.)
Electrical Engineers (at the HOUSE OF THE SOCIETY
OF ARTS), John-street, Adelphi, W.C., 8 p.m.
Mr. Alexander Siemens, "High Speed Electric
Railway Experiments on the Marienfelde-Zossen
Line."

FRIDAY, MAY 27... Royal Institution, Albemarle-street, W., 9 p.m. The Prince of Monaco, "The Progress of Oceonography."

Physical, Royal College of Science, South Kensington, S. W., 5 p.m. 1. Dr. C. Chree, "The Law of Action between Magnets." 2. Prof. J. Larmor "The ascertained Absence of Effects of Motion through the Ether." 3. Dr. P. E. Shaw and Mr. C. A. B. Garrett, "Coherence and Recoherence." SATURDAY, MAY 28... Royal Institution, Albemarle-street, W., 3 p.m. Sir William Martin Conway, "Spitsbergen in the 17th century." (Lecture I.)

Journal of the Society of Arts. Proceedings of the Society.

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The programme of arrangements will be announced later.

Each member is entitled to a card for himself (which will not be transferable), and card for a lady. These cards will be forwarded in due course. No application for them is required. In addition to this, a limited number of tickets will be sold to members of the Society, or to persons introduced by a member, at the price of 5s. each, if purchased before the date of the Conversazione. On that day the price will be raised to 7s. 6d.

Members can purchase these additional tickets by personal application, or by letter addressed to the Secretary. In all cases of application by letter a remittance must be enclosed. Each ticket will admit one person, either lady or gentleman.

Tickets will also be supplied to non-members on presentation of a letter of introduction from a member.

Light refreshments (tea, coffee, ices, claret cup, &c.) will be supplied.

APPLIED ART SECTION.

Tuesday, May 10, 1904; H. H. S. CUNYNGHAME, C.B., Member of the Council, in the chair.

The CHAIRMAN, in introducing the reader of the paper, said the subject to be dealt with was extremely interesting from many points of view. In the first place, owing to Mr. Burton's very great knowledge of the whole question of glazes, he could not fail to give information of great interest, and secondly, the author's scientific understanding of the subject had lead to some new developments which would be described in detail. Two or three years ago the question of the danger of lead glazes to the potters came prominently before the officials at the Home Office. There was a desire to save the lives of the potters, and not allow them to be poisoned with lead ; and on the other hand, there was the danger of seriously damaging a great English industry. The problem was ultimately solved by several sets of rules, and he earnestly hoped that the last of those rules had been promulgated, and that the question was now upon a satisfactory footing. All through the negotiations the master-potters as a body met the authorities in the fairest way. It was quite wrong to imagine that the potters wished to poison their men; he had rarely seen an instance in which employers had so willingly came forward to do what they reasonably could to prevent injury to their men; and among those potters there was none who helped more than Mr. Burton to show how a solution could be arrived at which, while it should stop lead poisoning, would, on the other hand, leave the industry untouched. They felt throughout the whole proceedings that in Mr. Burton the public had a most honest, fair-minded adviser, and one who, in technical skill, was probably amongst the most expert potters, not only in England, but perhaps in the world.

The paper read was—

CRYSTALLINE GLAZES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO THE DECORATION OF POTTERY.

BY WILLIAM BURTON, F.C.S.

The production of crystalline glazes of certain types has for some ten years now been engaging the attention of those Continental potters whose work is conducted on scientific principles, and by this time every one interested in modern pottery must be

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