Voting in France, its methods, 152. Waddington, M., note on the free- their advance, 669. advantage under the tariff, 747. Watch industry in the United States, Watermelons and other fruits intro- Wealth, its effects in America and Weierstrass, care for accuracy, 100. his demonstration of Zeno, 88. Western civilization, its effects on the African discovery perfected, 523. Wheat production, movement of its White pine lumber trade of the West, William of Tyre on trade relations in his account of the crusades, 252. Wilson, E. B., views on embryological Wit and humor in America, 58. and passion in Evan Harrington, 305. awards, 500. Words derived from Arabic sources, 260. Young popes, 71. Zeno, his four problems, 88. retort to philosophers, 91. 717. Zone of French influence in Africa, 519. Frederick A. Richardson, Lewis J. Huff, Foreign Editor. History ADVISORY BOARD. J. H. Robinson, Columbia University; Karl Lamprecht, University of Philosophy Josiah Royce, Harvard University; Xavier Léon, Paris; Paul Natorp, Psychology Edward B. Titchener, Cornell University; George F. Stout, University of Oxford; Th. Ribot, Paris; Oswald Külpe, University of Leipzig. Sociology Franklin H. Giddings, Columbia University; Gabriel Tarde, College of France; Georg Simmel, University of Berlin; J. S. Mackenzie, Cardiff, Wales. Science of Religion C. H. Toy, Harvard University; Jean Réville, University of Paris; F. B. Jevons, University of Durham; C. P. Tiele, University of Leiden; Ths. Achelis, Bremen. Literature William P. Trent, Columbia University; Richard Garnett, London; Fine Art John C. Van Dyke, Rutgers College; Georges Perrot, Ecole Normale, Biology Charles O. Whitman, University of Chicago; Raphael Blanchard, Medicine D. B. St. John Roosa, Pres. Graduate School of Medicine; Carl von Geology Sir Archibald Geikie, London; N. S. Shaler, Harvard University z Economics and Commerce J. W. Jenks, Cornell University; Eugen Schwiedland, University of International Politics John Bassett Moore, New York; Emil Reich, London; Salvatore The use of the names of the Editorial Staff is not merely formal and honorary, but each one is responsible for the work assigned to him. ADVERTISING. xiii JUPITER STEEL E present a series of illustrations of a plant which possesses especial interest from the fact that it is devoted to a new process of steel making which promises to exert something of a revolutionary effect in certain branches of the steel industry. Jupiter steel, as the product is called, is an exceptionally high grade of cast steel which is made from wrought steel scrap, with a liberal mixture of certain other metals during the process of melting. The manufacture is carried on under several patents granted to Andres G. Lundin, and the composition of the steel, the methods of manipulation in the furnace, the special WE being put on the emery-wheel, perform their work and hold their edge with perfect satisfaction; and one of the most striking evidences of what might be called the wrought steel qualities of this cast steel product is the fact that at the request of the writer two of these cast chisels were placed end to end and welded with perfectly satisfactory results. The Lundin patents have been acquired by the United States Steel Company, whose plant is located on the Malden River, West Everett, Mass. The stock yard, which extends for several hundred feet on either side of a spur track from the Boston & Maine materials, and careful work in the moulding, have resulted for the first time in the history of the art in the production of a cast steel which, in tests carried out at the navy yard at Boston, has proved to possess qualities of strength and ductility equal to those of forged steel. These excellent results are obtained, moreover, with but little sacrifice of the high economy which distinguishes ordinary cast steel. Perhaps the best evidence of its remarkable qualities is found in the fact that Railroad, is the first object of interest at these works. The stock consists of a large variety of mild steel scrap, among which may be seen boiler-plate clippings, borings from the gunshops, the scrap from sheet steel works, old crank-shafts, and, indeed, any kind of steel that posesses the necessary composition to make up the furnace charge. The melting is carried on in a large furnace house, the steel for the smaller castings being melted down in crucibles and the metal for the larger castings xiv THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY. JUPITER STEEL the furnace charge and the introduction of various ingredients during the furnace treatment is carried out in the manner and proportions indicated by the following example, which will serve to show the proportions, but not, of course, the actual amounts which are treated at one time in the furnaces, the latter having, as we have said, a capacity of 25 tons. A hundred pounds of steel scrap is placed in a crucible in the furnace and melted to a boiling-point of about 4000 deg. F. When the boiling-point has been reached, from one and one half to two and one half pounds of ferrosilicon, containing 12 per cent. silicon, is introduced into the molten metal. As soon which are mixed in the following proportions: Sixteen shovelfulls of hard silica sand, four of crushed rock, one of fire clay, and one and one half pints of molasses water, the molasses being diluted with water in the proportion of one to one. The molasses is used to give a bonding effect to the sand during the moulding, while the fire clay serves the same purpose during the pouring of the hot metal. After the pattern has been drawn from the mould the latter is carefully dressed up and the finished surfaces are treated with a wash consisting of 99 per cent. of pure silica, ground fine and mixed with molasses water. The flasks containing the completed moulds are placed in the POURING JUPITER STEEL INTO SOME OF THE LARGER MOULDS. as the ferrosilicon has melted, two to eight ounces of ferromanganese, containing So per cent. manganese, is mixed with three pounds or less of aluminum, and this mixture is introduced into the molten metal, where it quickly melts. After the resulting composition is thoroughly melted, it is tapped into ladles, carried to the various flasks and poured into the moulds. Although the excellence of Jupiter steel castings is, of course, mainly dependent upon the composition and the furnace treatment as above described, particular care is taken in the preparation of the moulds. The moulding baking furnaces, and are then ready for the pouring. The two 25-ton furnaces are utilized for the larger castings, and after the heat is ready it is tapped off into ladles which vary in capacity from 10 to 25 tons. These ladles are handled by a pair of overhead, traveling, electric cranes, one of 30 tons, and the other of 20 tons capacity; they travel the full length of the foundry, which at present measures 130 feet in width by 200 feet in length. The building is being extended to a length of 300 feet, and an additional 15-ton crane will be installed. One of our illustrations shows the metal being |