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every bad quality, and fixes on the most humbling circumstances;

Caffius. I cannot tell what you and other men Think of this life; but for my fingle felf,

I had as lief not be, as live to be

In awe of fuch a thing as I myself.

I was born free as Cæfar, fo were you;
We both have fed as well; and we can both
Endure the winter's cold as well as he.

For once, upon a raw and gufty day,
The troubled Tyber chafing with his fhores,
Cæfar fays to me, Dar'ft thou, Caffius, now
Leap in with me into this angry flood,
And fwim to yonder point? - Upon the word,
Accoutred as I was, I plunged in,

And bid him follow; fo indeed he did.
The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
With lufty finews; throwing it aside,
And stemming it with hearts of controverfy.
But ere we could arrive the point propos'd,
Cæfar cry'd, Help me, Caffius, or I fink.
I, as Eneas, our great ancestor,

Did from the flames of Troy upon his fhoulder

The old Anchifes bear; fo from the waves of Tyber

Did I the tired Cæfar:

Is now become a god,

A wretched creature;

and this man

and Caffius is

and muft bend his body,

If Cæfar carelessly but nod on him.

He had a fever when he was in Spain,

And when the fit was on him, I did mark

How he did shake. Tis true, this god did fhake;
His coward lips did from their colour fly,

And that fame eye whofe bend doth awe the world,

Did

Did lofe its luftre; I did hear him grone:

Ay, and that tongue of his, that bade the Romans
Mark him, and write his speeches in their books,

Alas! it cry'd

Give me fome drink, Titinius,

As a fick girl. Ye,gods, it doth amaze me,
A man of fuch a feeble temper fhould
So get the start of the majestic world,
And bear the palm alone.

Julius Cæfar, act 1. fc. 3.

Glo'fter inflamed with refentment against his fon Edgar, could even force himself into a momentary conviction that they were not related:

Oftrange faften'd villain!

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Would he deny his letter? - I never got him.

King Lear, at 2. sc. 3.

When by great fenfibility of heart, or other means, grief fwells beyond what the caufe can justify, the mind, in order to justify itself, is prone to magnify the caufe: and if the real cause admit not of being magnified, the mind seeks a cause for its grief in imagined future events:

Bufby. Madam, your Majefty is much too fad :
You promis'd, when you parted with the King,
To lay afide felf-harming heavinefs,

And entertain a chearful difpofition.

Queen. To please the King, I did; to please myself, I cannot do it. Yet I know no caufe

Why I should welcome fuch a guest as grief;
Save bidding farewell to fo fweet a guest
As my fweet Richard: yet again, methinks,

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Some unborn forrow, ripe in Fortune's womb,
Is coming tow'rd me; and my inward foul
With fomething trembles, yet at nothing grieves,
More than with parting from my Lord the King.

Richard II. act 2. Sc. 5.

Refentment at firft is vented on the relations of the offender, in order to punish him: but as refentment, when fo outrageous, is contrary to confcience, the mind, to justify its paffion, is disposed to paint thefe relations in the blackest colours; and it actually comes to be convinced, that they ought to be punished for their own demerits.

Anger raised by an accidental stroke upon a tender part of the body, is fometimes vented upon the undefigning caufe. But as the paffion in this cafe is abfurd, and as there can be no folid gratification in punishing the innocent, the mind, prone to justify as well as to gratify its paffion, deludes itself instantly into a conviction of the action's being voluntary. This conviction however is but momentary: the first reflection shows it to be erroneous; and the paffion vanisheth almost instantaneously with the conviction. But anger, the most violent of all paffions, has still greater influence: it fometimes forces the mind to perfonify a ftock or a ftone when it occafions bodily pain, and even to believe it a voluntary agent, in order to be a proper object of refentment. And that we have really

a momentary conviction of its being a voluntary agent, must be evident from confidering, that without fuch conviction, the paffion can neither be juftified nor gratified: the imagination can give no aid; for a stock or a stone imagined fenfible, cannot be an object of punishment, so long as the mind is confcious that it is an imagination merely without any reality. Of such personification, involving a conviction of reality, there is one illustrious inftance: when the first bridge of boats over the Hellefpont was destroy'd by a ftorm, Xerxes fell into a tranfport of rage, fo exceffive, that he commanded the fea to be punished with 300 stripes; and a pair of fetters to be thrown into it, injoining the following words to be pronounced: "O thou falt and bitter water! "thy master hath condemned thee to this punish“ ment for offending him without caufe; and is "refolved to pass over thee in defpite of thy in"folence with reafon all men neglect to facri"fice to thee, because thou art both disagreeable "and treacherous *."

Shakespear exhibits beautiful examples of the irregular influence of paffion in making us believe things to be otherwise than they are: King Lear, in his distress, perfonifies the rain, wind, and thunder; 'and in order to juftify his refentment, believes them to be taking part with his daughters:

Herodotus, book 7.

Lear.

K 3

Lear. Rumble thy belly-full, fpit fire, spout rain!:
Nor rain, wind, thunder, fire, are my daughters.
I tax not you, you elements, with unkindness;
I never gave you kingdoms, call'd you children;
You owe me no fubfcription. Then let fall

Your horrible pleasure. Here I ftand, your brave;
A poor, infirm, weak, and despis'd old man!
But yet I call you fervile minifters,

That have with two pernicious daughters join'd
Your high-engender'd battles, 'gainst a head
So old and white as this. Oh! oh! 'tis foul.

A&t 3. fc. 2.

King Richard, full of indignation against his favourite horse for carrying Bolingbroke, is led into the conviction of his being rational:

Groom. O, how it yearn'd my heart, when I beheld In London streets, that coronation-day, When Bolingbroke rode on Roan Barbary, That horfe that thou fo often haft beftrid,

That horse that I so carefully have dress'd.

K. Rich. Rode he on Barbary? tell me, gentle friend How went he under him?

Groom. So proudly as he had difdain'd the ground. K. Rich. So proud that Bolingbroke was on his back! That jade had eat bread from my royal hand. This hand hath made him proud with clapping him. Would he not stumble? would he not fall down, (Since pride must have a fall), and break the neck Of that proud man that did ufurp his back?

Richard II. a 5. fc. 11.

Hamlet, fwelled with indignation at his mother's

fecond

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