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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BEFORE beginning the direct study of British Colonial Policy, the reader should familiarise himself with the Hakluyt Voyages, and modern accounts of early exploration, such as those of Sir Clements Markham in the Royal Navy, edited by Mr Laird Clowes, so as to realise the circumstances under which a Colonial Empire became possible. Mahan's Influence of Sea Power upon History shows the conditions upon which alone such an Empire can be maintained. An indispensable introduction to the subject is Seeley's Expansion of England, which must serve as the startingpoint for every student of colonial policy. (The Growth of British Policy, by the same author, though it does not directly touch the ground covered by this book, will be found valuable in suggestion.) Consult also Herman Merivale's Lectures on Colonization and the Colonies, 1842, 2nd ed. 1861 (which, in spite of its form, remains of abiding value,) and the interesting introductory volume to Mr Lucas' Historical Geography of the British Colonies. In reading Sir G. Cornewall Lewis' Essay on the Government of Dependencies, it should be noted that the book deals with none of the later problems of colonial policy. It should therefore be read in the 1891 edition, published by the Clarendon Press, to which Mr Lucas has contributed a valuable introduction, bringing the book, so to speak, down to date. De la Colonisation chez les peuples modernes, by M. P. Leroy-Beaulieu, may be recommended as displaying the French gift of combining the comprehensible with the comprehensive. Sir C. Dilke's Problems of Greater Britain, 1890, deals for the most part with the lessons to be drawn from the political and economical experiences of the Colonies, but it also deals with questions of British policy, such as Imperial Defence, Federation, etc. Among books dealing with these important subjects may be mentioned Sir G. Clarke's Imperial Defence, 1897, Sir C. Dilke's and Mr Wilkinson's Imperial Defence, 1892, new ed. 1897, and 1 There are several useful books introductory to the study of colonial history, but I have mentioned those with which I am most familiar.

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Mr Parkin's Imperial Federation, 1892. For a searching and most unsympathetic criticism of Imperial Federation see Freeman's Greater Greece and Greater Britain, 1886. The constitutional and legal aspect of the subject should be approached with Todd, Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies, 1880, and Tarring, Statutes relating to the Colonies, 2nd ed., 1893.

Passing from general books, the main authorities on Colonial Policy cannot but be the Statutes, Parliamentary Debates, and, above all, the State Papers. The importance of the Statutes is especially great in dealing with the period of Trade ascendency. The task, perhaps, awaits some English economist of writing the history of Mercantilism from the point of view of the English Colonial system, on lines similar to those employed by Schmoller, approaching the subject from the Prussian standpoint. Meanwhile, the student can merely fight his way through the jungle of the Statutes at large, assisted by the famous chapters1 in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and by the sections referring to the subject in Dr Cunningham's Growth of English Industry and Commerce. Macpherson's Annals of Commerce should also be consulted. The Parliamentary History, the Cavendish Debates and Hansard, and incidental authorities such as the Chatham Correspondence, must be consulted for speeches in Parliament.

With regard to the State Papers, the task of the student is simplified by the admirable summaries which have been made by Mr Sainsbury, and which, since his regretted death, are being continued by the Hon. J. Fortescue. Five volumes 2 of the Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, have hitherto appeared-viz., 1574-1660, 1661-1668, 1669-1674, 1675-1676, together with addenda, 15741674, and lastly, 1677-1680.

Mr A. Brown's Genesis of the United States, 2 vols., 1890, contains almost every document of interest relating to the first ten years of Virginian history, edited in the most satisfactory manner. Hazard's Historical Collections, 2 vols., should also be consulted. From the date of the conquest of New York, the collection of Documents relative to the Colonial History of New York, edited by E. B. O'Callaghan, 1856-77, are of first-rate importance. Volumes III. to IX. are concerned with the records of English government. Many papers in this collection relate to the Colonies generally,

1 Book IV. ch. vii. and viii.

2 Apart from the volumes dealing with the East Indies.

and not exclusively to New York. From the time of William III. to the Treaty of Paris in 1763, use has been made of the manuscript papers in the Record Office. Many papers relating to Canada are set out in full in Kingsford's monumental History of Canada up to 1841, which has now completed its ninth volume, and in the appendices to Christie's History of Lower Canada, 6 vols., 1848-55. A very great number of Parliamentary Papers have been read, dealing with the events of this century, but where the mass of material is so great, some important papers may well, by inadvertence, have been overlooked.

Passing to books other than Blue Books, the following list of books, referred to or consulted in the preparation of the text, may be useful1:

Books relating to the American Colonies 2.

Winsor, J., A Critical and Narrative History of America, 8 vols., 1885, etc. (Contains a mine of learning, and most useful for reference.)

Hildreth, R., History of the United States, 6 vols., 1849-52. (Contains an admirable summary of the history of the Colonial period.)

Grahame, J., History of the United States to the Declaration of Independence, 4 vols. (Perhaps unduly praised by Gibbon Wakefield and others.)

Doyle, J. A., The English in America, 1882, etc. Vol. I., Virginia,

Maryland and the Carolinas; Vols. II. and III., Puritan
Colonies. (I have ventured once or twice to differ from Mr
Doyle, so I may be allowed here to express my admiration
of these masterly volumes.)

1 It is unnecessary to catalogue the numerous Review and Magazine articles dealing with Colonial Policy; the value of the weekly article on the Colonies in the Times has been noted in the Introductory chapter.

2 In addition to Bancroft's well-known history. (It is to be hoped that occasional references in the text to this great work may not seem impertinent, but, in truth, its view is that the history of the beginnings of the United States was an Armageddon, wherein the Mother country consistently represented the powers of darkness, while the colonists were as uniformly on the side of the light. From the original fountain of the History this theory has trickled down into the channels of popular school books, and largely influenced the minds of successive generations of Americans. It is true that among American writers themselves a new way of dealing with the history of the colonial times is becoming general, but the influence of Bancroft has undoubtedly, even in England, been very great.)

Force, P., Tracts and other Papers relating to the Origin, Settlement and Progress of the Colonies in North America, from the discovery of the country to the Year 1776, 4 vols., 1836-46. (A most valuable and, indeed, indispensable collection.)

New England is rich in interesting records. Apart from the story of the Mayflower Pilgrims, there is—

Winthrop, J., Journal History of Massachusetts, 2 vols. (His Life and Letters, by R. C. Winthrop, 2 vols., 1867, should be read at the same time.)

Hutchinson, T., History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (16281750), 2 vols., 1764-7.

History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, from 1749 to 1774, 1828.

Collection of Papers relative to the History of the Col. of Mass. Bay, 1769.

Palfrey, J. G., History of New England, 4 vols., 1884. (Apart from the interest of the narrative, an immense amount of learning will be found in the very ample notes.)

Weeden, W. B., Social and Economic History of New England, 2 vols., 1890. (A very interesting book, to which I have been greatly indebted.)

Much of interest may also be gleaned from the collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

For Virginia and the other American Colonies, besides Mr Brown's work already mentioned, consult

Neill, E. D., History of Virginia Company, 1869.

Virginia Carolorum, 1886.

Stith, W., History of Virginia, 1747.

Bruce, P. A., Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, 2 vols., 1896 (of very great value).

Schuyler, G. W., Colonial New York (the Schuyler Family), 1885.
Bozman, J. L., History of Maryland, 2 vols., 1837.
Proud, R., History of Pennsylvania, 2 vols., 1798.

Hazard, S., Annals of Pennsylvania, 1850.

Rivers, W. J., History of South Carolina, 1856.

Carroll, B. R., Historical Collections of South Carolina, 2 vols., 1836.

Among books on the West Indies may be mentioned

Lucas, C. P., Historical Geography of British Colonies, Vol. II., 1890.

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